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NASA NTRS1983

Flight test experience with pilot-induced-oscillation suppressor filters

Digital flight control systems are popular for their flexibility, reliability, and power; however, their use sometimes results in deficient handling qualities, including pilot-induced oscillation (PIO), which can require extensive redesign of the control system. When redesign is not immediately possible, temporary solutions, such as the PIO suppression (PIOS) filter developed for the Space Shuttle, have been proposed. To determine the effectiveness of such PIOS filters on more conventional, high-performance aircraft, three experiments were performed using the NASA F-8 digital fly-by-wire and USAF/Calspan NT-33 variable-stability aircraft. Two types of PIOS filters were evaluated, using high-gain, precision tasks (close formation, probe-and-drogue refueling, and precision touch-and-go landing) with a time delay or a first-order lag added to make the aircraft prone to PIO. Various configurations of the PIOS filter were evaluated in the flight programs, and most of the PIOS filter configurations reduced the occurrence of PIOs and improved the handling qualities of the PIO-prone aircraft. These experiments also confirmed the influence of high-gain tasks and excessive control system time delay in evoking pilot-induced oscillations.

Shafer, M. F.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Flight test experience with pilot-induced-oscillation suppression filters

Shafer, M. F.↗

NASA NTRS1986

New capabilities and recent research programs of the NASA/Army CH-47B variable-stability helicopter

The CH-47B is the third in a series of variable-stability helicopters developed and operated by NASA since 1952 to investigate helicopter and VTOL handling qualities. Recently, several new capabilities were added to this helicopter to enable it to better support new and evolving research requirements. The installation of a programmable force-feel system for the evaluation pilot's conventional cyclic stick, and a four-axis side-stick controller permit a range of in-flight investigations concerning manipulator characteristics and augmentation system features that had not been possible with earlier NASA research helicopters. A recently installed color electronic display system with a programmable symbol generator will permit the investigation of display formats for a variety of VTOL and helicopter missions. Finally, a powerful new general-purpose flight computer is now in operation. It is programmable in high-level languages and will provide more efficient support of research programs. In addition to these new hardware capabilities, flight-control software has been developed to improve the in-flight simulation capability of the aircraft. A brief description of the CH-47B's variable-stability research equipment is provided, recent research programs are summarized, and some remarks concerning the potential of the helicopter are presented.

Hindson, W. S.↗

DOE OSTI2018

Integrated pre-feasibility study for CO 2 geological storage in the Cascadia Basin, offshore Washington State, British Columbia

The Cascadia CarbonSAFE project conducted a pre-feasibility study to evaluate technical and nontechnical aspects of storing 50 million metric tons (MMT) of carbon dioxide in a safe, ocean basalt reservoir offshore Washington State and British Columbia. Sub-seafloor basalts are very common on Earth and enable geological mineralization as a long-term storage mechanism, permanently sequestering the carbon in solid rock form. This project evaluated the offshore storage complex, developed potential industrial source/transport scenarios, built an inventory of existing geophysical/geological data and environmental monitoring capabilities, conducted laboratory studies and reservoir modeling to determine storage capacity, and analyzed economic factors, regulatory requirements, and project management risks. Our team included researchers at Columbia University in New York, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Washington, University of Victoria in British Columbia, University of California at Santa Cruz, and GHG Underground in Maine, as well as collaborators at University of Iceland in Reykjavik and University of Washington in Saint Louis. In the study region, large emitters (>100,000 MT/year) generate a total of approximately 40 MMT annually from stationary sources, such as power plants, refineries, ammonia production, and mineral processing plants. Five potential industry source/transport scenarios were identified (three in U.SA S. and two in Canada) to potentially provide 50 MMT of carbon dioxide to the offshore reservoir. One scenario included net carbon-negative sources that would reduce atmospheric levels. The inventory of existing data illustrated that basalt properties in the region are potentially beneficial for long-term storage. Permeability is on the order of 0.1 to 1 Darcies within the uppermost 600 m of ocean crust and density-derived porosity reaches 10–20% in thin layers that provide act as flow channels and provide access to porous and permeable basalt. Fine-grained sediments overlying basalt provide a low-permeability barrier separating the storage reservoir from the overlying ocean. Subsurface monitoring of the storage complex benefits from a unique opportunity close proximity of to the nearby NEPTUNE cabled seafloor observatory, which actively transmits data to shore and could be used to monitor reservoir properties. Injection pressure changes, reservoir chemistry, seismicity, well head corrosion, and potential leakage monitoring would be feasible in real time. Using existing data and published models, the STOMP-CO 2 modeling code developed at PNNL was used to simulate carbon dioxide injection, storage, and mineralization in the reservoir. Preliminary simulations indicate that a 50 MMT carbon dioxide plume injected over a 20-year period remains well within the reservoir area, both laterally and vertically, for at least a 50-year period of post-injection monitoring. Laboratory studies on core samples from Cascadia measured dissolution rates in CO 2 –basalt–seawater mixtures and indicated large variability in rates with the potential for complete mineralization. Compared to published data, the dissolution rate measured in these samples is faster, decreasing the time until full conversion to carbonate minerals would occur. Adding geochemical reactivity in the STOMP-CO 2 model indicates that carbon dioxide would be fully converted to carbonate minerals in 135 years or less after injection ceases. The project assessed the viability and costs for the five scenarios using either dedicated offshore pipelines or shipping vessels. Carbon dioxide capture costs were not considered. Shipping incurred lower upfront CAPEX costs, and because most viable sources were located near the shore and waterways, shipping is preferred; no dedicated carbon dioxide pipelines exist in the region. The project also considered potential risks from mixed-use impacts on surrounding lands and ocean areas, such as active use by commercial and recreational fisherman, and other community considerations in planning for public engagement in the future. Other project risks were identified, including project management, permitting and compliance, and financing, as well as technical issues such as long-term instrumentation, plume migration, and model development. Geological concerns like reservoir permeability, seal, and induced seismicity held relatively low risk. The regulatory framework for offshore storage in the U.S. and Canada may be covered by general legal/regulatory programs, but is not yet fully defined. Existing programs appear to restrict the transportation of carbon dioxide across national boundaries (e.g., Canada to U.S.) and its sub-seabed disposal in some circumstances. Our assessment suggests that developing specific and separate pilot projects will help to advance the technical feasibility and regulatory requirements in each country, and lessons learned from such activities may be transferable elsewhere around the globe.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2022

Effects of Borate and Organics on U(VI) Solubility in WIPP Brine

The solubility of uranium (VI) in Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)-relevant brine was determined to support ongoing WIPP recertification activities. This research was performed by the Los Alamos National Laboratory Carlsbad Operations (LANL-CO) Actinide Chemistry and Repository Science Program (ACRSP). The WIPP Actinide Source Term Program (ASTP) did not develop a model for the solubility of actinides in the VI oxidation state. The solubility of UO 2 2+ , in the absence of WIPP specific data, is presently set to be equal to a conservatively high 1 mM within the WIPP Performance Assessment (PA) for all expected WIPP conditions (SOTERM, 2019) as selected at the recommendation of the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) (EPA, 2005). According to the current WIPP chemistry model assumptions and conditions, the expected pC H+ is about 9.5 and controlled by MgO buffering CO 3 2- . The goal of this study is to perform screening experiments that account for the contributions of organics and borate on uranium solubility. In this report, the solubility of U(VI) was determined at pC H+ 9 WIPP brine in the absence or presence of borate and organics at under-saturation approach. Experiments were equilibrated for about 135 days. Organic compounds present in WIPP waste can form strong complexes with actinides and can affect the oxidation states of actinides. The organic compounds addressed in WIPP performance assessment include EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid), oxalate, citrate, and acetate (SOTERM, 2019). These data quantify the effects of WIPP-relevant concentrations of borate and organics effects on the solubility of U(VI) to challenge the predictions of the WIPP actinide model and inform decisions and recommendations made in the upcoming recertification of the WIPP (CRA-2024). The experiments performed were done according to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) approved Test Plan entitled “Experimental Strategy to Challenge Actinide Solubility Predictions” and designated LCO-ACP-26. All data reported were obtained under the LANL-CO Quality Assurance Program, which is compliant with the DOE Carlsbad Field Office, Quality Assurance Program Document (CBFO/QAPD) (QAPD, 2017).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2026

Cybersecurity Standards for Distributed Energy Resources: Gaps and Harmonization Strategy

This report examines cybersecurity standards for Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in light of their rapid growth and increasing integration into energy systems. It identifies critical gaps in existing frameworks, including inadequate coverage of DER-specific challenges, complexities in implementing comprehensive standards, integration issues with legacy systems, adoption hurdles for newer standards, and a lack of harmonization across regulatory landscapes. The analysis highlights vulnerabilities such as data integrity risks, unauthorized device control, and denial-of-service attacks across various DER technologies like solar PV, wind turbines, energy storage systems, and hydrogen fuel cells. The report proposes a harmonization strategy to address these deficiencies by developing unified cybersecurity requirements, certification programs, and training resources while fostering collaboration among stakeholders such as government agencies, industry groups, DER operators, manufacturers, and research institutions. A phased roadmap is outlined to refine and implement these measures through pilot testing and widespread adoption. Ultimately, the report underscores the urgent need for coordinated efforts to enhance DER cybersecurity and ensure the reliable operation of future energy systems.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

NASA NTRS1972

Application of space benefits to education

Information on the conducting of a teacher workshop is presented. This educational pilot project updated instruction material, used improved teaching techniques, and increased student motivation. The NASA/MSFC industrial facilities, and the displays at the Alabama Space and Rocket Center (ASRC) were key elements of the program, including a permanent exhibit, at the latter, on selected benefits accruing from the space program.

Dannenberg, K. K.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Dynamic simulation studies of fuel conservation procedures used in terminal areas

A simulation program was devised to study the effects of fuel conservation procedures on ATC and terminal area operations. The FAA National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center and the Ames Research Center have interconnected ATC and piloted simulation facilities at both centers. A unique national simulation facility for the study of pilot/controller/system interactions was established. The present paper describes the simulation facilities and outlines aircraft operational procedures evaluated in the experiments. Two experiments studied are discussed: the first involves two types of landing approaches, while the second involves both landing approaches and profile descents.

Obrien, P. J.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Sparking young minds with Moon rocks and meteorites

What could be more exciting than seeing pieces of other worlds? The Apollo program left a legacy of astounding accomplishments and precious samples. Part of the thrill of those lunar missions is brought to schools by the lunar sample educational disks, which contain artifacts of six piloted trips to the Moon. Johnson Space Center (JSC) is preparing 100 new educational disks containing pieces of meteorites collected in Antarctica. These represent chunks of several different asteroids, that were collected in one of the most remote, forbidding environments on Earth. These pieces of the Moon and asteroids represent the products of basic planetary processes (solar nebular processes, initial differentiation, volcanism, and impact), and, in turn, these processes are controlled by basic physical and chemical processes (energy, energy transfer, melting, buoyancy, etc.). Thus, the lunar and meteorite sample disks have enormous educational potential. New educational materials are being developed to accompany the disks. Present materials are not as effective as they could be, especially in relating samples to processes and to other types of data such as spectral studies and photogeology. Furthermore, the materials are out of date. New background materials will be produced for teachers, assembling slide sets with extensive captions, and devising numerous hands-on classroom activities to do while the disks are at a school and before and after they arrive. The classroom activities will be developed by teams of experienced teachers working with lunar and meteorite experts.

Taylor, G. Jeffrey↗

NASA NTRS2024

Review of the Natural History of Renal Stones in U.S. Astronauts

BACKGROUND: The formation of renal stones in astronauts may pose a considerable threat to crew health and to the completion of mission objectives. Although a history of prior renal stones is an exclusion criterion for initial selection, there have been reported cases of renal stones that have developed after selection. This led to the establishment, nine years ago, of a standardized protocol to screen for the development of renal stones pre-and post-spaceflight in all active astronauts. OVERVIEW: Literature regarding stone makeup, size, location, time to passage, and outcomes were reviewed, as well as incidence of renal stones in astronaut analog populations such as military pilots and the general population. The Lifetime Surveillance of Astronaut Health (LSAH) database was queried and as of 2015 there have been 22 crew members who have reported 36 renal stone events from a population of 357 astronauts, with an incidence of 0.32 events per year. This compares favorably to the incidence of 0.37 to 0.46events per year in commercial pilots. DISCUSSION: The physiologic changes associated with spaceflight have been thought to present an increased risk for the development of stones, including hypercalciuria, decreased urine pH, and reduced urine volume. NASA’s screening program, based on a rigorous ultrasound method, has now provided nine years of clinical data used to reduce the risk of flying an astronaut with a renal stone that could threaten health and mission objectives. This work and data from the ultrasound screening program was used to update the clinical practice guideline for renal stone surveillance and treatment, and other NASA documents and programs that track this risk.

C McNerlin↗

DOE OSTI2014

New In Situ Imaging and Measurement Technologies for Biological Systems (Brochure)

The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER) supports fundamental research to advance a predictive understanding of complex biological and environmental systems relevant to DOE’s missions in energy and the environment. Starting with the genetic potential encoded by organisms’ genomes, BER scientists seek to define the principles guiding translation of the genetic code into functional proteins and the metabolic and regulatory networks underlying plant and microbial systems. Concurrent with this research is a need for enabling technologies to place understanding of gene expression, regulation, and function into the spatiotemporal context of whole-cell environments. Imaging and measurement technologies that can resolve multiple key metabolic processes over time within or among cells will act as a crucial bridge toward linking molecular-scale information to whole-cell, systems-level understanding. This brochure outlines the pilot projects at the DOE national laboratories and the investigators leading these efforts. This initial description of BER’s new effort serves as an informational resource for the evolving imaging and measurement technology program.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2012

Deep Geologic Nuclear Waste Disposal - No New Taxes - 12469

To some, the perceived inability of the United States to dispose of high-level nuclear waste justifies a moratorium on expansion of nuclear power in this country. Instead, it is more an example of how science yields to social pressure, even on a subject as technical as nuclear waste. Most of the problems, however, stem from confusion on the part of the public and their elected officials, not from a lack of scientific knowledge. We know where to put nuclear waste, how to put it there, how much it will cost, and how well it will work. And it's all about the geology. The President's Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future has drafted a number of recommendations addressing nuclear energy and waste issues (BRC 2011) and three recommendations, in particular, have set the stage for a new strategy to dispose of high-level nuclear waste and to manage spent nuclear fuel in the United States: 1) interim storage for spent nuclear fuel, 2) resumption of the site selection process for a second repository, and 3) a quasi-government entity to execute the program and take control of the Nuclear Waste Fund in order to do so. The first two recommendations allow removal and storage of spent fuel from reactor sites to be used in the future, and allows permanent disposal of actual waste, while the third controls cost and administration. The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 (NPWA 1982) provides the second repository different waste criteria, retrievability, and schedule, so massive salt returns as the candidate formation of choice. The cost (in 2007 dollars) of disposing of 83,000 metric tons of heavy metal (MTHM) high-level waste (HLW) is about $ 83 billion (b) in volcanic tuff, $ 29 b in massive salt, and $ 77 b in crystalline rock. Only in salt is the annual revenue stream from the Nuclear Waste Fund more than sufficient to accomplish this program without additional taxes or rate hikes. The cost is determined primarily by the suitability of the geologic formation, i.e., how well it performs on its own for millions of years with little engineering assistance from humans. It is critical that the states most affected by this issue (WA, SC, ID, TN, NM and perhaps others) develop an independent multi-state agreement in order for a successful program to move forward. Federal approval would follow. Unknown to most, the United States has a successful operating deep permanent geologic nuclear repository for high and low activity waste, called the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) near Carlsbad, New Mexico. Its success results from several factors, including an optimal geologic and physio-graphic setting, a strong scientific basis, early regional community support, frequent interactions among stakeholders at all stages of the process, long-term commitment from the upper management of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) over several administrations, strong New Mexico State involvement and oversight, and constant environmental monitoring from before nuclear waste was first emplaced in the WIPP underground (in 1999) to the present. WIPP is located in the massive bedded salts of the Salado Formation, whose geological, physical, chemical, redox, thermal, and creep-closure properties make it an ideal formation for long-term disposal, long-term in this case being greater than 200 million years. These properties also mean minimal engineering requirements as the rock does most of the work of isolating the waste. WIPP has been operating for twelve years, and as of this writing, has disposed of over 80,000 m{sup 3} of nuclear weapons waste, called transuranic or TRU waste (>100 nCurie/g but <23 Curie/1000 cm{sup 3}) including some high activity waste from reprocessing of spent fuel from old weapons reactors. All nuclear waste of any type from any source can be disposed in this formation better, safer and cheaper than in any other geologic formation. At the same time, it is critical that we complete the Yucca Mountain license application review so as not to undermine the credibility of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the scientific community. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2011

Sandia National Laboratories performance assessment methodology for long-term environmental programs : the history of nuclear waste management.

Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) is the world leader in the development of the detailed science underpinning the application of a probabilistic risk assessment methodology, referred to in this report as performance assessment (PA), for (1) understanding and forecasting the long-term behavior of a radioactive waste disposal system, (2) estimating the ability of the disposal system and its various components to isolate the waste, (3) developing regulations, (4) implementing programs to estimate the safety that the system can afford to individuals and to the environment, and (5) demonstrating compliance with the attendant regulatory requirements. This report documents the evolution of the SNL PA methodology from inception in the mid-1970s, summarizing major SNL PA applications including: the Subseabed Disposal Project PAs for high-level radioactive waste; the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant PAs for disposal of defense transuranic waste; the Yucca Mountain Project total system PAs for deep geologic disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste; PAs for the Greater Confinement Borehole Disposal boreholes at the Nevada National Security Site; and PA evaluations for disposal of high-level wastes and Department of Energy spent nuclear fuels stored at Idaho National Laboratory. In addition, the report summarizes smaller PA programs for long-term cover systems implemented for the Monticello, Utah, mill-tailings repository; a PA for the SNL Mixed Waste Landfill in support of environmental restoration; PA support for radioactive waste management efforts in Egypt, Iraq, and Taiwan; and, most recently, PAs for analysis of alternative high-level radioactive waste disposal strategies including repositories deep borehole disposal and geologic repositories in shale and granite. Finally, this report summarizes the extension of the PA methodology for radioactive waste disposal toward development of an enhanced PA system for carbon sequestration and storage systems. These efforts have produced a generic PA methodology for the evaluation of waste management systems that has gained wide acceptance within the international community. This report documents how this methodology has been used as an effective management tool to evaluate different disposal designs and sites; inform development of regulatory requirements; identify, prioritize, and guide research aimed at reducing uncertainties for objective estimations of risk; and support safety assessments.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

NASA NTRS1996

Flight Evaluation of an Aircraft with Side and Center Stick Controllers and Rate-Limited Ailerons

As part of an ongoing government and industry effort to study the flying qualities of aircraft with rate-limited control surface actuators, two studies were previously flown to examine an algorithm developed to reduce the tendency for pilot-induced oscillation when rate limiting occurs. This algorithm, when working properly, greatly improved the performance of the aircraft in the first study. In the second study, however, the algorithm did not initially offer as much improvement. The differences between the two studies caused concern. The study detailed in this paper was performed to determine whether the performance of the algorithm was affected by the characteristics of the cockpit controllers. Time delay and flight control system noise were also briefly evaluated. An in-flight simulator, the Calspan Learjet 25, was programmed with a low roll actuator rate limit, and the algorithm was programmed into the flight control system. Side- and center-stick controllers, force and position command signals, a rate-limited feel system, a low-frequency feel system, and a feel system damper were evaluated. The flight program consisted of four flights and 38 evaluations of test configurations. Performance of the algorithm was determined to be unaffected by using side- or center-stick controllers or force or position command signals. The rate-limited feel system performed as well as the rate-limiting algorithm but was disliked by the pilots. The low-frequency feel system and the feel system damper were ineffective. Time delay and noise were determined to degrade the performance of the algorithm.

Deppe, P. R.↗

DOE OSTI2012

Borehole EM Monitoring at Aquistore: Final Report to the Carbon Capture Project (CCP)

Geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) is a technology whose goal is to prevent atmospheric release of greenhouse gases via injection of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into an underground reservoir for long term storage. GCS is typically part of a program of carbon capture and storage (CCS) that captures CO 2 from point sources such as power plants, transports the CO 2 to a storage site, and operates an injection facility. One recent CCS pilot project is the Aquistore CO 2 sequestration project, near Estevan, Saskatchewan, Canada. The Aquistore project is managed by the Petroleum Technology Research Centre (PTRC) and will be one of the first integrated CCS projects storing CO 2 in a deep saline aquifer from a coal fired power plant (PTRC, 2011). Aquistore is expected to store 500,000 tons of CO 2 during its lifetime (Ministry of Environment, 2012). Assuring the long-term, safe storage of CO 2 requires the development of effective monitoring strategies. As part of the geophysical monitoring effort at Aquistore, there were initial plans for deployment of borehole electrodes for electrical or electromagnetic measurements to monitor CO 2 within the reservoir. The injected CO 2 displaces saline brine in the reservoir, and because CO 2 has a high resistivity compared to brine, the overall resistivity of the formation increases and can be monitored by measuring electric or magnetic fields. Previous work by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) had indicated that borehole-to-surface electromagnetic monitoring, using an electric dipole source near the bottom of a well penetrating the reservoir, could detect the resistivity change induced by GCS. To assess the potential application of electromagnetic monitoring at Aquistore, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Multi-Phase Technologies collaborated on a two-part study including (1) numerical forward modeling of a time-lapse, controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) monitoring survey, and (2) an initial engineering study of instrumentation and proposed design for a borehole electric dipole source and electrode sensors.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1975

A study of application of remote sensing to river forecasting. Volume 1: Executive summary

A project is described whose goal was to define, implement and evaluate a pilot demonstration test to show the practicability of applying remotely sensed data to operational river forecasting in gaged or previously ungaged watersheds. A secondary objective was to provide NASA with documentation describing the computer programs that comprise the streamflow forecasting simulation model used. A computer-based simulation model was adapted to a streamflow forecasting application and implemented in an IBM System/360 Model 44 computer, operating in a dedicated mode, with operator interactive control through a Model 2250 keyboard/graphic CRT terminal. The test site whose hydrologic behavior was simulated is a small basin (365 square kilometers) designated Town Creek near Geraldine, Alabama.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1976

A new experimental flight research technique: The remotely piloted airplane

The results obtained so far with a remotely piloted research vehicle (RPRV) using a 3/8 scale model of an F-15 airplane, to determine the usefulness of the RPRV testing technique in high risk flight testing, including spin testing, were presented. The program showed that the RPRV technique, including the use of a digital control system, is a practical method for obtaining flight research data. The spin, stability, and control data obtained with the 3/8-scale model also showed that predictions based on wind-tunnel tests were generally reasonable.

Layton, G. P.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Thermal Storage Applications Workshop. Volume 1: Plenary Session Analysis

The importance of the development of inexpensive and efficient thermal and thermochemical energy storage technology to the solar power program is discussed in a summary of workship discussions held to exchange information and plan for future systems. Topics covered include storage in central power applications such as the 10 MW-e demonstration pilot receiver to be constructed in Barstow, California; storage for small dispersed systems, and problems associated with the development of storage systems for solar power plants interfacing with utility systems.

Source record↗