Results for “Deployable Power Systems” — Page 77

NASA NTRS1976

The preliminary design of an orbiting observatory - The Space Telescope

The systems and subsystems of the Space Telescope proposed for an orbiting observatory to be launched by the Space Shuttle in the 1980s are described. The structural design is simple and based on existing technologies for high reliability. Provisions are made for on-orbit servicing and maintenance. All deployable appendages are designed for manual override to insure retrieval and return of the Space Telescope to earth for major refurbishing, which should occur at intervals of not less than six years. Low performance risk, passive techniques are used in the thermal control subsystem to provide a cold-biased design with thermostatically controlled heaters to adjust temperature. The electrical power system utilizes NASA Standard Hardware - 50 ampere hour nickel-cadmium battery cells, a standard power regulator unit, and a flight-proven flexible rollup solar array with high-efficiency (12.5 per cent) silicon solar cells. The communication subsystem is designed for compatibility with the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. The pointing control system will have a maximum line of sight variation of 0.007 arc seconds. The telescope optics are a Ritchey-Chretien version of the Cassegrain configuration.

Timmons, K. P.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Development and Experimental Validation of a High-Power DC Distribution Testbed for Advanced Charging Infrastructure and Energy Management

This paper presents the development of a hardware testbed for DC-distributed high-power charging (HPC) stations. As DC distributed solutions emerge as a viable solution to optimize HPC site operations, challenges such as interoperability, protection, and seamless integration of distributed energy resources (DER) persist. These issues underscore the need for a robust testing facility to investigate compliance of available commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) market devices. The developed testbed features a DC-distributed charging hub including a charger, emulated energy storage system (ESS), and site level communication and controller implementation. It facilitates the testing of COTS hardware, charger prototypes, standards validation and site energy management system (SEMS) controllers at rated power. This paper details the development of the charging infrastructure platform, implementation of communication system, validation of different SEMS algorithms, and understanding improvements required for future expansion. Using the developed testbed, interoperability gaps for SEMS implementation with multi-vehicle concurrent charging via a multi-port charger are experimentally observed. Aimed at supporting the transition to large-scale EV charging infrastructure deployment and DER integration, this testbed plays a crucial role in conformity testing of COTS device interoperability.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2020

Cybersecurity Resiliency of Marine Renewable Energy Systems-Part 1: Identifying Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities and Determining Risk

Technology innovation, market demand, and the potential impacts of a changing climate are driving the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry to develop market-ready systems to provide low-carbon electricity for emerging, off-grid markets. The advanced operational and information technology devices used in MRE systems create a pathway for a cyber threat actor to gain unauthorized access to data or disrupt operation. To improve the resiliency of MRE systems as a predictable, affordable, and reliable source of energy from oceans and rivers, guidance was developed for an end users' organization that describes a framework for identifying and managing cybersecurity risk. The development of the cybersecurity guidance is based on standards described in the Risk Management Framework and Cybersecurity Framework developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This paper is the first of a two-part series that describes an approach to determine the cybersecurity risk for MRE systems based on assessing potential cyber threats, identifying vulnerabilities (people, processes, and technology, including physical and operational environment), and evaluating the consequences a cyberattack would have on operation of the MRE system and impact on end users' mission and business objectives. MRE developers and stakeholders can use this approach to assess their current cybersecurity risk posture to incorporate appropriate cybersecurity controls to reduce the consequences and impacts from a cyberattack on MRE systems. This approach can be refined further as MRE systems are deployed and operational configurations are available.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Development and Qualification Status of the Electric Propulsion Systems for the NASA PPE Mission and Gateway Program

NASA is charged with landing the first American woman and next American man on the South Pole of the Moon and establishing sustainable lunar exploration by the end of the decade. To meet this challenge, NASA’s Gateway will develop and deploy critical infrastructure required for operations on the lunar surface and that enables a sustained presence on and around the moon. NASA’s Power and Propulsion Element (PPE), the first planned element of NASA’s cis-lunar Gateway, leverages prior and ongoing NASA and U.S. industry investments in high-power, long-life solar electric propulsion technology investments. NASA awarded a PPE contract to Maxar Technologies to provide a 50 kW-class SEP spacecraft that meets Gateway’s needs, aligns with industry’s heritage spacecraft buses, and allows extensibility for NASA’s Mars exploration goals. Maxar’s PPE concept design, is based on their high heritage, modular, and highly reliable 1300-series bus architecture. The electric propulsion system features three 12 kW Advanced Electric Propulsion (AEPS) thrusters from Aerojet Rocketdyne and four BHT-6000 thrusters from Busek. Maxar-provided power electronics and xenon flow controllers from Moog are utilized in both the 12kW and 6kW electric propulsion strings on the spacecraft. The paper will present overviews of NASA’s Gateway and the PPE Project, status of the development and qualification activities for the two electric propulsion system, and the planned implementation of PPE electric propulsion system as keystone of NASA’s Gateway. The PPE spacecraft is currently heading into the Critical Design Review, with the qualification and flight electric propulsion hardware fabrication already initiated and significant progress being made toward planned qualifications in support of the planned PPE spacecraft co-manifest launch in 2024.

Electric Propulsion↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Development and Qualification Status of the Electric Propulsion Systems for the NASA PPE Mission and Gateway Program

NASA is charged with landing the first American woman and next American man on the South Pole of the Moon and establishing sustainable lunar exploration by the end of the decade. To meet this challenge, NASA’s Gateway will develop and deploy critical infrastructure required for operations on the lunar surface and that enables a sustained presence on and around the moon. NASA’s Power and Propulsion Element (PPE), the first planned element of NASA’s cis-lunar Gateway, leverages prior and ongoing NASA and U.S. industry investments in high-power, long-life solar electric propulsion technology investments. NASA awarded a PPE contract to Maxar Technologies to provide a 50 kW-class SEP spacecraft that meets Gateway’s needs, aligns with industry’s heritage spacecraft buses, and allows extensibility for NASA’s Mars exploration goals. Maxar’s PPE concept design, is based on their high heritage, modular, and highly reliable 1300-series bus architecture. The electric propulsion system features three 12 kW Advanced Electric Propulsion (AEPS) thrusters from Aerojet Rocketdyne and four BHT-6000 thrusters from Busek. Maxar-provided power electronics and xenon flow controllers from Moog are utilized in both the 12kW and 6kW electric propulsion strings on the spacecraft. The paper will present overviews of NASA’s Gateway and the PPE Project, status of the development and qualification activities for the two electric propulsion system, and the planned implementation of PPE electric propulsion system as keystone of NASA’s Gateway. The PPE spacecraft is currently heading into the Critical Design Review, with the qualification and flight electric propulsion hardware fabrication already initiated and significant progress being made toward planned qualifications in support of the planned PPE spacecraft co-manifest launch in 2024.

Electric Propulsion↗

DOE OSTI2024

TEAMER: Triton Systems Oscillating Water Column Modeling Data and Report

This dataset provides the output of six Wave Energy Converter Simulator (WEC-Sim) simulations and accompanying documentation for the modeling of Triton Systems' oscillating water column (OWC) system at tank scale (validated using available data for tuning the model, Tests 1-2) and deployment scale (for which no validation data is available, Tests 4-6). Included are the output data in a MATLAB file structure, a comprehensive report on the modeling and design of the Triton OWC system, and a link to the WEC-Sim GitHub page. This work was supported by funding from TEAMER RFTS 5 (Request for Technical Support).

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

DOE OSTI2018

Wafer integrated micro‐scale concentrating photovoltaics

Abstract A novel micro‐scale photovoltaic concept, Wafer Integrated Micro‐scale Photovoltaics (WPV), is proposed, analyzed, and experimentally demonstrated. The WPV concept seamlessly integrates multijunction micro‐cells with a multi‐functional silicon platform that simultaneously provides optical concentration, hybrid PV/CPV architecture, and mechanical alignment features. Fabrication and optical performance characterization of the Si platform are described in this paper. Over 100% improvement in the concentration‐acceptance‐angle product ( CAP ) is demonstrated using the wafer‐embedded micro‐concentrating elements, leading to significantly reduced module material and fabrication costs, sufficient angular tolerance for low‐cost trackers, and an ultra‐compact optical architecture compatible with commercial flat panel infrastructures. The development of a prototypical module with a 400× concentration ratio is described. Outdoor optical characterization of the module shows acceptance angles of ±1.7° and ±2.5° for 90% of on‐axis power and full‐width‐half‐maximum, respectively. The projected performance of the PV/CPV hybrid architecture illustrates its potential for cost‐effective collection of both direct and diffuse sunlight, thereby extending the geographic and market domains for cost‐effective PV system deployment. Leveraging low‐cost micro‐fabrication and high‐level integration techniques, the WPV approach presents a promising route to combine the high performance of multijunction solar cells and the low costs of flat‐plate Si PV systems.

Li, Duanhui↗

DOE OSTI2019

Estimating PV power from aggregate power measurements within the distribution grid

The increased integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems in distribution grids reduces visibility and situational awareness for utilities because the PV systems' power production is usually not monitored by them. To address this problem, a method called Contextually Supervised Source Separation (CSSS) has been recently adapted for real-time estimation of aggregate PV active power generation from aggregate net active and reactive power measurements at a point in a radially configured distribution grid (e.g., substation). In its original version, PV disaggregation is formulated as an optimization problem that fits linear regression models for the aggregate PV active power generation and true substation active power load. This paper extends the previous work by adding regularization terms in the objective function to capture additional contextual information such as smoothness, by adding new constraints, by introducing new regressors such as ambient temperature, and by investigating the use of time-varying regressors. Furthermore, we perform extensive parametric analysis to study tuning of the objective function weighting factors in a way that maximizes performance and robustness. The proposed PV disaggregation method can be applied to networks with either a single PV system (e.g., megawatt scale) or many distributed ones (e.g., residential scale) connected downstream of the substation. Simulation studies with real field recorded data show that the enhancements of the proposed method reduce disaggregation error by 58% in winter and 35% in summer compared to previous CSSS-based work. When compared against a commonly used transposition model based approach, the reduction in disaggregation error is more pronounced (78% reduction in winter and 45% in summer). Additional simulations indicate that the proposed algorithm is also applicable for PV systems with time-varying power factors. In conclusion, overall, our results show that—with appropriate modeling and tuning—it is possible to accurately estimate the aggregated PV active power generation of a distribution feeder with minimal or no additional sensor deployment.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

Optimization and active stabilization of a far-infrared laser for NSTX-U high poloidal wavenumber scattering diagnostics

The far-infrared (FIR) laser output beam power and profile are important parameters in the laser-aided diagnostics, directly influencing the spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of measurements. Here, this work focuses on developing a systematic control method to enhance FIR laser beam quality through optimized mirror alignment and real-time feedback-based precision cavity length tuning. A 150 W CO 2 laser, aligned with the waveguide axis using a HeNe reference laser, serves as the pump source. The sensitivity of FIR beam intensity to pump gas pressure and thermal expansion is investigated, revealing that even a 1 µm cavity expansion can significantly degrade output power stability to about two-thirds of its original value. To address this, a feedback control module has been designed and implemented for active cavity length adjustment, stabilizing the output power at ∼30 mW. In addition, maintaining a high formic acid gas pressure ($>$190 mTorr) within the cavity ensures reliable operation. The optimized FIR laser will be deployed on the National Spherical Torus eXperiment-U high poloidal wavenumber scattering system for studying electron-scale turbulence in tokamak plasmas.

Xu, Xinhang [Univ. of California, Davis, CA (Unite↗

DOE OSTI2021

A Multiport DC Transformer to Enable Flexible Scalable DC as a Service

The rapid adoption of new DC loads and sources, including photovoltaic arrays, DC fast charging of electric vehicle, battery energy storage and data centers, requires a large amount of DC power conversion. A majority of new deployments also necessitate the integration of multiple DC loads and sources at one site. The traditional approach to serve these new applications relies on multiple standard power converters, each dedicated to a source or load, and results in highly customized systems, with challenging control coordination, complex protection strategies, and poor scalability. Instead, this paper proposes the concept of a multiport DC transformer (MDCT) as a modular building block for realizing a flexible, scalable DC as a Service system and address this rapidly growing need. The MDCT uses the S4T to achieve very tight control of cycle-by-cycle energy exchange between multiple ports, with high efficiency. A single multiport converter replaces 4-6 distinct converters, integrates all energy flows and manages protection. As a result, a new layered control architecture is introduced to ensure stability and scalability of the MDCT, with multiple S4T power converter building blocks connected in parallel to realize a fully modular system and reach the target power levels.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗

DOE OSTI2016

Transactive Control of Commercial Building HVAC Systems

This document details the development and testing of market-based transactive controls for building heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. These controls are intended to serve the purposes of reducing electricity use through conservation, reducing peak building electric demand, and providing demand flexibility to assist with power system operations. This report is the summary of the first year of work conducted under Phase 1 of the Clean Energy and Transactive Campus Project. The methods and techniques described here were first investigated in simulation, and then subsequently deployed to a physical testbed on the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) campus for validation. In this report, we describe the models and control algorithms we have developed, testing of the control algorithms in simulation, and deployment to a physical testbed. Results from physical experiments support previous simulation findings, and provide insights for further improvement.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

NASA NTRS1976

Atmosphere, Magnetosphere and Plasmas in Space (AMPS). Spacelab payload definition study. Volume 7, book 3: Supporting Research and Technology (SR and T) report

The items identified as required to support the AMPS mission and requiring SR and T support and further work are: (1) a general purpose Experiment Pointing Mount; (2) a technique for measuring the attitude of the pallet-mounted or deployed experiments; (3) the development of a common optics cryogenically cooled interferometer spectrometer; (4) the development of a differential absorption lidar system for the measurement of ozone densitites in the earth's atmosphere; (5) the development of dc to dc power processors which are capable of converting energy stored in a capacitor system at 500 V to energy supplied to equipment operating at 40 kV and at 20 kW (eventually up to 100 kW); and (6) the development of a magnetic or possibly electrostatic deflection system capable of bending the beam of an electron accelerator. A data sheet is included for each item, briefly describing the background and need for each item, and the general objectives of the required development, and identifying the schedule requirements in support of the AMPS program.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1984

The 20 GHz solid state transmitter design, impatt diode development and reliability assessment

A single drift gallium arsenide (GaAs) Schottky barrier IMPATT diode and related components were developed. The IMPATT diode reliability was assessed. A proof of concept solid state transmitter design and a technology assessment study were performed. The transmitter design utilizes technology which, upon implementation, will demonstrate readiness for development of a POC model within the 1982 time frame and will provide an information base for flight hardware capable of deployment in a 1985 to 1990 demonstrational 30/20 GHz satellite communication system. Life test data for Schottky barrier GaAs diodes and grown junction GaAs diodes are described. The results demonstrate the viability of GaAs IMPATTs as high performance, reliable RF power sources which, based on the recommendation made herein, will surpass device reliability requirements consistent with a ten year spaceborne solid state power amplifier mission.

Picone, S.↗

NASA NTRS2013

Innovations for ISS Plug-In Plan (IPiP) Operations

Limited resources and increasing requirements will continue to influence decisions on ISS. The ISS Plug-In Plan (IPiP) supports power and data for utilization, systems, and daily operations through the Electrical Power System (EPS) Secondary Power/Data Subsystem. Given the fluid launch schedule, the focus of the Plug-In Plan has evolved to anticipate future requirements by judicious development and delivery of power supplies, power strips, Alternating Current (AC) power inverters, along with innovative deployment strategies. A partnership of ISS Program Office, Engineering Directorate, Mission Operations, and International Partners poses unique solutions with existing on-board equipment and resources.

Moore, Kevin D.↗

DOE OSTI2021

2020 System Optimization Awardee: Carter Wind Turbines

With support from the Competitiveness Improvement Project's System Optimization Award, Carter Wind Energy aims to lower the cost of distributed wind technology and expand deployment. To do so, the company will improve the cost-effectiveness and reliability of midsize wind turbines for remote, off-grid power applications, creating new wind energy deployment opportunities worldwide. This fact sheet provides an overview of Carter Wind Energy's project, how the company will achieve the goals of the award, and how the project fits within the overall Competitiveness Improvement Project.

CIP↗

DOE OSTI2023

Post Access Report: Initial testing of wave energy powered UV-C LED anti-biofouling system

In the experiment entitled “Initial Testing of Wave Energy Powered UV-C LED Anti-Biofouling System,” a UV-C LED was used to treat platinum-coated titanium coupons emulating CTD electrode material. An additional control set of coupons were exposed to seawater without the LED treatment. The experimental setup was deployed in seawater tanks at PNNL-Sequim’s Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory (MCRL) for the duration of six months. Tank seawater temperature data were collected for the duration of the experimental campaign. At two-month intervals triplicate sets of coupons were removed from both treatment and control test chambers and weighed to characterize biomass accumulation. After weighing, the coupons were photographed in initial condition, with a stain applied to highlight biofouling growth, and after rinsing off excess stain. These photographs were analyzed using PNNL’s Biofouling Growth Index (BGI) software and with a calculation of percentage dark pixels after conversion to grayscale. Additionally, at the final 6-month datapoint triplicate sets of control and test coupons were sent to PNNL-Richland’s Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL) for scanning electron microscopy. All data organization and collection methods are described in further detail in the document “TEAMER_3newable_Data_Guide.pdf.” Biomass accumulation increased over time on both sets of coupons, and percent area biofouled demonstrated a similar trend. Analysis of the collected data resulted in the findings that treatment method has an impact on biofouling growth, though to a much less significant extent than time does. Additionally, qualitative findings included the presence of advanced life forms such as worms in the control test chamber, but not in the treated test chamber.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

NASA NTRS2000

Terra Flexible Blanket Solar Array Deployment, On-Orbit Performance and Future Applications

The Terra spacecraft (formerly identified as EOS AM1) is the flagship in a planned series of NASA/GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) Earth observing system satellites designed to provide information on the health of the Earth's land, oceans, air, ice, and life as a total ecological global system. It has been successfully performing its mission since a late-December 1999 launch into a 705 km polar orbit. The spacecraft is powered by a single wing, flexible blanket array using single junction (SJ) gallium arsenide/germanium (GaAs/Ge) solar cells sized to provide five year end-of-life (EOL) power of greater than 5000 watts at 127 volts. It is currently the highest voltage and power operational flexible blanket array with GaAs/Ge cells. This paper briefly describes the wing design as a basis for discussing the operation of the electronics and mechanisms used to achieve successful on-orbit deployment. Its orbital electrical performance to date will be presented and compared to analytical predictions based on ground qualification testing. The paper concludes with a brief section on future applications and performance trends using advanced multi-junction cells and weight-efficient mechanical components.

Kurland, Richard↗

NASA NTRS2000

Terra Flexible Blanket Solar Array Deployment, On-Orbit Performance and Future Applications

The Terra spacecraft (formerly identified as EOS AM1) is the flagship in a planned series of NASA/GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) Earth observing system satellites designed to provide information on the health of the Earth's land, oceans, air, ice, and life as a total ecological global system. It has been successfully performing its mission since a late-December 1999 launch into a 705 km polar orbit. The spacecraft is powered by a single wing, flexible blanket array using single junction (SJ) gallium arsenide/germanium (GaAs/Ge) solar cells sized to provide five year end-of-life (EOL) power of greater than 5000 watts at 127 volts. It is currently the highest voltage and power operational flexible blanket array with GaAs/Ge cells. This paper briefly describes the wing design as a basis for discussing the operation of the electronics and mechanisms used to achieve successful on-orbit deployment. Its orbital electrical performance to date will be presented and compared to analytical predictions based on ground qualification testing. The paper concludes with a brief section on future applications and performance trends using advanced multi-junction cells and weight-efficient mechanical components. A viewgraph presentation is attached that outlines the same information as the paper and includes more images of the Terra Spacecraft and its components.

Kurland, Richard↗