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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,387 records · Page 77
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Exploring the impact of increased solar deployment levels on residential electricity bills in India

Here, in this study, the impact of increased solar penetration in the electricity generation mix on residential electricity consumer bills is explored. The study comprises of two sections: simulation of wholesale electricity rates and retail rate modeling. In the first stage, wholesale prices were modeled using a bottom-up long term unit commitment optimization model for different energy mix scenarios based on increased solar penetration, ranging from 5 to 40% on energy basis. The simulations indicated a fall in wholesale prices with increased solar penetration, a result of merit order effect. The simulated wholesale prices were then used to model retail rates for residential consumers. Four different types of retail rates were designed: flat rate, real time pricing, time of use and critical peak pricing. The impact of these retail rate mechanisms on electricity bills of residential consumers was analyzed and it was found that the bill savings achieved from time varying rates are greater than for time invariant rates. With increased solar penetration, customers with time-varying rates are likely to benefit the most from electricity bill savings. Although consumers with flat rate gain bill savings with increased solar penetration, the savings are likely to be lower than with time-varying rates.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Costs and consequences of wind turbine wake effects arising from uncoordinated wind energy development

Optimal wind farm locations require a strong and reliable wind resource and access to transmission lines. As onshore and offshore wind energy grows, preferred locations become saturated with numerous wind farms. An upwind wind farm generates 'wake effects' (decreases in downwind wind speeds) that undermine a downwind wind farm's power generation and revenues. Here we use a diverse set of analysis tools from the atmospheric science, economic and legal communities to assess costs and consequences of these wake effects, focusing on a West Texas case study. We show that although wake effects vary with atmospheric conditions, they are discernible in monthly power production. In stably stratified atmospheric conditions, wakes can extend 50+ km downwind, resulting in economic losses of several million dollars over six years for our case study. However, our investigation of the legal literature shows no legal guidance for protecting existing wind farms from such significant impacts.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Evaluation of Rooftop Solar Potential in Chernihiv and Lviv, Ukraine, and Efficacy of High-Resolution 3D Data Digital Twins [Slides]

NREL evaluated rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) siting opportunities in the cities of Chernihiv and Lviv, Ukraine, leveraging very-high-resolution 3D elevation data to calculate technical potential. The study assessed total rooftop solar capacity and annual energy production. In Chernihiv and Lviv, 116,503 buildings were analyzed for their rooftop solar potential. The buildings in the study areas include a mixture of residential, commercial, and industrial buildings, characterized by diverse roof shapes and sizes. The total estimated rooftop solar capacity is 332 MWDC in Chernihiv and 873 MWDC in Lviv with annual energy production up to 376.2 GWhDC in Chernihiv and 995.5 GWhDC in Lviv. This accounting provides a clear estimate of the potential rooftop solar installations that could be realized under optimal conditions, considering both technical constraints and the geographic distribution of available rooftop space. Related to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, NREL estimates loss from buildings damaged or destroyed of 2,754 buildings, 20.15 MWDC of capacity, and 22,869 MWhDC of annual energy production in Chernihiv as well as a loss of 1,316 buildings, 34.49 MWDC of capacity, and 39,369 MWhDC of annual energy production in Lviv. The study also assessed the feasibility of adapting this methodology on a national scale using either simulated digital surface models (DSMs) or a digital twin approach. While the very-high-resolution DSM provided more precise results, the simulated DSM demonstrated reasonable accuracy for broader applications in modeling aggregated distributed solar supply. The feasibility of using a digital twin for Ukraine's national rooftop solar potential is considered promising, with certain limitations in areas with highly variable building stock and heavy war damage.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Fuel-Flexible Combustion System for Refinery and Chemical Plant Process Heaters

This project culminated in the demonstration of a full-scale industrial burner which allows a broad range of “opportunity” gaseous fuels to be cost-effectively and efficiently utilized while generating minimal emissions of criteria air pollutants. The burner is capable of maintaining a stable flame when the fuel composition changes rapidly. This enhanced stability will contribute significantly to improving the safety and reliability of burner operation in manufacturing sites. Process heating in the refining and chemicals sectors is the primary application for this burner. The refining and chemical sectors account for more than 40% of total industrial natural gas use. Prior to the completion of this project, an enabling technology did not exist that would allow these energy-intensive industries to take full advantage of opportunity fuels and thereby reduce their natural gas consumption. Opportunity gaseous fuels include biogas (from animal and agricultural wastes, wastewater plants, and landfills) as well as syngas (from the gasification of biomass, municipal solid wastes, construction wastes, and refinery residuals). The primary challenge to using gaseous opportunity fuels is that their composition and combustion performance differ significantly from those of conventional fuels such as natural gas and refinery fuel gas. An effective fuel-flexible burner must accept fuels that range widely in quality and change in composition over time, often rapidly. In Phase 1 of this project, the team applied computational fluid dynamics analysis to optimize the prototype burner’s aerodynamic, combustion, heat transfer, and emissions performance. In Phase 2, full-scale testing and refinement of two prototype burners were conducted in test furnaces at Zeeco’s offices in Broken Arrow, OK. These tests demonstrated that the full range of conventional and opportunity fuels could be utilized by the project’s burner while achieving robust flame stability and very low levels of air pollutant emissions. In Phase 3, the team retrofitted three fuel-flexible burners into a fired heater at a Shell plant and demonstrated the project’s technology over a 6-month period. The project burners performed well during this period. They remain in commercial service at the Shell plant. Through this work, an improved understanding of flame stabilization mechanisms was gained. Also, methods for accommodating a wide range of fuel compositions were developed. This knowledge facilitated the commercialization of a new generation of burners that are suitable for the fuels of the future.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2019

An Overview of the U.S. Department of Energy’s GeoVision Report

The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Geothermal Technologies Office (GTO) engaged in a multiyear research collaboration among national laboratories, industry experts, and academia to identify a vision for growth of the domestic geothermal industry across a range of geothermal energy types. The effort, called the GeoVision analysis, assessed opportunities to expand geothermal energy deployment by improving technologies, reducing costs, and mitigating barriers. The analysis also evaluated the economic and environmental impacts of such deployment - including industry growth, consumer energy prices, water use, and air emissions - and investigated opportunities for desalination, mineral recovery, and hybridization with other energy technologies for greater efficiencies and lower costs. The GeoVision analysis used a suite of modeling tools and scenarios to evaluate the performance of geothermal technologies relative to other energy technologies. The assessment included evaluating the potential role of existing and future geothermal deployment in both the electric sector and the heating and cooling sector. In the electric sector, the GeoVision analysis considered electricity generation from existing conventional (hydrothermal) geothermal resources as well as unconventional geothermal resources, such as enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). In the heating and cooling sector, the analysis modeled geothermal heat pumps (GHPs, also called ground source heat pumps) and district-heating systems using both conventional and EGS resources. The analysis culminated in a summary report, GeoVision: Harnessing the Heat Beneath Our Feet (DOE 2019), as well as eight supporting task force reports (Lowry et al. 2017, Doughty et al. 2018, Wendt et al. 2018, Augustine et al. 2019, Liu et al. 2019, McCabe et al. 2019, Millstein et al. 2019, Young et al. 2019). Among other results, key findings of the analysis indicate that optimized permitting could potentially double geothermal capacity by 2050; technology improvements could increase geothermal power generation nearly 26-fold from today; and increased geothermal deployment can provide economic and environmental benefits to the United States. The analysis also concludes that GHPs can provide heating and cooling solutions to the equivalent of 28 million households and geothermal district-heating systems could experience exponential growth - from 21 installations today to 17,500 nationwide. In addition to summarizing analytical results about geothermal energy opportunities, the report includes a Roadmap of actionable items on which the stakeholder community can engage to achieve the outcomes of the analysis. The GeoVision Roadmap is a comprehensive call to action to encourage and guide stakeholders toward the shared goal of realizing the deployment levels and resulting benefits identified in the GeoVision analysis.

40 EE - Geothermal Technologies Office (EE-4G)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Community-Centric Microgrid Feasibility Analysis Framework to Accelerate Resilience of Island Communities

Marine energy offers a reliable energy solution for island and coastal communities, which often lack traditional local generation, to support their transition to energy independence and reduce reliance on externally imported fuels. Successful deployment of new technologies in these isolated locations requires community acceptance and approval from the outset, as these communities typically lack the financial and technical resources to operate and maintain new systems. This report presents a community-centric microgrid planning framework for remote coastal and island communities. Community engagement is integrated as the first step in the planning process, incorporating community profiles and visions into energy development scenarios. A case study was conducted in St. George, Pribilof Islands, Alaska, which relies entirely on diesel yet has significant wind and wave energy potential. Community engagement revealed a unique history and current economic status, with an interest in adopting advanced energy technologies despite past failures. Various microgrid configurations were optimized, considering different technologies to meet current and future energy needs while balancing cost and energy resilience. Wave energy converters (WECs) were a key component, integrated with other energy sources using the Xendee optimization tool. The Marine Energy Microgrid Toolkit, developed as part of this work, uses commercial power system analysis tools to optimize and analyze microgrid scenarios. The developed framework and toolkit can be applied to island and coastal communities to enhance resilience and support microgrid deployments. Future enhancements will include incorporating new marine resources, developing dynamic models, and automating the integration of Xendee and PowerFactory simulations.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2021

Stochastic Continuous-time Flexibility Scheduling and Pricing in Wholesale Electricity Markets

Large-scale integration of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) is calling for additional flexibility resources as well as more advanced modeling and optimization techniques to account for the increasing uncertainty and variability in power systems operation. As the RES integration gains momentum, the magnitude and frequency of their variations increase, which may trigger ramping scarcity events in real-time power systems operation. This necessitates revisiting the present definition of power systems flexibility and reserve services to reflect their robustness and adequacy towards sub-interval variations of the load and RES, as well as adjusting the operation models to accommodate the new reserve services. This project took a fundamental approach and aimed at developing continuous-time scheduling and pricing model that accurately models the continuous-time variations of load and RES and efficiently deploys the ramping capability of flexible resources to compensate the sources of variability and uncertainty in the market. In this regard, this project pursued the following goals: Developing stochastic multi-fidelity continuous-time optimization models for scheduling of energy storage (ES) systems and flexible loads in wholesale energy markets; Developing the theory and practices of continuous-time locational marginal pricing for valuating energy storage systems and flexible loads in wholesale energy markets; Developing function space solution approach to convert the proposed stochastic multi-fidelity continuous-time optimization models into tractable mixed-integer linear optimization models; and Defining flexibility reserve as a new type of reserve in markets that would enable ultimate participation of energy storage devices in provision of services to compensate the variability and uncertainty of RES in electricity markets. This project successfully completed all five major tasks defined in the SOPO, and produced 8 high-impact journal papers, 6 conference papers, 3 published U.S. patents, and one web-based software for continuous-time operation optimization of power systems. The application of the proposed flexibility reserve and the stochastic multi-fidelity continuous-time operation scheduling models would modify the forward commitment and schedule of generating units, ES devices and flexible loads, and would line up the resources in such a way that the composition of available resources is better prepared to respond to the sub-hourly variations of the load and renewable resources in real-time operation. Therefore, this project paves the way to sustainable, reliable, and economic integration of renewable energy resources in power system, supporting the progress towards reaching the national targets on energy independence. Even if the proposed models offers a radically different point of view as compared to existing models, it does not alter fundamentally the architecture of power systems operations, nor the complexity of the scheduling problem, so the integration of this project in power systems is extremely practical.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS1994

Method for optimizing resource allocation in a government organization

The managers in Federal agencies are challenged to control the extensive activities in government and still provide high-quality products and services to the American taxpayers. Considering today's complex social and economic environment and the $3.8 billion daily cost of operating the Federal Government, it is evident that there is a need to develop decision-making tools for accurate resource allocation and total quality management. The goal of this thesis is to provide a methodical process that will aid managers in Federal Government to make budgetary decisions based on the cost of services, the agency's objectives, and the customers' perception of the agency's product. A general resource allocation procedure was developed in this study that can be applied to any government organization. A government organization, hereafter the 'organization,' is assumed to be a multidivision enterprise. This procedure was applied to a small organization for the proof of the concept. This organization is the Technical Services Directorate (TSD) at the NASA Lewis Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio. As part of the procedure, a nonlinear programming model was developed to account for the resources of the organization, the outputs produced by the organization, the decision-maker's views, and the customers' satisfaction with the organization. The information on the resources of the organization was acquired from current budget levels of the organization and the human resources assigned to the divisions. The outputs of the organization were defined and measured by identifying metrics that assess the outputs, the most challenging task in this study. The decision-maker's views are represented in the model as weights assigned to the various outputs and were quantified by using the analytic hierarchy process. The customer's opinions regarding the outputs of the organization were collected through questionnaires that were designed for each division individually. Following the philosophy of total quality management, information on customers' satisfaction is presented in the model as the quality of output. The model is a nonlinear one whose objective is to maximize customers' satisfaction such that the total cost of operation does not exceed the organization's budget. This model represents a structured approach or policy mechanism, at the agency level, to make capital investment decisions based on the priorities of the agency and the quality of outputs. This procedure applied to TSD resulted in a resources allocation scheme that was reasonable and acceptable to the decision-makers and, as expected, dependent on the assumptions and accuracy of the data used in the model.

Afarin, James↗
DOE OSTI2018

Superconducting epitaxial YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ on SrTiO 3 buffered Si (001)

Thin films of optimally-doped (001)-oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ are epitaxially integrated on silicon (001) through growth on a single crystalline SrTiO 3 buffer. The former is grown using pulsed-laser deposition and the latter is grown on Si using oxide molecular beam epitaxy. The single crystal nature of the SrTiO 3 buffer enables high quality YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ films exhibiting high transition temperatures to be integrated on Si. For a 30 nm thick SrTiO 3 buffer, 50 nm thick YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ films that exhibit a transition temperature of ~ 93 K, and a narrow transition width (< 5 K) are achieved. Furthermore, the integration of single crystalline YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ on Si (001) paves the way for the potential exploration of cuprate materials in a variety of applications.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Improving the estimated cost of sustained power interruptions to electricity customers

Electricity reliability and resiliency have become a topic of heightened interest in recent years in the United States. As utilities, regulators, and policymakers determine how to achieve optimal levels of electricity reliability while considering how best to prepare for future disruptions in power, the related issue of how much it costs when customers lose power remains a largely unanswered question. In 2006, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory developed an end-use based framework that estimates the cost of power interruptions in the U.S that has served as a foundational paper using the best available, yet far from perfect, information at that time. Since then, an abundance of work has been done to improve the quality and availability of information that now allow us to make a much more robust assessment of the cost of power interruptions to U.S. customers. In this paper, we find that the total U.S. cost of sustained power interruptions is 44 billion dollars per year (2015-) -25% more than the 26 billion dollars per year in 2002- (or 35 billion dollars per year in 2015-) estimated in our 2006 study.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2022

DSO+T: Transactive Energy Coordination Framework (DSO+T Study: Volume 3)

This report describes a transactive energy coordination scheme designed to integrate into existing day-ahead and real-time wholesale energy markets. This scheme was evaluated in the Distribution System Operator with Transactive (DSO+T) study to assess the engineering and economic performance of the transactive energy coordination of a large-scale deployment of distributed energy resources (DER). Transactive agents were developed for a range of DERs (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning units, water heaters, batteries, and electric vehicles) that optimize flexibility over a 48-hour horizon and adjust their strategy in response to changes in real-time prices. A transactive energy coordination scheme, executed by a DSO retail market operator, aggregates these DER bids from participating customers and clears them against a DSO supply curve using a double auction market mechanism. The process of constructing the price-quantity DSO supply curve includes distribution-level transportation constraints (for example, substation congestion limits) and forecast locational marginal price of the DSO’s connected transmission node. The resulting day-ahead and real-time quantities are then bid into a competitive wholesale market operated by an independent system operator. This report also details additional capabilities for proper marketplace simulation such as wholesale price, weather, and load forecasting. The report concludes with a discussion of lessons learned and key design features required to ensure successful operation.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2017

Long-term strategic planning of inter-city fast charging infrastructure for battery electric vehicles

Here, this study introduces a multistage mixed integer modeling framework for long-term strategic planning of the battery electric vehicle (BEV) inter-city fast charging infrastructure. In response to the growing BEV inter-city travel demand, the framework integrates both an optimization model for decisions on where and when to build charging stations and a stochastic queuing model to determine how many chargers are needed for each station. A genetic algorithm based heuristic method is developed to efficiently solve the problem. The model is applied to investigate the long-term infrastructure requirement in the state of California where significant growth in BEV demand is expected in coming decades. Our findings indicate that the charging infrastructure is expanded in both network coverage (number of stations) and service capacity (number of chargers per station) as the BEV demand grows. We also found that the infrastructure requirement is dependent on many factors, such as the BEV electrified range, the required level of service at charging stations, and the range anxiety cost. For most simulated scenarios, the results show that it is beneficial to invest in the inter-city fast charging infrastructure, even though the range anxiety cost is at its low end.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2017

Modeling of Environmental-Economic Indicators of Regional Development

One of the current topical problems is the prediction of climate change and mitigation of its consequences. All-sided analysis of ecological, economic, and social aspects of climate issues relies on interdisciplinary assessment models. This article adapts the MERGE optimization model to the current state of the world economy and introduces into the model a new component that implements a simplified procedure of “green” GDP calculation (“green” GDP, or GGDP, provides information about the efficiency of use of environmental resources). The objective of our numerical simulations is to tests the consequences of Russia’s hypothetical participation in the program for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and to analyze the environmental indicators of Russia’s GDP. The input data are mainly provided by the project of scenario conditions and main macroeconomic parameters for the forecasting of socio-economic development in Russia in the near future implemented by the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. The calculations reveal the existence of reserves for Russia’s “painless” participation in environment-preserving initiatives that call for not exceeding the 1990 emission level in 2020–2025. At the same time, increasing the environmental efficiency of Russia’s GDP is a relevant task that requires immediate attention.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Solar PV, Wind Generation, and Load Forecasting Dataset for ERCOT 2018: Performance-Based Energy Resource Feedback, Optimization, and Risk Management (P.E.R.F.O.R.M.)

This report describes the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy Performance-Based Energy Resource Feedback, Optimization, and Risk Management (PERFORM) Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) dataset consisting of load, solar, and wind deterministic and probabilistic forecasts at three timescales. This dataset consists of 1 year of time-coincident load, wind, and solar actuals and probabilistic forecasts for a region similar to ERCOT. All the data are stored in Hierarchical Data Format 5 (HDF5) files and have been uploaded to an Amazon Web Services repository. The ERCOT data set has 2 years (2017, 2018) of actuals and 1 year (2018) of probabilistic forecasts. These data are provided at various spatial (i.e., site-level, zone-level, and system-level) and temporal scales (i.e., day-ahead, intraday, and intra-hour). Specifically, data are provided for 125 existing wind sites, 22 existing solar sites, 139 proposed wind sites, and 204 proposed solar sites.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Planning for the storm: Considering renewable energy for critical infrastructure resilience

This study uses the renewable energy optimization model to assess three critical facilities in North Carolina. Techno-economic results were then compared to analyses completed for critical facilities in California and New York to assess energy system cost effectiveness. Though solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays are cost-effective across each of the three North Carolina facilities, adopting battery storage to enable PV to operate with existing diesel generators in a hybrid energy system reduces the economic value of the system. This is in contrast to more economically viable systems in California and New York. All of these systems also offer unquantified resilience benefits by extending operation from hours to weeks across the facilities. If decision makers were able to value the resilience benefits offered by each system or utility rate structures were changed to incentivize battery storage during normal operations, it would impact these assessments. Even so, this analysis provides decision makers a key set of cost benchmarks when considering how they might improve resilience at their critical operations.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Parameterizing the Variability and Uncertainty of Wind and Solar in CEMs

We present current and improved methods for estimating the capacity value and curtailment impacts from variable generation (VG) in capacity expansion models (CEMs). The ideal calculation of these variability metrics is through an explicit co-optimized investment-dispatch model using multiple years of VG and load data. Because of data and computational limitations, existing CEMs typically approximate these metrics using a subset of all hours from a single year and/or using statistical methods, which often do not capture the tail-event impacts or the broader set of interactions between VG, storage, and conventional generators. In our proposed new methods, we use hourly generation and load values across all hours of the year to characterize the (1) contribution of VG to system capacity during high load hours, (2) the curtailment level of VG, and (3) the reduction in VG curtailment due to storage and shutdown of select thermal generators. Using CEM model outputs from a preceding model solve period, we apply these methods to exogenously calculate capacity value and curtailment metrics for the subsequent model solve period. Preliminary results suggest that these hourly methods offer improved capacity value and curtailment representations of VG in the CEM from existing approximation methods without additional computational burdens.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Optimal design of solar-driven electrolytic hydrogen production systems within electricity markets

Hydrogen has the potential to be a key contributor toward a low-carbon economy. Generating hydrogen by electrolysis using renewable energy is one way to support a decarbonized economy; however, its cost is not typically competitive with the carbon-emitting incumbent technology, steam methane reforming. The ability of electrolysis to integrate with electricity markets presents a unique cost reduction opportunity due to the perceived future availability of low and zero-marginal cost renewable energy sources. Additionally, as renewables, and particularly, photovoltaics are installed on the grid, they have a value deflation effect. This work evaluates solar-electrolysis configurations using a mathematical programming framework to maximize system net present value. The framework has been tested with specific weather conditions and financial mechanisms in California. Our findings indicate that a spectrum of potential cost competitive solutions is available for systems that (i) have market configurations resembling hybrid retail/wholesale, resulting in a hydrogen production cost range of US$6.2 kg-1–US$6.6 kg-1, or full wholesale market participation, reducing production cost to US$2.6 kg-1–US$3.1 kg-1, and (ii) achieve projected future cost reductions.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2018

Distribution System Planning - State Examples by Topic

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) recently completed a study on how regulators in 16 states have dealt with questions related to distribution system planning (DSP) and distributed energy resource (DER) utilization. During the study, DOE and three of its national laboratories developed a significant amount of information on state-level activities including grid modernization planning; distribution planning; tools for integrating distributed energy resources (DERs) (e.g., hosting capacity analysis and tools for maximizing the value of DERs to the distribution system such as locational value analyses); and linkages between distribution planning and related processes such as cost recovery through general rate cases or rate surcharges. The Oregon Public Utility Commission (Commission) requested assistance from DOE on a list of specific questions related to DSP. The Commission was specifically interested in identifying guidance on the creation of comprehensive and transparent utility distribution system plans; on the linkages between such plans and other utility planning processes such as integrated resource planning; improved forecasting and representation of DERs in distribution system plans and other plans such as integrated resource planning; valuation of DERs; and a roadmap for optimized locational planning for DERs. In response to their interests, we have identified 1) specific topics from the original study that would be of assistance to the Commission and 2) states that could provide potential examples or templates to draw from. In this report, we have summarized and reorganized the pertinent original material by subject. We also developed a matrix that points to specific examples for each topic and provide one or two paragraph summaries of each possible template for each topic area with web links directly to the source documents. For some cases in which states have taken significant steps since the publication of the original DOE study, the original source information has been supplemented to ensure the information provided to the Commission remains current. Finally, we called out a small number of especially pertinent or immediately useful documents and have highlighted these in the introductory section. This report documents the material developed for the Oregon Commission by DOE.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗