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At least 1,369 records · Page 76

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DOE OSTI2023

Intermittent supplementation with fisetin improves arterial function in old mice by decreasing cellular senescence

Cellular senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) contribute to age-related arterial dysfunction, in part, by promoting oxidative stress and inflammation, which reduce the bioavailability of the vasodilatory molecule nitric oxide (NO). In the present study, we assessed the efficacy of fisetin, a natural compound, as a senolytic to reduce vascular cell senescence and SASP factors and improve arterial function in old mice. We found that fisetin decreased cellular senescence in human endothelial cell culture. In old mice, vascular cell senescence and SASP-related inflammation were lower 1 week after the final dose of oral intermittent (1 week on—2 weeks off—1 weeks on dosing) fisetin supplementation. Old fisetin-supplemented mice had higher endothelial function. Leveraging old p16-3MR mice, a transgenic model allowing genetic clearance of p16 INK4A -positive senescent cells, we found that ex vivo removal of senescent cells from arteries isolated from vehicle- but not fisetin-treated mice increased endothelium-dependent dilation, demonstrating that fisetin improved endothelial function through senolysis. Enhanced endothelial function with fisetin was mediated by increased NO bioavailability and reduced cellular- and mitochondrial-related oxidative stress. Arterial stiffness was lower in fisetin-treated mice. Ex vivo genetic senolysis in aorta rings from p16-3MR mice did not further reduce mechanical wall stiffness in fisetin-treated mice, demonstrating lower arterial stiffness after fisetin was due to senolysis. Lower arterial stiffness with fisetin was accompanied by favorable arterial wall remodeling. The findings from this study identify fisetin as promising therapy for clinical translation to target excess cell senescence to treat age-related arterial dysfunction.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1988

The fatigue damage behavior of a single crystal superalloy

The uniaxial fatigue behavior of a single crystal superalloy, PWA 1480, is described. Both monotonic tensile and constant amplitude fatigue tests were conducted at room temperature, in an effort to assess the applicability of polycrystalline-based fatigue life prediction methods to a single crystal superalloy. The observed constant amplitude behavior correlated best using a stress-based life criterion. Nearly all specimens failed at surface or slightly subsurface microporosity; this is thought to be responsible for the unusually large amount of scatter in the test results. An additional term is developed in the stress-life equation for the purpose of accounting for the effect of microporosity on fatigue life. The form chosen is a function of the effective area of the failure-producing microporosity projected on a plane perpendicular to the loading axis, as well as the applied stress. This additional term correlated the data to within factors of two on life. Although speculative, extrapolation of the microporosity relation to zero micropore area indicates that approximately an order of magnitude improvement in fatigue life should result.

Mcgaw, Michael A.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Stress concentration measurement in a rectangular plate using an array of embedded optical fibers

Embedded single mode optical fiber waveguide has been used to determine the two-dimensional stress distribution produced by point loading on a simply supported rectangular plate. Each of the fifty individual fibers in the rectangular grid array attached to the plate yields a measurement of the stress integrated along the length of that fiber on the specimen. By using information from all the fibers, both the functional form and the amplitude of the distribution may be determined. Limits on the dynamic range and spatial resolution are indicated. Applications in the measurement of internal stress and the monitoring of physically small critical structural components are suggested.

Claus, R. O.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Integrated aerodynamic/dynamic optimization of helicopter rotor blades

An integrated aerodynamic/dynamic optimization procedure is used to minimize blade weight and 4/rev vertical shear of a rotor blade in forward flight. Both single and multiple objective functions are used, with constraints imposed on the first four coupled natural frequencies (elastic modes only), the blade aerorotational inertia, and the centrifugal stress. The global criteria approach is used for the multiple objective formulation, and the results are compared with those obtained from single objective function formulations. Optimum designs are compared against a reference blade, and it is shown that optimum results can be obtained in 7-10 cycles.

Chattopadhyay, Aditi↗

NASA NTRS1977

Residual stresses in boron/tungsten and boron/carbon fibers

By measuring the change in fracture stress of 203 micrometer diameter fibers of boron on tungsten (B/W) as a function of fiber diameter as reduced by chemical etching, it is shown that the flaws which limit B/W fiber strength are located at the surface and in the tungsten boride core. After etching to a diameter of 188 micrometers m virtually all fiber fractures were caused by core flaws, the average strength being 4.50 GN/sq m. If both the surface and core flaws are removed, the fracture strength, limited by flaws in the boron itself, is approximately 6.89 GN/sq m. This was measured on B/W fibers which were split longitudinally and had their cores removed by chemical etching. The longitudinal residual stress distribution was determined for 102 micrometer diameter B/W and B/C fibers.

Behrendt, D. R.↗

NASA NTRS1976

An experimental method to obtain the elastic strain energy function from torsion-tension tests

It is shown that by employing a torsion-tension test, it is possible to have a complete mapping near the origin of the two principal strain invariants associated with the rate of change of the strain energy function. However, the mathematical representation of the twist moment and normal forces vs strain and the strain energy function are complex. This problem is solved by using a set of solid cylindrical bars with different diameters such that the difference in diameter of two successive bars is small. The stress-strain equations can be grossly oversimplified by considering differences in twist moment and normal force as a function of difference in radius.

Peng, S. T. J.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Phospholipase D and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase 1 are involved in the regulation of oligodendrocyte morphological differentiation

Highlights: • PLD and PIP5K1 are involved in the regulation of oligodendroglial cell morphological differentiation. • Inhibition of PLD or PIP5K1 decreases differentiation or myelin marker expression. • PLD and PIP5K1 regulate differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. • Inhibition of PLD or PIP5K1 decreases differentiation marker expression of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Oligodendroglial cells (oligodendrocytes) differentiate to form the myelin that wraps neuronal axons in the central nervous system (CNS). This myelin sheath supports the propagation of saltatory conduction and protects axons from physical stresses. When oligodendrocytes do not normally differentiate to myelinate axons, their key functions as oligodendrocytes in the CNS are severely impaired. The molecular mechanics that control differentiation still remain to be clarified. Arf6 belongs to the small GTPase family and is known to be a positive regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Here, we show that the phospholipase D (PLD) and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase 1 (PIP5K1) molecules, the major effectors of Arf6, are involved in the regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Knockdown of PLD1 or PIP5K type 1γ (PIP5K1C) by their respective specific siRNAs in mouse oligodendroglial FBD-102b cells inhibited morphological differentiation into structures bearing myelin-like processes; this finding is consistent with the concurrent changes in expression of differentiation and myelin marker proteins. Treatment with VU0155069 or UNC3230, specific inhibitors of PLD and PIP5K1, respectively, blunted morphological differentiation and decreased expression of myelin and differentiation marker proteins. Similar results have been obtained in studies using primary oligodendrocytes. These results suggest that the major Arf6 effector molecules PLD and PIP5K1 are among the molecules involved in the regulation of morphological differentiation in oligodendrocytes prior to myelination.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1993

A nonlinear theory for spinning anisotropic beams using restrained warping functions

A geometrically nonlinear theory is developed for spinning anisotropic beams having arbitrary cross sections. An assumed displacement field is developed using the standard 3D kinematics relations to describe the global beam behavior supplemented with an additional field that represents the local deformation within the cross section and warping out of the cross section plane. It is assumed that the magnitude of this additional field is directly proportional to the local stress resultants. In order to take into account the effects of boundary conditions, a restraining function is introduced. This function plays the role of reducing the amount of free warping deformation throughout the field due to the restraint of the cross section(s) at the end(s) of the beam, e.g., in the case of a cantilever beam. Using a developed ordering scheme, the nonlinear strains are calculated to the third order. The FEM is developed using the weak form variational formulation. Preliminary interesting numerical results have been obtained that indicate the role of the restraining function in the case of a cantilever beam with circular cross section. These results are for the cases of a tip displacement (static) and free vibration studies for both isotropic and anisotropic materials with varied fiber orientations.

Ie, C. A.↗

NASA NTRS2011

Identification of Cardiometabolic Vulnerabilities Caused by Effects of Synergistic Stressors that are Commonly Encountered During Space Missions

Microgravity is a physiologically challenging state even when at rest. Astronauts experience additional physical and mental stresses, such as prolonged exertion, sleep loss and circadian misalignment, that could impact cardiovascular function. The main goals of this four year NASA project are to characterize the independent and synergistic effects on cardiovascular and immune function of: (1) circadian misalignment; (2) sleep loss; and (3) varied physical and mental stressors, mimicking some of the synergistic stressors experienced by astronauts. Sixteen healthy volunteers, aged 35-55 years, will be studied with standardized behavioral stressors occurring across all circadian phases, both with and without accruing sleep loss, achieved via two 11-day "forced desynchrony" protocols performed in each subject (randomized, within-subject design), where wake periods are advanced 4-h each "day" (i.e. recurring 20-h "days"). One protocol permits 8.33 h sleep opportunity per 20-h "day" (=10 h sleep per 24-h), and the other permits 5 h sleep per 20-h "day" (=6 h sleep per 24-h; matching the reported sleep duration of astronauts). In both protocols, subjects will perform a standardized stress battery including a cognitively challenging task; bicycle exercise, and passive 60deg head up tilt. Outcome variables include blood pressure, heart rate, arrhythmia frequency, cardiac vagal tone (from heart rate variability), sympathetic activity (catecholamines), and endothelial function. Additional measures of cardiac function (echocardiography), responses to a passive 80deg head up tilt, maximal oxygen uptake, and immune function will be assessed at the beginning and at the end of each protocol (i.e., without and with sleep loss, and before and after circadian misalignment). We hope to identify the relative impact on cardiovascular risk markers of varied behavioural stressors while subjects experience circadian misalignment and sleep loss, mimicking some of the synergistic stressors experienced by astronauts. Supported by NASANNX1 OAR 1 OG.

Ruger, M.↗

NASA NTRS1997

A Near-Wall Reynolds-Stress Closure without Wall Normals

With the aid of near-wall asymptotic analysis and results of direct numerical simulation, a new near-wall Reynolds stress model (NNWRS) is formulated based on the SSG high-Reynolds-stress model with wall-independent near-wall corrections. Only one damping function is used for flows with a wide range of Reynolds numbers to ensure that the near-wall modifications diminish away from the walls. The model is able to reproduce complicated flow phenomena induced by complex geometry, such as flow recirculation, reattachment and boundary-layer redevelopment in backward-facing step flow and secondary flow in three-dimensional square duct flow. In simple flows, including fully developed channel/pipe flow, Couette flow and boundary-layer flow, the wall effects are dominant, and the NNWRS model predicts less degree of turbulent anisotropy in the near-wall region compared with a wall-dependent near-wall Reynolds Stress model (NWRS) developed by So and colleagues. The comparison of the predictions given by the two models rectifies the misconception that the overshooting of skin friction coefficient in backward-facing step flow prevalent in those near-wall, models with wall normal is caused by he use of wall normal.

Yuan, S. P.↗

DOE OSTI2020

In situ measurement and modelling of the growth and length scale of twins in α -uranium

Twinning is an important deformation mechanism in crystalline materials. Twins nucleate, then grow, forming a discrete pattern of deformation bands with a certain thickness. The mechanism for twin growth is not completely understood. We present a simple phase field model which captures the physics of twin growth and reproduces the details observed during in situ electron backscatter diffraction experiments on α-uranium. The interaction between residual dislocations at twin interfaces and mobile dislocations in untwinned regions increases the stress needed for twin growth. This is described by a nonlocal term in the proposed constitutive equations: the nucleation stress of a twin increases proportionally to the twin phase field in a neighborhood. Competition between slip and twinning favors the nucleation of a new twin rather than the growth of a preexisting twin. The phase field model is coupled with a crystal plasticity finite element solver that includes the plastic deformation due to twinning. Simulations are able to reproduce the number of twins and their thicknesses as a function of the strain observed during in situ electron backscatter diffraction experiments. The stress-strain curve is also reproduced. This comparison allows the values of the nucleation stress and the interaction strength between residual and mobile dislocations to be found. It also gives an estimation of the density of residual dislocations that is consistent with the observed twin thickness. Finally, this model can be applied to understand microstructural effects in materials using twinning as a strengthening mechanism.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS1984

Evolution of assumed stress hybrid finite element

Early versions of the assumed stress hybrid finite elements were based on the a priori satisifaction of stress equilibrium conditions. In the new version such conditions are relaxed but are introduced through additional internal displacement functions as Lagrange multipliers. A rational procedure is to choose the displacement terms such that the resulting strains are now of complete polynomials up to the same degree as that of the assumed stresses. Several example problems indicate that optimal element properties are resulted by this method.

Pian, T. H. H.↗

NASA NTRS2002

Design Through Manufacturing: The Solid Model-Finite Element Analysis Interface

State-of-the-art computer aided design (CAD) presently affords engineers the opportunity to create solid models of machine parts reflecting every detail of the finished product. Ideally, in the aerospace industry, these models should fulfill two very important functions: (1) provide numerical. control information for automated manufacturing of precision parts, and (2) enable analysts to easily evaluate the stress levels (using finite element analysis - FEA) for all structurally significant parts used in aircraft and space vehicles. Today's state-of-the-art CAD programs perform function (1) very well, providing an excellent model for precision manufacturing. But they do not provide a straightforward and simple means of automating the translation from CAD to FEA models, especially for aircraft-type structures. Presently, the process of preparing CAD models for FEA consumes a great deal of the analyst's time.

Rubin, Carol↗

NASA NTRS1981

Simplified solution for stresses and deformations

A shortcut is presented to the classical Hertzian solution for local stress and deformation of two elastic bodies in contact, which employs simplified forms for the ellipticity and for the complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kinds as a function of the geometry. Unlike previously proposed simplified formulas whose range of applicability was limited to ellipticities equal to, or greater than one, the present method extends the range of validity to include ellipticities less than one; in which the semimajor axis in the elliptical contact lies in a direction parallel to the rolling, rather than being perpendicular, as in previous studies. An auxiliary shear stress parameter is also expressed in simplified form as a function of the geometry, permitting a shortcut calculation to be made for the location and magnitude of the maximum subsurface shear stress.

Hamrock, B. J.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Domain Wall Patterning and Giant Response Functions in Ferrimagnetic Spinels

Abstract The manipulation of mesoscale domain wall phenomena has emerged as a powerful strategy for designing ferroelectric responses in functional devices, but its full potential is not yet realized in the field of magnetism. This work shows a direct connection between magnetic response functions in mechanically strained samples of Mn 3 O 4 and MnV 2 O 4 and stripe‐like patternings of the bulk magnetization which appear below known magnetostructural transitions. Building off previous magnetic force microscopy data, a small‐angle neutron scattering is used to show that these patterns represent distinctive magnetic phenomena which extend throughout the bulk of two separate materials, and further are controllable via applied magnetic field and mechanical stress. These results are unambiguously connected to the anomalously large magnetoelastic and magnetodielectric response functions reported for these materials, by performing susceptibility measurements on the same crystals and directly correlating local and macroscopic data.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS1976

A description of the mechanical behavior of composite solid propellants based on molecular theory

Both the investigation and the representation of the stress-strain response (including rupture) of gum and filled elastomers can be based on a simple functional statement. Internally consistent experiments are used to sort out the effects of time, temperature, strain and crosslink density on gum rubbers. All effects are readily correlated and shown to be essentially independent of the elastomer when considered in terms of non-dimensionalized stress, strain and time. A semiquantitative molecular theory is developed to explain this result. The introduction of fillers modifies the response, but, guided by the framework thus provided, their effects can be readily accounted for.

Landel, R. F.↗

NASA NTRS1996

Gravitational physiology of human immune cells: a review of in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro studies

The study of the function of immune cells in microgravity has been studied for more than 20 years in several laboratories. It is clear today that the immune system is depressed in more than 50% of the astronauts during and after space flight and that the activation of T lymphocytes by mitogens in vitro changes dramatically. This article gives an overview of the gravitational studies conducted by our laboratory in Spacelab, in MIR station, in sounding rockets and on the ground in the clinostat and the centrifuge. Three experimental approaches are followed in our work: (i) Ex vivo studies are performed with blood samples drawn from astronauts; (ii) in vivo studies are based on the application of seven antigens to the skin of the astronauts; (iii) in vitro studies are carried out with immune cells purified from the blood of healthy donors (not astronauts). The data from our in vivo and ex vivo studies are in agreement with those of other laboratories and show that the immunological function is depressed in the majority of astronauts as a consequence of the stress of space flight rather than by a direct influence of gravity on the cell. Immune depression may become a critical hazard on long duration flights on space stations or to other planets. In vitro experiments show that cultures of free-floating lymphocytes and monocytes undergo a dramatic depression of activation by the mitogen concanavalin A, while activation is more than doubled when the cells are attached to microcarrier beads. Such effects may be attributed to both direct and indirect effects of gravitational unloading on basic biological mechanisms of the cell. While the in vitro data are very important to clarify certain aspects of the biological mechanism of T cells activation, they are not descriptive of the changes of the immunological function of the astronauts.

Review↗

DOE OSTI2023

$S$ Hmax orientation in the Alpine region from observations of stress-induced anisotropy of nonlinear elasticity

The orientation of $S$ Hmax is commonly estimated from in situ borehole breakouts and earthquake focal mechanisms. Borehole measurements are expensive, and therefore sparse, and earthquake measurements can only be made in regions with many well-characterized earthquakes. Here, we derive the stress-field orientation using stress-induced anisotropy in nonlinear elasticity. In this method, we measure the strain derivative of velocity as a function of azimuth. We use a natural pump-probe (NPP) approach which consists of measuring elastic wave speed using empirical Green’s functions (probe) at different points of the earth tidal strain cycle (pump). The approach is validated using a larger data set in the Northern Alpine Foreland region where the orientation of maximum horizontal compressive stress is known from borehole breakouts and drilling-induced fractures. The technique resolves NNW-SSW to N-S directed $S$ Hmax which is in good agreement with conventional methods and the recent crustal stress model. We confirm that the NPP method can be applied to dense large-scale seismic arrays. The technique is then applied to the Southern Alps to understand the contemporary stress pattern associated with the ongoing deformation due to counterclockwise rotation of the Adriatic plate with respect to the European plate. Our results explain why the two major faults in Northeastern Italy, the Giudicarie Fault and the Periadriatic Line (Pustertal–Gailtal Fault) are currently inactive, while the currently acting stress field allows faults in Slovenia to deform actively. We have demonstrated that the pump-probe method has the potential to fill in the measurement gap left by conventional approaches, both in terms of regional coverage and in depth.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗