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DOE OSTI2016

TH-AB-201-01: A Feasibility Study of Independent Dose Verification for CyberKnife

Purpose: CyberKnife irradiation is composed of tiny-size, multiple and intensity-modulated beams compared to conventional linacs. Few of the publications for Independent dose calculation verification for CyberKnife have been reported. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of independent dose verification for CyberKnife treatment as Secondary check. Methods: The followings were measured: test plans using some static and single beams, clinical plans in a phantom and using patient’s CT. 75 patient plans were collected from several treatment sites of brain, lung, liver and bone. In the test plans and the phantom plans, a pinpoint ion-chamber measurement was performed to assess dose deviation for a treatment planning system (TPS) and an independent verification program of Simple MU Analysis (SMU). In the clinical plans, dose deviation between the SMU and the TPS was performed. Results: In test plan, the dose deviations were 3.3±4.5%, and 4.1±4.4% for the TPS and the SMU, respectively. In the phantom measurements for the clinical plans, the dose deviations were −0.2±3.6% for the TPS and −2.3±4.8% for the SMU. In the clinical plans using the patient’s CT, the dose deviations were −3.0±2.1% (Mean±1SD). The systematic difference was partially derived from inverse square law and penumbra calculation. Conclusion: The independent dose calculation for CyberKnife shows −3.0±4.2% (Mean±2SD) and our study, the confidence limit was achieved within 5% of the tolerance level from AAPM task group 114 for non-IMRT treatment. Thus, it may be feasible to use independent dose calculation verification for CyberKnife treatment as the secondary check. This research is partially supported by Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2016

Liquid fuel molten salt reactors for thorium utilization

Molten salt reactors (MSRs) represent a class of reactors that use liquid salt, usually fluoride- or chloride-based, as either a coolant with a solid fuel (such as fluoride salt-cooled high temperature reactors) or as a combined coolant and fuel with fuel dissolved in a carrier salt. For liquid-fuelled MSRs, the salt can be processed online or in a batch mode to allow for removal of fission products as well as introduction of fissile fuel and fertile materials during reactor operation. The MSR is most commonly associated with the 233 U/thorium fuel cycle, as the nuclear properties of 233 U combined with the online removal of parasitic absorbers allow for the ability to design a thermal-spectrum breeder reactor; however, MSR concepts have been developed using all neutron energy spectra (thermal, intermediate, fast, and mixed-spectrum zoned concepts) and with a variety of fuels including uranium, thorium, plutonium, and minor actinides. Early MSR work was supported by a significant research and development (R&D) program that resulted in two experimental systems operating at ORNL in the 1960s, the Aircraft Reactor Experiment and the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment. Subsequent design studies in the 1970s focusing on thermal-spectrum thorium-fueled systems established reference concepts for two major design variants: (1) a molten salt breeder reactor (MSBR), with multiple configurations that could breed additional fissile material or maintain self-sustaining operation; and (2) a denatured molten salt reactor (DMSR) with enhanced proliferation-resistance. T MSRs has been selected as one of six most promising Generation IV systems and development activities have been seen in fast-spectrum MSRs, waste-burning MSRs, MSRs fueled with low-enriched uranium (LEU), as well as more traditional thorium fuel cycle-based MSRs. This study provides an historical background of MSR R&D efforts, surveys and summarizes many of the recent development, and provides analysis comparing thorium-based MSRs.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2015

Orange County Government Solar Demonstration and Research Facility

Orange County Florida completed the construction of a 20 kilowatt Solar Demonstration and Research Facility in March 2015. The system was constructed at the Orange County/University of Florida Cooperative Extension Center whose electric service address is 6021 South Conway Road, Orlando, Florida 32802. The Solar Demonstration and Research Facility is comprised of 72 polycrystalline photovoltaic modules and 3 inverters which convert direct current from the solar panels to alternating current electricity. Each module produces 270 watts of direct current power, for a total canopy production of just under 20,000 watts. The solar modules were installed with a fixed tilt of 5 degrees and face south, toward the equator to maximize the amount of sunlight captures. Each year, the electricity generated by the solar array will help eliminate 20 metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions as well as provide covered parking for staff and visitors vehicles. The solar array is expected to generate 27,000 kilowatt hours of electricity annually equating to an estimated $\$$266 savings in the monthly electric bill, or $\$$3,180 annually for the Orange County/University of Florida Cooperative Extension Center. In addition to reducing the electric bill for the Extension Center, Orange County’s solar array also takes advantage of a rebate incentive offered by the local utility, Orlando Utility Commission, which provided a meter that measures the amount of power produced by the solar array. The local utility company’s Solar Photovoltaic Production Incentive will pay Orange County $\$$0.05 per kilowatt hour for the power that is produced by the solar array. This incentive is provided in addition to Net Metering benefits, which is an effort to promote the use of clean, renewable energy on the electric grid. The Photovoltaic Solar Demonstration and Research Facility also serves an educational tool to the public; the solar array is tied directly into a data logger that provides real time power generation accessible for public viewing on an interactive kiosk located in the Orange County/University of Florida Cooperative Extension Center’s lobby where visitors can review “real time” power generation, cost savings and environmental benefits of the system. Site commissioning with the software program was delayed due to Internal Security Software issues within Orange County that needed to be resolved, therefore the “real time” capture of the production data for the solar array using the software program commenced on May 1, 2015. In addition an educational flyer was developed and is available in the Orange County Education Center’s main lobby. The project completed under this grant award assisted Orange County in demonstrating leadership by installing the application of a renewable energy technology combined with energy efficiency measures; resulting in reduced energy costs for the Orange County University of Florida Cooperative Extension Center, and helping Orange County citizens and visitors move towards the goals of greater energy independence and climate protection. The addition of the new Solar Demonstration and Research Facility has advanced the Orange County/University of Florida Cooperative Extension Center’s mission of extending, educating and providing research-based information to residents and visitors of Orange County by demonstrating the application of renewable energy technology combined with energy efficiency measures; resulting in reduced energy costs, and helping Orange County move towards the goal of greater energy independence and climate protection. In 2014, the Orange County Cooperative Extension Center hosted nearly 10,800 visitors to their on-site Exploration Gardens plus 12,686 walk-in visitors to their office plant clinic and other services. The Education Center held 2,217 educational events that were attended by 46,434 adults and youth, but about half of those events occurred off-site. Based on the visitation numbers in 2014 the Orange County Cooperative Extension Center Education is a vital partner to Orange County’s continued outreach and education efforts concerning renewable energy technologies and greenhouse gas emission reduction well in the current 2015 year and future years of operation of the solar array to the future visitors of the Center which help stimulate market demand that will continue to advance the commercialization and the widespread application and use of renewable energy technologies in Orange County and the state of Florida. The project period performance date for this grant was November 1, 2009 through March 1, 2015. The Final Project costs to complete the project as reported in the FINAL SF 425 were $\$$195,512.50 (50% recipient cost share was satisfied as required by grant terms and conditions).

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2017

GATEWAY Demonstrations: Tuning Hospital Lighting: Evaluating Tunable LED Lighting at the Swedish Hospital Behavioral Health Unit in Seattle

The GATEWAY program evaluated a tunable LED lighting system installed in the new Swedish Medical Behavioral Health Unit in Seattle that incorporates color-tunable luminaires in common areas, and uses advanced controls for dimming and color tuning, with the goal of providing a better environment for staff and patients. The report reviews the design of the tunable lighting system, summarizes two sets of measurements, and discusses the circadian, energy, and commissioning implications as well as lessons learned from the project.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2017

Keys to the House: Unlocking Residential Savings With Program Models for Home Energy Upgrades

After more than 40 years of effort, energy efficiency program administrators and associated contractors still find it challenging to penetrate the home retrofit market, especially at levels commensurate with state and federal goals for energy savings and emissions reductions. Residential retrofit programs further have not coalesced around a reliably successful model. They still vary in design, implementation and performance, and they remain among the more difficult and costly options for acquiring savings in the residential sector. If programs are to contribute fully to meeting resource and policy objectives, administrators need to understand what program elements are key to acquiring residential savings as cost effectively as possible. To that end, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored a comprehensive review and analysis of home energy upgrade programs with proven track records, focusing on those with robustly verified savings and constituting good examples for replication. The study team reviewed evaluations for the period 2010 to 2014 for 134 programs that are funded by customers of investor-owned utilities. All are programs that promote multi-measure retrofits or major system upgrades. We paid particular attention to useful design and implementation features, costs, and savings for nearly 30 programs with rigorous evaluations of performance. This meta-analysis describes program models and implementation strategies for (1) direct install retrofits; (2) heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) replacement and early retirement; and (3) comprehensive, whole-home retrofits. We analyze costs and impacts of these program models, in terms of both energy savings and emissions avoided. These program models can be useful guides as states consider expanding their strategies for acquiring energy savings as a resource and for emissions reductions. We also discuss the challenges of using evaluations to create program models that can be confidently applied in multiple jurisdictions.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2018

LANL Charging Practices

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Analysis of Tank 30H (HTF-30-18-54, -55), Tank 32H (HTF-32-18-56, -57), and Tank 37H (HTF-37-18-58, -59) Samples for Support of the Evaporator Feed Qualification and Corrosion Control Programs for the 3H-Evaporator

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2018

Implementation of a Grid Connected Battery-Inverter Fleet Model

Batteries are designed to store electrical energy. The increasing variation in time value of energy has driven the use of batteries as controllable distributed energy resources (DER). This is enabled though low-cost power electronic inverters that are able to precisely control charge and discharge. This paper describes the software implementation of an open-source battery inverter fleet models in python. The Sandia BatterylnverterFleet class model can be used by scientists, researchers, and engineers to perform simulations of one or more fleets of similar battery-inverter systems connected to the grid. The program tracks the state- of-charge of the simulated batteries and ensures that they stay within their limits while responding to separately generated service requests to charge or discharge. This can be used to analyze control and coordination, placement and sizing, and many other problems associated with the integration of batteries on the power grid. The development of these models along with their python implementation was funded by the Grid Modernization Laboratory Consortium (GMLC) project 1.4.2. Definitions, Standards and Test Procedures for Grid Services from Devices.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2019

Analysis of Tank 30H (HTF-30-18-96, -97), Tank 32H (HTF-32-18-98, -99), and Tank 37H (HTF-37-18-100, -101) Samples for Support of the Evaporator Feed Qualification and Corrosion Control Programs for the 3H-Evaporator

SRNL analyzed samples from Tank 30H, Tank 32H, and Tank 37H to support the Evaporator Feed Qualification and Corrosion Control Programs for the 3H-Evaporator system. The six samples from Tanks 30H, 32H, and 37H all contain highly concentrated salt solutions with sodium concentrations ranging from 11.8 M to 15.7 M. The samples from Tank 30H show somewhat higher concentrations of the major cations and anions in the sub-surface sample than the surface sample indicating some stratification within the tank. The two Tank 32H samples show similar concentrations of the major anions and cations between the surface and sub-surface samples. The sub-surface sample from Tank 37H shows higher concentrations for most species than the surface sample indicating some stratification within this tank as well. For all six samples, the sum of the major cations versus the sum of the major anions shows a difference of <10% providing an indication of good data quality. The VDS and surface samples from Tank 30H, Tank 32H, and Tank 37H all show silicon concentrations below 30 mg/L except for the Tank 30H VDS with a concentration of 87 mg/L.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2023

Multifamily Building Stock Modeling: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-17-00701

U.S. multifamily buildings house 35 million households, consuming 4 quads of source energy and spending $48 billion on utility bills every year. Almost all of these households live in urban areas, where cities are taking the lead on setting aggressive energy goals. Cities currently do not have the data and tools necessary to identify and target opportunities to save energy in their building stock. Building on the open-source, OpenStudio-based ResStock platform, this project will extend the publicly-available ResStock modeling capabilities to the multifamily sector, enabling Radiant Labs, and others, to partner with cities to market and strategically deploy cost-effective, energy efficiency (EE) upgrades directly to high-priority households. Radiant Labs has been successful in using ResStock's single-family capabilities to provide value to the City of Boulder, Colorado. However, lack of multifamily capabilities in ResStock is a roadblock for Radiant Labs working with New York City, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., and other cities that have expressed significant interest in working with them. In addition, other cities, companies, and utilities can use these open-source capabilities to grow their EE portfolios, thereby multiplying the impact of this project. This work also enables national-scale analysis of EE potential in multifamily buildings, which is of strong interest to a variety of stakeholders, including the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis (EPSA), DOE Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP), U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA).

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2019

Analysis of Tank 30H (HTF-30-19-33, -34), Tank 32H (HTF-32-19-35, -36), and Tank 37H (HTF-37-19-53, -54) Samples for Support of the Evaporator Feed Qualification and Corrosion Control Programs for the 3H-Evaporator

SRNL analyzed samples from Tank 30H, Tank 32H, and Tank 37H to support the Evaporator Feed Qualification and Corrosion Control Programs for the 3H-Evaporator system. The six samples from Tanks 30H, 32H, and 37H all contain highly concentrated salt solutions with sodium concentrations ranging from 13.8 M to 16.9 M. Hydroxide is the dominant anion in all of the samples followed by nitrate and nitrite. The preponderance of the analytical determinations (density, anions, cations) on all three tanks show slightly higher concentrations of solute in the sub-surface sample than in the surface sample, indicating some stratification within the tanks. With the exception of the Tank 30H VDS, all of the samples are somewhat more concentrated compared with the compositions of the previous samples. The sum of the major cations versus the sum of the major anions show a difference of <5% for all of the samples indicating good data quality for the non-radioactive analytes in the table. The silicon concentrations measured in the VDS and surface samples from Tank 30H, Tank 32H, and Tank 37H were all below detection.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2019

Analysis of Tank 30H (HTF-30-19-33, -34), Tank 32H (HTF-32-19-35, -36), and Tank 37H (HTF-37- 19-53, -54) Samples for Support of the Evaporator Feed Qualification and Corrosion Control Programs for the 3H-Evaporator

SRNL analyzed samples from Tank 30H, Tank 32H, and Tank 37H to support the Evaporator Feed Qualification and Corrosion Control Programs for the 3H-Evaporator system. The six samples from Tanks 30H, 32H, and 37H all contain highly concentrated salt solutions with sodium concentrations ranging from 13.8 M to 16.9 M. Hydroxide is the dominant anion in all of the samples followed by nitrate and nitrite. The preponderance of the analytical determinations (density, anions, cations) on all three tanks show slightly higher concentrations of solute in the sub-surface sample than in the surface sample, indicating some stratification within the tanks. With the exception of the Tank 30H VDS, all of the samples are somewhat more concentrated compared with the compositions of the previous samples. The sum of the major cations versus the sum of the major anions show a difference of <5% for all of the samples indicating good data quality for the non-radioactive analytes in the table. The silicon concentrations measured in the VDS and surface samples from Tank 30H, Tank 32H, and Tank 37H were all below detection.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2020

Soft Matter Thermal and Mechnical Devices

The participant company, Treau, makes homes and buildings more comfortable with quiet, energy efficient, and easy to install heating and cooling systems. They entered the Cyclotron Road program with an idea for a heat exchanger and compressor and a general idea that the building heating and cooling sector was the best first target market. While at Cyclotron Road, they used the Cyclotron Road program staff and Berkeley Lab expertise to better understand the needs of the heating and cooling equipment market. This was critical to understand who the end customer was, and what features were needed in this market. They were then able to conduct product development with this target market/customer in mind. The Cyclotron Road program was also critical in building a manufacturing and scale-up plan that allowed the participant to build a credible growth and fundraising strategy. By the end of the program, the participant had a working prototype testing at Berkeley Lab’s HVAC testing facilities.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2020

Potential Academic Research Topics of National Security Relevance

Since even before its establishment as an independent national security laboratory in 1949, Sandia has been devoted to an overarching mission of developing advanced technologies for global peace. These technologies have taken a variety of forms, and they exist in and must address an ever-changing global security environment. An understanding of that global security environment and its possible or likely evolution is therefore critical to ensuring that Sandia can maintain its focus on strategic technology investments that will benefit the nation in the next 20- 30 years. Sandia sustains multiple Systems Analysis organizations whose responsibility includes maintaining an understanding of the global security environment as it applies across multiple mission domains. The topics below include two from Sandia's emerging threats and biodefense mission, three with relevance to Sandia's cyber defense mission, and four of particular but not exclusive relevance to Sandia's nuclear deterrence mission. All are intended to spur independent academic thought that could assist Sandia as well as the broader national security community in anticipating and adapting to a continually changing world. Sandia anticipates periodic interactions between Sandia Systems Analysis staff and SciPol Scholars Program faculty and students who choose to expand upon these topics in order to provide opportunities for feedback and communication throughout 2020-2021.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

Bradbury Science Museum NOTEs Program Docs: Building Immunity: How fighting HIV and other viruses helps us understand our immune system

Building Immunity is a unique opportunity to journey through the history and development of your immune system. Our interactive touch table invites each user to choose their own, unique experience as they learn about how fighting HIV and other viruses helps researchers understand how our own immune systems work to keep us healthy. From the Bradbury Science Museum of Los Alamos National Laboratory, the exhibit presents remarkable insight into one of the most ancient and well-traveled organisms on the planet, viruses. Viral epidemics like the H1N1 flu, which killed over 40 million people in 1918, devastate communities around the world and destabilize regions around the globe. Additionally, their ability to mutate quickly creates a “Red Queen” effect, or loop of treated and then treatment-resistant strains of deadly diseases. Increased understanding of the relationships between viruses and our own immune system is crucial to the development of improved treatments and novel vaccines and this research is happening right now at Los Alamos National Laboratory.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

LANL Charging Practices Course Number 18930

Because numerous federal agencies and outside organizations provide funding for hundreds of projects and programs, Los Alamos National Laboratory's system for charging for time and effort, and the purchase of materials, supplies, and services, is complex. As a LANL employee, you are responsible, both legally and ethically, for knowing and consistently following charging practice rules, complying with Laboratory financial policies, and understanding the consequences of improper charging. This course is designed to increase your understanding of an employee's responsibilities regarding charging practices at the Laboratory and help you charge time and labor and non-labor costs accurately. The training is required of all Laboratory workers except craft labor, who have separate training that is specific to how their effort is charged and collected. This training should take less than 20 minutes to complete.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗

DOE OSTI2022

Pathway to Zero Energy Windows: Advancing Technologies and Market Adoption

As of 2021, buildings account for 39.1% of total U.S. primary energy use and 75% of total U.S. electricity use. Much of this energy is used to maintain a comfortable indoor environment. The building envelope consists of transparent and opaque elements that serve as a controllable barrier to help maintain the indoor environment regardless of external conditions. The envelope also allows the exchange of light and air, as well as other transfers with the external environment when it is beneficial for the building occupants. By leveraging desirable external environmental conditions (e.g., fresh air and natural light) and mitigating the influence of undesirable conditions (e.g., moisture, hot or cold temperatures, wind), the building envelope can reduce the need for space conditioning and electric light, and thus reduce energy use associated with lighting and heating, cooling, and ventilation equipment. In turn, high-performance building envelopes can reduce the substantial CO 2 emissions associated with energy use to satisfy heating, cooling, and lighting needs in buildings. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Building Technologies Office's (BTO's) Emerging Technologies program supports R&D for technologies, systems, and software tools that can contribute to reductions in building energy use. Emerging Technologies funding is distributed competitively through solicitations (e.g., Funding Opportunity Announcements and National Lab Calls, which in general are open to applications from industry, academia, national laboratories, and other entities) and other mechanisms. This document focuses on R&D for windows and window system technologies and will provide guidance for BTO's investments in developing the next generation of high-performance, affordable, cost competitive windows, as well as integrated daylighting and shading technologies in partnership with industry and researchers. This document also addresses areas where DOE invests in software and design tools that translate sophisticated and complex physics into easy-to-use energy performance and optimization methods used by industry and other stakeholders for implementation.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2022

High Average Power RF Window with Improved Multipactor Coating

Multipactor emission can be a serious issue for vacuum electron devices operating at megawatt power levels. It can lead to catastrophic failure from surface arcs or excessive heating of ceramic windows. Titanium nitride is effective at suppressing multipactor emission; however, sputter coating is not strongly bonded to surfaces and issue related to lifetime have arisen. It’s difficult to ensure a uniform coating over large surfaces. This research investigated atomic layer deposition (ALD) as an improved alternative to sputtered coatings. Test windows were fabricated and coated with TiN using ALD, then tested for RF loss and secondary emission. All ALD samples showed RF loss less than 0.01dB with secondary emission yield equal to or better than reported measurements with sputter coated windows. The program also designed a preliminary ALD system capable of coating windows up to 24 inches in diameter.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗