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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,423 records · Page 79

The Climate is A-Changin': Teaching Civic Competence for a Sustainable Climate

A central aim of social studies curriculum is to prepare young people for making "informed and reasoned decisions for the public good" concerning consequential problems like global climate change. By developing students' "vision of a good society" and exploring what actions and policies move our society in this direction, social studies teachers have an important role in preparing students for a world undergoing enormous environmental change. This article discusses elementary curriculum connections between building students' knowledge and understanding about "their community, nation and world" and global climate change. It also suggests ideas for building civic competency and climate literacy while creating opportunities for students to practice high-value skills like "data collection and analysis, collaboration, decision-making and problem-solving."

climate change↗

The Broad Absorption Line Tidal Disruption Event iPTF15af: Optical and Ultraviolet Evolution

We present multiwavelength observations of the tidal disruption event (TDE) iPTF15af, discovered by the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory survey at redshift z = 0.07897. The optical and ultraviolet (UV) light curves of the transient show a slow decay over 5 months, in agreement with previous optically discovered TDEs. It also has a comparable blackbody peak luminosity of L(sub peak) approx. = 1.5 x 10(exp 44) erg s(exp -1). The inferred temperature from the optical and UV data shows a value of (3–5) × 10(exp 4) K. The transient is not detected in X-rays up to L(sub X) < 3 x 10(exp 42) erg s(exp -1) within the first 5 months after discovery. The optical spectra exhibit two distinct broad emission lines in the He ii region, and at later times also Hα emission. Additionally, emission from [N iii] and [O iii] is detected, likely produced by the Bowen fluorescence effect. UV spectra reveal broad emission and absorption lines associated with high-ionization states of N v, C iv, Si iv, and possibly P v. These features, analogous to those of broad absorption line quasars (BAL QSOs), require an absorber with column densities N(sub H) > 10(exp 23) cm(exp -2). This optically thick gas would also explain the nondetection in soft X-rays. The profile of the absorption lines with the highest column density material at the largest velocity is opposite that of BAL QSOs. We suggest that radiation pressure generated by the TDE flare at early times could have provided the initial acceleration mechanism for this gas. Spectral UV line monitoring of future TDEs could test this proposal.

Blagorodnova, N.↗

Novel insights enabled by combining mouse muscle datasets from the Rodent Research-1 mission

Biological space experiments are often expensive and difficult to conduct. As such, it is critical to maximize the value of the data that is collected during these experiments. One way to do this is to combine multiple–previously separate–datasets. This can increase the number of replicates for the conditions of interest (and hence statistical power), allow new multi-factor questions to be asked, and potentially highlight new patterns that otherwise would not have been identified from single-dataset studies. However, the process of combining datasets introduces noise due to inherent technical variations between experiments. To better understand the insights that can be gained from multi-dataset analyses and the problems that may arise from joining multiple datasets, several mouse muscle RNA-Seq datasets from the Rodent Research-1 mission were first selected. Then, using the R package DESeq2, principal component analysis (PCA) plots and differentially expressed gene (DEG) lists between ground and flight muscle samples were generated for individual datasets and for different pairwise combinations of datasets. Several new DEGs were identified in the combined datasets, and patterns in the PCA plots were affected depending on which datasets were joined. Understanding the results of this work will be critical for future studies that seek to perform multi-dataset analyses.

spaceflight↗

Collaborative Communications Between a Human and a Resilient Safety Support System

Successful introductory UAM integration into the NAS will be contingent on resilient safety systems that support reduced-crew flight operations. In this paper, we present a system that performs three functions: 1) monitors an operator’s physiological state; 2) assesses when the operator is experiencing anomalous states; and 3) mitigates risks by a combination of dynamic, context-based unilateral or collaborative dynamic function allocation of operational tasks. The monitoring process receives high data-rate sensor values from eye-tracking and electrocardiogram sensors. The assessment process takes these values and performs a classification that was developed using machine learning algorithms. The mitigation process invokes a collaboration protocol called DFACC to which, based on context, performs vehicle operations that the operator would otherwise routinely execute. This system has been demonstrated in a UAM flight simulator for an operator incapacitation scenario. The methods and initial results as well as relevant UAM and AAM scenarios will be described.

Advanced Air Mobility,↗

WWAO-WSWC Workshop Report 2019 Final

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Western States Water Council (WSWC) and the NASA Western Water Applications Office (WWAO) hosted a joint workshop on technology transfer for water management in the Western U.S. The goals of the workshop were to understand how different agencies approach the technology transfer and research to operations (R2O) process, identify best practices, and discuss existing barriers to successful technology infusion into operational water resource management systems at the state and federal level. The workshop took place August 7-9, 2019 in Irvine, CA. Key outcomes of the meeting include the following:• U.S. Rep. Grace Napolitano provided opening remarks for the workshop, where she highlighted the critical value of water data and the importance of collaboration between state and federal agencies in working to advance the use of water data in water management, planning and policy. • A total of 33 participants (including remote participants) were part of the workshop. They included principal investigators and project teams supported by NASA (Cyanobacteria Assessment Network, Evapotranspiration for Western States, Evaporative Stress Index, the Airborne Snow Observatory, Satellite-based Snow Water Equivalent in the Sierra Nevadas, and Fallowed Area Mapping) as well as representatives from federal (USGS, NOAA, USBR, EPA) and state (CA, WY, OR, NE) agency partners. • One main outcome of the meeting was the consensus that successful transitions of new applications and new technologies into operations require careful planning, effective communication within and across institutions, resources and considerable time investments. In addition, there was broad agreement that significant lead time is often required to allow for identification of financial and technical resources to sustain operational use of new data, information and tools.• The meeting included remarks from U.S. Rep. Napolitano and discussions during presentations and breakout groups about key opportunities to develop best practices and streamline the technology transfer process. • For example, one key set of best practices that emerged revolved around the the importance of building trust and establishing clear lines of communication between the research and operational institutions. The conversations led to defining two key components of trust-building. The first aspect is purely technical. It requires effectively demonstrating that the proposed application meets the end user’s needs in terms of accuracy, format, resolution, latency, metadata and documentation. The second aspect of building trust involves developing sustained, productive and mutually-beneficial relationships with the partner operational agency. The best practices presented here span both the technical as well as the relational aspects of cultivating trust. • This workshop served as a first step in developing a broader community discussion around R2O in western water management. Many of the best practices and lessons learned described in this report represent starting places for action within the WWAO, WSWC and our colleagues’ institutions. • Effective implementation of the best practices that emerged from this workshop will require sustained investments of time, resources and transition planning. In recognition of this, the WSWC and the WWAO proposed continuation of discussions begun at the workshop through a series of semi-annual or annual workshops.

Wilardson, Tony↗

Collaborative Communications Between A Human and A Resilient Safety Support System

Successful introductory UAM integration into the NAS will be contingent on resilient safety systems that support reduced-crew flight operations. In this paper, we present a system that performs three functions: 1) monitors an operator’s physiological state; 2) assesses when the operator is experiencing anomalous states; and 3) mitigates risks by a combination of dynamic, context-based unilateral or collaborative dynamic function allocation of operational tasks. The monitoring process receives high data-rate sensor values from eye-tracking and electrocardiogram sensors. The assessment process takes these values and performs a classification that was developed using machine learning algorithms. The mitigation process invokes a collaboration protocol called DFACCto which, based on context, performs vehicle operations that the operator would otherwise routinely execute. This system has been demonstrated in a UAM flight simulator for an operator incapacitation scenario. The methods and initial results as well as relevant UAM and AAM scenarios will be described.

Advanced air mobility↗

Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Nuclear Graphite Using Subsize Specimens and Reusing Tested Specimens

The mechanical properties of NBG-18 nuclear grade graphite have been characterized using small specimen test techniques and statistical treatment on the test results. New fracture strength and toughness test techniques were developed to use subsize cylindrical specimens with glued heads and to reuse their broken halves. Three sets of subsize cylindrical specimens with the different diameters of 4 mm, 8 mm, and 12 mm were tested to obtain tensile fracture strength. The longer piece of the broken halves was cracked from side surfaces and tested under three-point bend loading to obtain fracture toughness. Both the strength and fracture toughness data were analyzed using Weibull distribution models focusing on size effect. The mean fracture strength decreased from 22.9 MPa to 21.5 MPa as the diameter increased from 4 mm to 12 mm, and the mean strength of 15.9 mm diameter standard specimen, 20.9 MPa, was on the extended trend line. These fracture strength data indicate that in the given diameter range the size effect is not significant and much smaller than that predicted by the Weibull statistics-based model. Further, no noticeable size effect existed in the fracture toughness data, whose mean values were in a narrow range of 1.21 1.26 MPa. The Weibull moduli measured for fracture strength and fracture toughness datasets were around 10. It is therefore believed that the small or negligible size effect enables to use the subsize specimens and that the new fracture toughness test method to reuse the broken specimens to help minimize irradiation space and radioactive waste.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Nuclear Material Control and Accountability System Effectiveness Tool (MSET)

A nuclear material control and accountability (MC&A) system effectiveness tool (MSET) has been developed in the United States for use in evaluating material protection, control, and accountability (MPC&A) systems in nuclear facilities. The project was commissioned by the National Nuclear Security Administration's Office of International Material Protection and Cooperation. MSET was developed by personnel with experience spanning more than six decades in both the U.S. and international nuclear programs and with experience in probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) in the nuclear power industry. MSET offers significant potential benefits for improving nuclear safeguards and security in any nation with a nuclear program. MSET provides a design basis for developing an MC&A system at a nuclear facility that functions to protect against insider theft or diversion of nuclear materials. MSET analyzes the system and identifies several risk importance factors that show where sustainability is essential for optimal performance and where performance degradation has the greatest impact on total system risk. MSET contains five major components: (1) A functional model that shows how to design, build, implement, and operate a robust nuclear MC&A system (2) A fault tree of the operating MC&A system that adapts PRA methodology to analyze system effectiveness and give a relative risk of failure assessment of the system (3) A questionnaire used to document the facility's current MPC&A system (provides data to evaluate the quality of the system and the level of performance of each basic task performed throughout the material balance area [MBA]) (4) A formal process of applying expert judgment to convert the facility questionnaire data into numeric values representing the performance level of each basic event for use in the fault tree risk assessment calculations (5) PRA software that performs the fault tree risk assessment calculations and produces risk importance factor reports on the facility's MC&A (software widely used in the aerospace, chemical, and nuclear power industries) MSET was peer reviewed in 2007 and validated in 2008 by benchmark testing at the Idaho National Laboratory in the United States. The MSET documents were translated into Russian and provided to Rosatom in July of 2008, and MSET is currently being evaluated for potential application in Russian Nuclear Facilities.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Tuning Fermilab Heavy Quarks in 2+1 Flavor Lattice QCD with Application to Hyperfine Splittings

We report the nonperturbative tuning of parameters - {kappa}{sub c}, {kappa}{sub b}, and {kappa}{sub crit} - that are related to the bare heavy-quark mass in the Fermilab action. This requires the computation of the masses of D{sub s}{sup (*)} and B{sub s}{sup (*)} mesons comprised of a Fermilab heavy quark and a staggered light quark. Additionally, we report the hyperfine splittings for D{sub s}{sup (*)} and B{sub s}{sup (*)} mesons as a cross-check of our simulation and analysis methods. We find a splitting of 145 {+-} 15 MeV for the D{sub s} system and 40 {+-} 9 MeV for the B{sub s} system. These are in good agreement with the Particle Data Group average values of 143.9 {+-} 0.4 MeV and 46.1 {+-} 1.5 MeV, respectively. The calculations are carried out with the MILC 2+1 flavor gauge configurations at three lattice spacings a {approx} 0.15, 0.12, and 0.09 fm.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

The Impact of Refrigerant Charge, Air Flow and Expansion Devices on the Measured Performance of an Air-Source Heat Pump Part I

This paper describes extensive tests performed on a 3-ton R-22 split heat pump in heating mode. The tests contain 150 steady-state performance tests, 18 cyclic tests and 18 defrost tests. During the testing work, the refrigerant charge level was varied from 70 % to 130% relative to the nominal value; the outdoor temperature was altered by three levels at 17 F (-8.3 C), 35 F (1.7 C) and 47 F (8.3 C); indoor air flow rates ranged from 60% to 150% of the rated air flow rate; and the expansion device was switched from a fixed-orifice to a thermal expansion value. Detailed performance data from the extensive steady state cyclic and defrost testing performed were presented and compared.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Technique for ship/wake detection

An automated ship detection technique includes accessing data associated with an image of a portion of Earth. The data includes reflectance values. A first portion of pixels within the image are masked with a cloud and land mask based on spectral flatness of the reflectance values associated with the pixels. A given pixel selected from the first portion of pixels is unmasked when a threshold number of localized pixels surrounding the given pixel are not masked by the cloud and land mask. A spatial variability image is generated based on spatial derivatives of the reflectance values of the pixels which remain unmasked by the cloud and land mask. The spatial variability image is thresholded to identify one or more regions within the image as possible ship detection regions.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Exploring Intentional Driving Volatility in Naturalistic Driving Environment Prior to Involvement in Unsafe Events

The sequence of instantaneous driving decisions and its variations prior to involvement in safety critical events, defined as event-based volatility, can be a leading indicator of safety. The research issue is characterizing volatility in instantaneous driving decisions in longitudinal and lateral directions, and how it varies across drivers involved in normal driving, crash, and near-crash events. A rigorous quasi-experimental study design is adopted to help compare driving behaviors in normal vs unsafe outcomes. Using a unique real-world naturalistic driving database from the SHRP 2, a test set of 9,593 driving events featuring 2.2 million temporal samples of real-world driving are analyzed. Twenty-four aggregate and segmented driving volatility measures based on acceleration and vehicular jerk are proposed, capturing variations in intentional and unintentional extreme instantaneous driving decisions. Given the possibility of unobserved heterogeneity/omitted variable bias, fixed- and random-parameter discrete choice models are developed that relate crash propensity to driving volatility and other factors. Statistically significant evidence is found that driver volatilities in near-crash and crash events are significantly greater than volatility in normal driving events. After controlling for traffic, roadway, and unobserved factors, the results suggest that greater intentional volatility increases the likelihood of both crash and near-crash events. Importantly, intentional volatility in longitudinal negative jerk has more negative consequences than intentional volatility in positive vehicular jerk. Compared to acceleration/deceleration, vehicular jerk can better characterize the volatility in microscopic driving decisions. The study demonstrates the value of big data analytics for understanding extreme driving behaviors in safe vs. unsafe driving outcomes.

Wali, Behram↗

Revisiting Current Paradigms: Subject Matter Expert Views on High Consequence Facility Security Assessments

Security assessments support decision-makers' ability to evaluate current capabilities of high consequence facilities (HCF) to respond to possible attacks. However, increasing complexity of today's operational environment requires a critical review of traditional approaches to ensure that implemented assessments are providing relevant and timely insights into security of HCFs. Using interviews and focus groups with diverse subject matter experts (SMEs), this study evaluated the current state of security assessments and identified opportunities to achieve a more "ideal" state. The SME-based data underscored the value of a systems approach for understanding the impacts of changing operational designs and contexts (as well as cultural influences) on security to address methodological shortcomings of traditional assessment processes. These findings can be used to inform the development of new approaches to HCF security assessments that are able to more accurately reflect changing operational environments and effectively mitigate concerns arising from new adversary capabilities.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Best Practices for Energy Management Information Systems Metadata Schemas

Fact sheet highlights best practices for metadata schemas and standard naming conventions, which improve the ability of an energy management information system (EMIS) to consistently analyze, visualize, and derive value from operational data. This best practice document is part of a series of fact sheets created to help accelerate the market adoption and use of EMIS in the federal sector. It provides an overview of best practices for using metadata in an EMIS stack, which can significantly reduce the initial time required to deploy an EMIS.

data tags↗

Maximum Likelihood Expectation-Maximization Algorithms Applied to Localization and Identification of Radioactive Sources with Recent Coded Mask Gamma Cameras

In this work, we tested Maximum likelihood expectation-maximization (MLEM) algorithms optimized for gamma imaging applications on two recent coded mask gamma cameras. We respectively took advantage of the characteristics of the GAMPIX and Caliste HD-based gamma cameras: noise reduction thanks to mask/anti-mask procedure but limited energy resolution for GAMPIX, high energy resolution for Caliste HD. One of our short-term perspectives is the test of MAPEM algorithms integrating specific prior values for the data to reconstruct adapted to the gamma imaging topic. (authors)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Laboratory testing options for FUSRAP projects - 15462

Remediation projects within the Formerly Used Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP) have many options to consider when evaluating their analytical testing needs. Factors that should be considered in determination of a project's analytical testing needs include which parameter results are considered time-critical, the potential savings in reduction of construction-related delays when time-critical samples are analyzed onsite (including screening) instead of offsite, control of data quality for onsite versus offsite data, and the value of additional knowledge gained by programs such as FUSRAP by employing onsite laboratories. The most important factor turned out to be reduction in construction-related delays. We considered development of an optimum combination of onsite lab/offsite lab capability. This depends on: i. Time critical parameters and the methods required; ii. Estimated Cost for onsite lab construction or facility rental, maintenance, labor, chemicals (reagents and standards), and certification (if desired and deemed necessary) iii. Ability, flexibility, and cost of offsite lab sample testing using project-desired TATs and methods that will meet project action levels iv. Willingness of stakeholders, in particular regulators, in accepting some combination of onsite and offsite testing (for example, onsite screening followed by offsite confirmatory testing for certain parameters) Due to the significant costs in construction of an onsite lab and development of sample testing capability and all which that entails, the recommendations made in this paper will aid other FUSRAP projects in finding an acceptable combination of onsite and offsite testing that is acceptable to all stakeholders. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Class B Materials Code Case

Class B Materials Code Case to include: FY25 - High temperature design methodology, overview of ASME Section III (Division 5), Design for elevated temperature service, Goal to address current gaps, evaluation of proposed rules, allowable stress development, Class A materials (existing ASME approach), variable confidence index, data extrapolation, bounding value for SEE, and next steps.

11 - NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗