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DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on MgTi3ZnNiO9 by Materials Project

MgTi3NiZnO9 is Ilmenite-derived structured and crystallizes in the trigonal P3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Mg2+ sites. In the first Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted MgO6 octahedra that share corners with nine TiO6 octahedra, edges with three equivalent NiO6 octahedra, and a faceface with one TiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 46–60°. There are three shorter (2.07 Å) and three longer (2.17 Å) Mg–O bond lengths. In the second Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted MgO6 octahedra that share corners with nine TiO6 octahedra, edges with three equivalent NiO6 octahedra, and a faceface with one TiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 46–60°. There are three shorter (2.07 Å) and three longer (2.17 Å) Mg–O bond lengths. There are six inequivalent Ti4+ sites. In the first Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted TiO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent NiO6 octahedra, corners with six ZnO6 octahedra, edges with three equivalent TiO6 octahedra, and a faceface with one MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–61°. There are three shorter (1.88 Å) and three longer (2.12 Å) Ti–O bond lengths. In the second Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted TiO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent MgO6 octahedra, corners with three equivalent NiO6 octahedra, corners with three equivalent ZnO6 octahedra, edges with three equivalent TiO6 octahedra, and a faceface with one ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–60°. There is three shorter (1.88 Å) and three longer (2.11 Å) Ti–O bond length. In the third Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted TiO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent MgO6 octahedra, corners with six NiO6 octahedra, edges with three equivalent TiO6 octahedra, and a faceface with one MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–60°. There are three shorter (1.88 Å) and three longer (2.13 Å) Ti–O bond lengths. In the fourth Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted TiO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent MgO6 octahedra, corners with three equivalent NiO6 octahedra, corners with three equivalent ZnO6 octahedra, edges with three equivalent TiO6 octahedra, and a faceface with one ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 46–60°. There are three shorter (1.88 Å) and three longer (2.13 Å) Ti–O bond lengths. In the fifth Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted TiO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent MgO6 octahedra, corners with six ZnO6 octahedra, edges with three equivalent TiO6 octahedra, and a faceface with one NiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–60°. There are three shorter (1.88 Å) and three longer (2.13 Å) Ti–O bond lengths. In the sixth Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted TiO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent NiO6 octahedra, corners with six MgO6 octahedra, edges with three equivalent TiO6 octahedra, and a faceface with one NiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 46–60°. There are three shorter (1.88 Å) and three longer (2.14 Å) Ti–O bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Ni2+ sites. In the first Ni2+ site, Ni2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form NiO6 octahedra that share corners with nine TiO6 octahedra, edges with three equivalent MgO6 octahedra, and a faceface with one TiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–60°. There are three shorter (2.08 Å) and three longer (2.14 Å) Ni–O bond lengths. In the second Ni2+ site, Ni2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form NiO6 octahedra that share corners with nine TiO6 octahedra, edges with three equivalent MgO6 octahedra, and a faceface with one TiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–60°. There are three shorter (2.08 Å) and three longer (2.14 Å) Ni–O bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with nine TiO6 octahedra, edges with three equivalent ZnO6 octahedra, and a faceface with one TiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–61°. There are three shorter (2.04 Å) and three longer (2.25 Å) Zn–O bond lengths. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with nine TiO6 octahedra, edges with three equivalent ZnO6 octahedra, and a faceface with one TiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–60°. There are three shorter (2.05 Å) and three longer (2.23 Å) Zn–O bond lengths. There are six inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ti4+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OTi2Zn2 trigonal pyramids. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Mg2+, two Ti4+, and one Ni2+ atom to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OMgTi2Ni trigonal pyramids. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Mg2+, two Ti4+, and one Ni2+ atom to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OMgTi2Ni trigonal pyramids. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted see-saw-like geometry to one Mg2+, two Ti4+, and one Ni2+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted see-saw-like geometry to one Mg2+, two Ti4+, and one Ni2+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ti4+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OTi2Zn2 trigonal pyramids.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Photoinduced Electron–Nuclear Dynamics of Fullerene and Its Monolayer Networks in Solvated Environments

The recently synthesized monolayer fullerene network in a quasi-hexagonal phase (qHP-C 60 ) exhibits superior electron mobility and optoelectronic properties compared to molecular fullerene (C 60 ), making it highly promising for a variety of applications. However, the microscopic carrier dynamics of qHP-C 60 remain unclear, particularly in realistic environments, which are of significant importance for applications in optoelectronic devices. Unfortunately, traditional ab initio methods are prohibitive for capturing the real-time carrier dynamics of such large systems due to their high computational cost. In this work, we present the first real-time electron–nuclear dynamics study of qHP-C 60 using velocity-gauge density functional tight binding, which enables us to perform several picoseconds of excited-state electron–nuclear dynamics simulations for nanoscale systems with periodic boundary conditions. When applied to C 60 , qHP-C 60 , and their solvated counterparts, we demonstrate that water/moisture significantly increases the electron–hole recombination time in C 60 but has little impact on qHP-C 60 . Our excited-state electron–nuclear dynamics calculations show that qHP-C 60 is extremely unique and enable exploration of time-resolved dynamics for understanding excited-state processes of large systems in complex, solvated environments.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on SrCa4Al10(SiO5)10 by Materials Project

SrCa4Al10(SiO5)10 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Sr sites. In the first Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Sr–O bond distances ranging from 2.48–2.66 Å. In the second Sr site, Sr is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Sr–O bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.66 Å. There are eight inequivalent Ca sites. In the first Ca site, Ca is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Ca–O bond distances ranging from 2.40–2.60 Å. In the second Ca site, Ca is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Ca–O bond distances ranging from 2.40–2.60 Å. In the third Ca site, Ca is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Ca–O bond distances ranging from 2.40–2.60 Å. In the fourth Ca site, Ca is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Ca–O bond distances ranging from 2.40–2.60 Å. In the fifth Ca site, Ca is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Ca–O bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.60 Å. In the sixth Ca site, Ca is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Ca–O bond distances ranging from 2.40–2.61 Å. In the seventh Ca site, Ca is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Ca–O bond distances ranging from 2.39–2.60 Å. In the eighth Ca site, Ca is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Ca–O bond distances ranging from 2.40–2.61 Å. There are twenty inequivalent Al sites. In the first Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.87–1.99 Å. In the second Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.87–2.00 Å. In the third Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.98 Å. In the fourth Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.98 Å. In the fifth Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There is four shorter (1.89 Å) and two longer (1.97 Å) Al–O bond length. In the sixth Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.98 Å. In the seventh Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.98 Å. In the eighth Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.98 Å. In the ninth Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.87–1.99 Å. In the tenth Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.87–2.00 Å. In the eleventh Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.88–1.98 Å. In the twelfth Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.98 Å. In the thirteenth Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.98 Å. In the fourteenth Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.87–1.99 Å. In the fifteenth Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.86–2.01 Å. In the sixteenth Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.88–1.98 Å. In the seventeenth Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.88–1.98 Å. In the eighteenth Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.98 Å. In the nineteenth Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.87–1.99 Å. In the twentieth Al site, Al is bonded to six O atoms to form AlO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two AlO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.86–2.01 Å. There are twenty inequivalent Si sites. In the first Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–61°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.63–1.66 Å. In the second Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–61°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.63–1.67 Å. In the third Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–61°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.63–1.67 Å. In the fourth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–61°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.64–1.67 Å. In the fifth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–61°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.63–1.67 Å. In the sixth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.63–1.66 Å. In the seventh Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.64–1.66 Å. In the eighth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–61°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.64–1.66 Å. In the ninth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.64–1.66 Å. In the tenth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.64–1.66 Å. In the eleventh Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.64–1.66 Å. In the twelfth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.64–1.66 Å. In the thirteenth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.64–1.67 Å. In the fourteenth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–61°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.64–1.67 Å. In the fifteenth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.64–1.66 Å. In the sixteenth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–61°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.63–1.66 Å. In the seventeenth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–61°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.63–1.66 Å. In the eighteenth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–61°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.63–1.67 Å. In the nineteenth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.64–1.67 Å. In the twentieth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four AlO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahe

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Na3Mg5Si8(HO8)3 by Materials Project

Na3Mg5Si8(HO8)3 is Esseneite-derived structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are nine inequivalent Na1+ sites. In the first Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.29–2.69 Å. In the second Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.35–2.78 Å. In the third Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.35–2.77 Å. In the fourth Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded to seven O2- atoms to form distorted NaO7 pentagonal bipyramids that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra, edges with three MgO6 octahedra, and edges with three SiO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.35–2.77 Å. In the fifth Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.97 Å. In the sixth Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.48–2.95 Å. In the seventh Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one H1+ and seven O2- atoms. The Na–H bond length is 2.54 Å. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.30–2.78 Å. In the eighth Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one H1+ and seven O2- atoms. The Na–H bond length is 2.54 Å. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.30–2.77 Å. In the ninth Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.47–3.13 Å. There are fifteen inequivalent Mg2+ sites. In the first Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with five MgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.13 Å. In the second Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with five MgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.13 Å. In the third Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with five MgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.12 Å. In the fourth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra, edges with five MgO6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one NaO7 pentagonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.12 Å. In the fifth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with six MgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.13 Å. In the sixth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with six MgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.13 Å. In the seventh Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with three MgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.26 Å. In the eighth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with three MgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.26 Å. In the ninth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with five MgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.12 Å. In the tenth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with five MgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.13 Å. In the eleventh Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with four SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with six MgO6 octahedra. There are two shorter (2.06 Å) and four longer (2.12 Å) Mg–O bond lengths. In the twelfth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with three MgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.26 Å. In the thirteenth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with three MgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.28 Å. In the fourteenth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with three MgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.27 Å. In the fifteenth Mg2+ site, Mg2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra, edges with three MgO6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent NaO7 pentagonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.28 Å. There are twenty-four inequivalent Si4+ sites. In the first Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra and corners with three SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 59–61°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.61–1.67 Å. In the second Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra and corners with three SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 59–61°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.61–1.67 Å. In the third Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra and corners with three SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 59–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the fourth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra and corners with three SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.61–1.66 Å. In the fifth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 34–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.60–1.69 Å. In the sixth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 33–57°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.59–1.70 Å. In the seventh Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 38–59°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.60–1.69 Å. In the eighth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra, a cornercorner with one NaO7 pentagonal bipyramid, and corners with two equivalent SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 38–59°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.60–1.69 Å. In the ninth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra and corners with three SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.65 Å. In the tenth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra, a cornercorner with one NaO7 pentagonal bipyramid, and corners with three SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the eleventh Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra and corners with three SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 57–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.61–1.66 Å. In the twelfth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra and corners with three SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 57–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.61–1.66 Å. In the thirteenth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 24–56°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.60–1.71 Å. In the fourteenth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra, a cornercorner with one NaO7 pentagonal bipyramid, and corners with two equivalent SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 24–56°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.60–1.71 Å. In the fifteenth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 37–59°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.60–1.71 Å. In the sixteenth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra, a cornercorner with one NaO7 pentagonal bipyramid, corners with two equivalent SiO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one NaO7 pentagonal bipyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 37–59°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.60–1.71 Å. In the seventeenth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra and corners with three SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.65 Å. In the eighteenth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra and corners with three SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 59–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.61–1.65 Å. In the nineteenth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 34–58°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.59–1.71 Å. In the twentieth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 28–56°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.60–1.72 Å. In the twenty-first Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three MgO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 30–57°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.6

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Best Practices for Shielding Analyses of Activated Metals and Spent Resins from Reactor Operation

This report investigated best practices for performing shielding evaluations of Type B waste packages, as defined in 10 CFR Part 71 regulations on packaging and transportation of radioactive material, or packages for which the contents are not defined before loading and may include a broad range of nuclides, geometries, and non-fuel materials. The following non-fuel waste streams were analyzed: Activated metals from decommissioned commercial power reactors, including Type 304 stainless steel, reactor vessel steel, and Inconel, Control blades from boiling water reactors, Neutron-activated corrosion products on surfaces of activated metals, and Spent resins from power plant operations. Measured elemental compositions, including major constituents and impurities, for steel and Inconel samples from commercial power reactors were used in activation calculations to determine radionuclide inventories in activated metals. For a simplified cask model, 60 Co contribution to the total external package dose rate at 30 days after shutdown varied from approximately 60% to 95%, depending on the activated metal, initial cobalt impurity concentration in the metal, and the thickness of the overpack gamma shield. Its maximum contribution to the total external package dose rate of approximately 100% was reached within the time interval of 2 to 5 years after shutdown and was maintained for up to 45 to 60 years after shutdown, depending on material, initial cobalt impurity concentration, and shield thickness. Thereafter, the 60 Co contribution to external package dose rate decreased with increasing decay time. Cobalt-60 is primarily produced by neutron reactions with the cobalt impurity in steel and Inconel. Other important radionuclides in activated metals contributing to package external dose rate are radionuclides with relatively short decay times, including 51 Cr, 59 Fe, 58 Co, and 54 Mn. These radionuclides may be represented as an equivalent 60 Co activity/source because 60 Co gamma ray emissions are bounding in terms of source strength and energy to other important radionuclides identified in the analyzed activated metals. Approaches for modeling the neutron-activated corrosion products that may be attached to activated reactor components were analyzed in this report. It was demonstrated that a surface source is more conservative than a uniform volumetric source for the treatment of neutron-activated corrosion products with respect to external package dose rates. An analysis of the maximum radionuclide loadings reported on spent resins identified the radionuclides 137 Cs, 60 Co, 134 Cs, 65 Zn, and 58 Co as the primary contributors to external package dose rate. For a resin cooled for 3.08 years, the external package dose rate was entirely produced by the reported 137 Cs and 60 Co inventory. The neutron sources from actinides found on spent resins or activated metals produced negligible dose rates and may be ignored in dose rate analyses. Effects of idealized waste material, source geometry, and spatial material/source distributions on external package dose rates were determined based on dose rate results for a simplified cask model under normal conditions of transport. Type 304 stainless steel, zirconium, and aluminum with adjusted mass densities based on a maximum content weight were analyzed for material modeling effects on external package dose rate. These materials produced identical external package dose rates within the statistical uncertainties of the dose rate estimates. Among four different source geometry configurations with homogeneous material of different mass densities, uniform volumetric source distribution, and the same source strength, the geometry configuration with lowest mass density (i.e., minimum self-shielding effect among the four cases) was most conservative. Spatial source distributions that better represent localized peak 60 Co activity values were more conservative than a uniform volumetric source distribution, assuming the same weight and total source strength per package. The increase in external dose rate caused by localized source peaks can be as much as the ratio between source peak activity density to average activity density, depending on the location of the activated metal with peak activity density. Therefore, the shielding analysis may be simplified if localized peak activities and the average activity per package can be measured/determined and documented at the time of cask loading. For simplicity, external package dose rates may be determined based on average source activity and a uniform volumetric source distribution. The dose rate results from that calculation model multiplied by the ratio of peak activity density to average activity density will produce maximum dose rate values for conservative estimates.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Giant spin Seebeck effect through an interface organic semiconductor

Interfacing an organic semiconductor C 60 with a non-magnetic metallic thin film (Cu or Pt) has created a novel heterostructure that is ferromagnetic at ambient temperature, while its interface with a magnetic metal (Fe or Co) can tune the anisotropic magnetic surface property of the material. Here, we demonstrate that sandwiching C60 in between a magnetic insulator (Y 3 Fe 5 O 12 :YIG) and a non-magnetic, strong spin–orbit metal (Pt) promotes highly efficient spin current transport via the thermally driven spin Seebeck effect (SSE). Experiments and first principles calculations consistently show that the presence of C 60 reduces significantly the conductivity mismatch between YIG and Pt and the surface perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of YIG, giving rise to enhanced spin mixing conductance across YIG/C 60 /Pt interfaces. As a result, a 600% increase in the SSE voltage (V LSSE ) has been realized in YIG/C 60 /Pt relative to YIG/Pt. Temperature-dependent SSE voltage measurements on YIG/C 60 /Pt with varying C 60 layer thicknesses also show an exponential increase in V LSSE at low temperatures below 200 K, resembling the temperature evolution of spin diffusion length of C 60 . Our report emphasizes the important roles of the magnetic anisotropy and the spin diffusion length of the intermediate layer in the SSE in YIG/C 60 /Pt structures, providing a new pathway for developing novel spin-caloric materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li2VF5 by Materials Project

Li2VF5 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are sixteen inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four F1- atoms to form LiF4 tetrahedra that share corners with four VF6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent LiF4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–60°. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.86–1.95 Å. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four F1- atoms to form LiF4 tetrahedra that share corners with four VF6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent LiF4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–60°. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.86–1.93 Å. In the third Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three F1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.83 Å) and two longer (1.93 Å) Li–F bond length. In the fourth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three F1- atoms. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.83–1.93 Å. In the fifth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three F1- atoms. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.86–1.96 Å. In the sixth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three F1- atoms. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.86–1.96 Å. In the seventh Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four F1- atoms to form LiF4 tetrahedra that share corners with four VF6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent LiF4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–60°. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.86–1.93 Å. In the eighth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four F1- atoms to form LiF4 tetrahedra that share corners with four VF6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent LiF4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–60°. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.86–1.94 Å. In the ninth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four F1- atoms to form LiF4 tetrahedra that share corners with four VF6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent LiF4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–60°. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.86–1.93 Å. In the tenth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four F1- atoms to form LiF4 tetrahedra that share corners with four VF6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent LiF4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–60°. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.86–1.93 Å. In the eleventh Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three F1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.83 Å) and two longer (1.93 Å) Li–F bond length. In the twelfth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three F1- atoms. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.86–1.94 Å. In the thirteenth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three F1- atoms. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.86–1.96 Å. In the fourteenth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three F1- atoms. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.83–1.93 Å. In the fifteenth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four F1- atoms to form LiF4 tetrahedra that share corners with four VF6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent LiF4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–60°. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.85–1.94 Å. In the sixteenth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four F1- atoms to form LiF4 tetrahedra that share corners with four VF6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent LiF4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–60°. There are a spread of Li–F bond distances ranging from 1.86–1.95 Å. There are eight inequivalent V3+ sites. In the first V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to six F1- atoms to form VF6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent VF6 octahedra and corners with four LiF4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 28–29°. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.90–2.04 Å. In the second V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to six F1- atoms to form VF6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent VF6 octahedra and corners with four LiF4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 27–29°. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.02 Å. In the third V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to six F1- atoms to form VF6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent VF6 octahedra and corners with four LiF4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 28–29°. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.90–2.02 Å. In the fourth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to six F1- atoms to form VF6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent VF6 octahedra and corners with four LiF4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 27–29°. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.03 Å. In the fifth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to six F1- atoms to form VF6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent VF6 octahedra and corners with four LiF4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 28–29°. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.02 Å. In the sixth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to six F1- atoms to form VF6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent VF6 octahedra and corners with four LiF4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 28–29°. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.01 Å. In the seventh V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to six F1- atoms to form VF6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent VF6 octahedra and corners with four LiF4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 27–29°. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.89–2.04 Å. In the eighth V3+ site, V3+ is bonded to six F1- atoms to form VF6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent VF6 octahedra and corners with four LiF4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 27–29°. There are a spread of V–F bond distances ranging from 1.90–2.04 Å. There are forty inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V3+ atoms. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V3+ atoms. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the fifth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the sixth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the seventh F1- site, F1- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the eighth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the ninth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the tenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the eleventh F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the twelfth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the thirteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the fourteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the fifteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the sixteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the seventeenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the eighteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the nineteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V3+ atoms. In the twentieth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V3+ atoms. In the twenty-first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V3+ atoms. In the twenty-second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V3+ atoms. In the twenty-third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the twenty-fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the twenty-fifth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the twenty-sixth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the twenty-seventh F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the twenty-eighth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the twenty-ninth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the thirtieth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the thirty-first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the thirty-second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the thirty-third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the thirty-fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the thirty-fifth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the thirty-sixth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the thirty-seventh F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the thirty-eighth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Li1+ and one V3+ atom. In the thirty-ninth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V3+ atoms. In the fortieth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two V3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li10Sc9Fe(SiO3)20 by Materials Project

Li10Sc9Fe(SiO3)20 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are six inequivalent Li sites. In the first Li site, Li is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O atoms. There are two shorter (2.10 Å) and two longer (2.12 Å) Li–O bond lengths. In the second Li site, Li is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O atoms. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.12 Å. In the third Li site, Li is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O atoms. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.13 Å. In the fourth Li site, Li is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O atoms. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.13 Å. In the fifth Li site, Li is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O atoms. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.13 Å. In the sixth Li site, Li is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O atoms. There are two shorter (2.09 Å) and two longer (2.11 Å) Li–O bond lengths. There are five inequivalent Sc sites. In the first Sc site, Sc is bonded to six O atoms to form ScO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two equivalent ScO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sc–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.27 Å. In the second Sc site, Sc is bonded to six O atoms to form ScO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two ScO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sc–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.29 Å. In the third Sc site, Sc is bonded to six O atoms to form ScO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two ScO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sc–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.27 Å. In the fourth Sc site, Sc is bonded to six O atoms to form ScO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two ScO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sc–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.27 Å. In the fifth Sc site, Sc is bonded to six O atoms to form ScO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one ScO6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Sc–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.27 Å. Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two equivalent ScO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.24 Å. There are ten inequivalent Si sites. In the first Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ScO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 37–60°. There is one shorter (1.62 Å) and three longer (1.65 Å) Si–O bond length. In the second Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ScO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 37–60°. There is one shorter (1.62 Å) and three longer (1.65 Å) Si–O bond length. In the third Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ScO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 36–60°. There is one shorter (1.62 Å) and three longer (1.65 Å) Si–O bond length. In the fourth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ScO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 36–60°. There is one shorter (1.62 Å) and three longer (1.65 Å) Si–O bond length. In the fifth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ScO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 37–60°. There is one shorter (1.62 Å) and three longer (1.65 Å) Si–O bond length. In the sixth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one FeO6 octahedra, corners with two ScO6 octahedra, and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 36–59°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the seventh Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one FeO6 octahedra, corners with two ScO6 octahedra, and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 36–60°. There is one shorter (1.62 Å) and three longer (1.65 Å) Si–O bond length. In the eighth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one FeO6 octahedra, corners with two ScO6 octahedra, and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 37–62°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the ninth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ScO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 36–60°. There is one shorter (1.62 Å) and three longer (1.65 Å) Si–O bond length. In the tenth Si site, Si is bonded to four O atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ScO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 36–60°. There is one shorter (1.62 Å) and three longer (1.65 Å) Si–O bond length. There are thirty inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Si atoms. In the second O site, O is bonded to one Li, two Sc, and one Si atom to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing OLiSc2Si trigonal pyramids. In the third O site, O is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li, one Sc, and one Si atom. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Si atoms. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li, one Sc, and one Si atom. In the sixth O site, O is bonded to one Li, two Sc, and one Si atom to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing OLiSc2Si trigonal pyramids. In the seventh O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Si atoms. In the eighth O site, O is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li, one Sc, and one Si atom. In the ninth O site, O is bonded to one Li, two Sc, and one Si atom to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing OLiSc2Si trigonal pyramids. In the tenth O site, O is bonded to one Li, two Sc, and one Si atom to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing OLiSc2Si trigonal pyramids. In the eleventh O site, O is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li, one Sc, and one Si atom. In the twelfth O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Si atoms. In the thirteenth O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Si atoms. In the fourteenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li, one Sc, and one Si atom. In the fifteenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li, two Sc, and one Si atom. In the sixteenth O site, O is bonded to one Li, two Sc, and one Si atom to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing OLiSc2Si trigonal pyramids. In the seventeenth O site, O is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li, one Sc, and one Si atom. In the eighteenth O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Si atoms. In the nineteenth O site, O is bonded to one Li, two Sc, and one Si atom to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing OLiSc2Si trigonal pyramids. In the twentieth O site, O is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li, one Sc, and one Si atom. In the twenty-first O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Si atoms. In the twenty-second O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Si atoms. In the twenty-third O site, O is bonded to one Li, two Sc, and one Si atom to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing OLiSc2Si trigonal pyramids. In the twenty-fourth O site, O is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li, one Sc, and one Si atom. In the twenty-fifth O site, O is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li, one Fe, and one Si atom. In the twenty-sixth O site, O is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li, one Sc, one Fe, and one Si atom. In the twenty-seventh O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Si atoms. In the twenty-eighth O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Si atoms. In the twenty-ninth O site, O is bonded to one Li, one Sc, one Fe, and one Si atom to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing OLiScFeSi trigonal pyramids. In the thirtieth O site, O is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li, one Sc, and one Si atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Optimizing a chemical cleaning protocol to determine the nickel isotopic composition of ancient seawater from carbonates

Reconstructing the ancient marine cycle of Ni, a trace metal in the oceans essential to enzymes regulating the C, N, and O cycles, would inform how Ni bioavailability shaped early life. The Ni isotopic composition of seawater (δ 60 Ni SW ) through time could provide insight, but this approach requires sedimentary archives that faithfully record δ 60 Ni SW . Carbonates are an often-used record of seawater chemistry, but contaminants could bias the measured δ 60 Ni of bulk sediment. To isolate the true carbonate-bound δ 60 Ni signal, we optimized a chemical cleaning protocol designed to minimize non‑carbonate Ni contributions and maximize carbonate recovery. We analyzed ODP Site 1007 sediments and evaluated oxidative and reductive pre-cleaning steps and carbonate dissolution protocols. Our results show that only reductive cleaning significantly altered the subsequent carbonate leachate composition, lowering Ni/Ca ratios by up to 60% and δ 60 Ni values by as much as 0.4 ‰. In contrast, δ 60 Ni values were largely insensitive to premature carbonate dissolution during pre-cleaning or to partial leaching of silicates during carbonate dissolution, even at higher acid molarities or longer reaction times. We recommend an evidence-based protocol that removes hydro-soluble salts and clays, applies reductive cleaning and oxidative cleaning for certain sample compositions, and dissolves carbonate using 0.5 M acetic acid, adjusted to pH 5. Using these results, we infer a ∼ 0.9 ‰ Ni isotopic fractionation between chemically cleaned deep-water carbonates (+0.4 ± 0.1 ‰) and deep seawater. This method development is a key step toward accurately reconstructing ancient marine Ni cycles.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

62°S Witnesses the Transition of Boundary Layer Marine Aerosol Pattern Over the Southern Ocean (50°S–68°S, 63°E– 150°E) During the Spring and Summer: Results From MARCUS (I)

The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Mobile Facility-2 was installed onboard the research vessel Aurora Australis to measure aerosol properties during the 2017-2018 Measurement of Aerosols, Radiation, and CloUds over the pristine Southern ocean (MARCUS) Experiment, providing unique data on aerosols latitudinal and seasonal variation, including south of 60 degrees S where previous observations are scarce. Data from a Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) counter and Ultra-High-Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer show that both the number concentration (N-CCN) and size distribution of CCN-active aerosols, with diameters (D) between 60 nm < D < 1,000 nm are different over the North Southern Ocean (NSO) (50 degrees S-60 degrees S) and the South Southern Ocean (SSO) (62 degrees S-68 degrees S). The average NSO N-CCN at 0.2% and 0.5% supersaturation were 28% and 49% less than that over the SSO. This increase of CCN over the SSO is caused by the increase of aerosols with 60 nm < D < 200 nm, consistent with calculations of Aerosol Scattering Angstrom Exponents derived from a nephelometer. Aerosol hygroscopicity growth factor measured by the Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer stayed close to 1.41 for aerosols with 50 nm < D < 250 nm over the SSO, but increased from 1.30 to 1.67 over the NSO, indicating different chemical compositions. Both CCN and Ice Nucleating Particles (INPs) showed a stronger variation with season than with latitude. The variation of heat-labile and presumably proteinacous INPs suggests an increase of ice nucleating-active microbes in summer.

Niu, Qing↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ga41N11O45 by Materials Project

Ga41N11O45 is Spinel-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic Cm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are thirty-four inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded to four O atoms to form corner-sharing GaO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–59°. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–1.97 Å. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded to one N and five O atoms to form GaNO5 octahedra that share corners with six GaNO3 tetrahedra and edges with six GaN2O4 octahedra. The Ga–N bond length is 1.94 Å. There are three shorter (2.03 Å) and two longer (2.08 Å) Ga–O bond lengths. In the third Ga site, Ga is bonded to one N and five O atoms to form GaNO5 octahedra that share corners with six GaO4 tetrahedra and edges with five GaNO5 octahedra. The Ga–N bond length is 1.93 Å. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.14 Å. In the fourth Ga site, Ga is bonded to four O atoms to form corner-sharing GaO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 54–62°. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 1.83–2.08 Å. In the fifth Ga site, Ga is bonded to six O atoms to form GaO6 octahedra that share corners with six GaNO3 tetrahedra and edges with five GaNO5 octahedra. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.13 Å. In the sixth Ga site, Ga is bonded to one N and five O atoms to form GaNO5 octahedra that share corners with six GaNO3 tetrahedra and edges with three GaNO5 octahedra. The Ga–N bond length is 1.96 Å. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.11 Å. In the seventh Ga site, Ga is bonded to four O atoms to form corner-sharing GaO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–68°. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 1.82–2.04 Å. In the eighth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to one N and five O atoms. The Ga–N bond length is 1.95 Å. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 1.86–2.42 Å. In the ninth Ga site, Ga is bonded to one N and five O atoms to form GaNO5 octahedra that share corners with six GaN2O2 tetrahedra and edges with six GaNO5 octahedra. The Ga–N bond length is 1.97 Å. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.11 Å. In the tenth Ga site, Ga is bonded to one N and three O atoms to form corner-sharing GaNO3 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 52–57°. The Ga–N bond length is 1.94 Å. There is one shorter (1.81 Å) and two longer (1.96 Å) Ga–O bond length. In the eleventh Ga site, Ga is bonded to four O atoms to form corner-sharing GaO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–59°. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 1.90–1.94 Å. In the twelfth Ga site, Ga is bonded to one N and five O atoms to form distorted GaNO5 octahedra that share corners with six GaNO3 tetrahedra and edges with five GaNO5 octahedra. The Ga–N bond length is 1.96 Å. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–2.29 Å. In the thirteenth Ga site, Ga is bonded to two N and four O atoms to form GaN2O4 octahedra that share corners with six GaN2O2 tetrahedra and edges with six GaNO5 octahedra. There is one shorter (1.97 Å) and one longer (1.98 Å) Ga–N bond length. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 2.04–2.13 Å. In the fourteenth Ga site, Ga is bonded to six O atoms to form GaO6 octahedra that share corners with six GaNO3 tetrahedra and edges with six GaNO5 octahedra. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.09 Å. In the fifteenth Ga site, Ga is bonded to one N and three O atoms to form corner-sharing GaNO3 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 46–62°. The Ga–N bond length is 1.88 Å. There is two shorter (1.85 Å) and one longer (2.04 Å) Ga–O bond length. In the sixteenth Ga site, Ga is bonded to one N and five O atoms to form GaNO5 octahedra that share corners with six GaN2O2 tetrahedra and edges with six GaNO5 octahedra. The Ga–N bond length is 1.93 Å. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 2.04–2.09 Å. In the seventeenth Ga site, Ga is bonded to four O atoms to form corner-sharing GaO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 58–60°. There is three shorter (1.93 Å) and one longer (1.95 Å) Ga–O bond length. In the eighteenth Ga site, Ga is bonded to one N and five O atoms to form GaNO5 octahedra that share corners with six GaN2O2 tetrahedra and edges with six GaNO5 octahedra. The Ga–N bond length is 1.95 Å. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.08 Å. In the nineteenth Ga site, Ga is bonded to two N and four O atoms to form GaN2O4 octahedra that share corners with six GaO4 tetrahedra and edges with six GaNO5 octahedra. There is one shorter (1.97 Å) and one longer (1.98 Å) Ga–N bond length. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 2.04–2.13 Å. In the twentieth Ga site, Ga is bonded to two N and two equivalent O atoms to form corner-sharing GaN2O2 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 54–60°. Both Ga–N bond lengths are 1.91 Å. Both Ga–O bond lengths are 1.97 Å. In the twenty-first Ga site, Ga is bonded to four O atoms to form corner-sharing GaO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 58–60°. There is two shorter (1.93 Å) and two longer (1.94 Å) Ga–O bond length. In the twenty-second Ga site, Ga is bonded to one N and five O atoms to form GaNO5 octahedra that share corners with six GaO4 tetrahedra and edges with six GaNO5 octahedra. The Ga–N bond length is 1.94 Å. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.08 Å. In the twenty-third Ga site, Ga is bonded to one N and five O atoms to form GaNO5 octahedra that share corners with six GaO4 tetrahedra and edges with six GaNO5 octahedra. The Ga–N bond length is 1.94 Å. There are four shorter (2.06 Å) and one longer (2.07 Å) Ga–O bond lengths. In the twenty-fourth Ga site, Ga is bonded to two N and two equivalent O atoms to form corner-sharing GaN2O2 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 52–60°. There is one shorter (1.89 Å) and one longer (1.90 Å) Ga–N bond length. Both Ga–O bond lengths are 1.95 Å. In the twenty-fifth Ga site, Ga is bonded to two N and four O atoms to form GaN2O4 octahedra that share corners with six GaO4 tetrahedra and edges with six GaNO5 octahedra. There is one shorter (1.97 Å) and one longer (1.98 Å) Ga–N bond length. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.13 Å. In the twenty-sixth Ga site, Ga is bonded to four O atoms to form corner-sharing GaO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 58–60°. There is two shorter (1.93 Å) and two longer (1.94 Å) Ga–O bond length. In the twenty-seventh Ga site, Ga is bonded to one N and five O atoms to form GaNO5 octahedra that share corners with six GaO4 tetrahedra and edges with six GaNO5 octahedra. The Ga–N bond length is 1.94 Å. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.08 Å. In the twenty-eighth Ga site, Ga is bonded to one N and five O atoms to form GaNO5 octahedra that share corners with six GaO4 tetrahedra and edges with six GaNO5 octahedra. The Ga–N bond length is 1.94 Å. There are two shorter (2.06 Å) and three longer (2.07 Å) Ga–O bond lengths. In the twenty-ninth Ga site, Ga is bonded to two N and four O atoms to form GaN2O4 octahedra that share corners with six GaNO3 tetrahedra and edges with six GaN2O4 octahedra. There is one shorter (1.97 Å) and one longer (1.98 Å) Ga–N bond length. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.12 Å. In the thirtieth Ga site, Ga is bonded to two N and two equivalent O atoms to form corner-sharing GaN2O2 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 52–60°. There is one shorter (1.89 Å) and one longer (1.90 Å) Ga–N bond length. Both Ga–O bond lengths are 1.95 Å. In the thirty-first Ga site, Ga is bonded to one N and five O atoms to form GaNO5 octahedra that share corners with six GaN2O2 tetrahedra and edges with six GaNO5 octahedra. The Ga–N bond length is 1.94 Å. There are a spread of Ga–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.08 Å. In the thirty-second Ga site, Ga is bonded to one N and five O atoms to form GaNO5 octahedra that share corners with six GaO4 tetrahedra and edges with six GaN2O4 octahedra. The Ga–N bond length is 1.94 Å. There are three shorter (2.06 Å) and two longer (2.07 Å) Ga–O bond lengths. In the thirty-third Ga site, Ga is bonded to two N and two equivalent O atoms to form corner-sharing GaN2O2 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 52–60°. There is one shorter (1.89 Å) and one longer (1.90 Å) Ga–N bond length. Both Ga–O bond lengths are 1.95 Å. In the thirty-fourth Ga site, Ga is bonded to one N and three O atoms to form corner-sharing GaNO3 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–59°. The Ga–N bond length is 1.87 Å. There is one shorter (1.91 Å) and two longer (1.92 Å) Ga–O bond length. There are eleven inequivalent N sites. In the first N site, N is bonded to four Ga atoms to form NGa4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent OGa4 tetrahedra. In the second N site, N is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Ga atoms. In the third N site, N is bonded to four Ga atoms to form distorted NGa4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with two equivalent OGa4 tetrahedra, corners with three OGa4 trigonal pyramids, and an edgeedge with one OGa4 trigonal pyramid. In the fourth N site, N is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Ga atoms. In the fifth N site, N is bonded to four Ga atoms to form distorted NGa4 trigonal pyramids that share a cornercorner with one NGa4 trigonal pyramid and corners with nine OGa4 trigonal pyramids. In the sixth N site, N is bonded to four Ga atoms to form distorted NGa4 trigonal pyramids that share a cornercorner with one NGa4 trigonal pyramid, corners with nine OGa4 trigonal pyramids, and an edgeedge with one NGa4 trigonal pyramid. In the seventh N site, N is bonded to four Ga atoms to form distorted NGa4 trigonal pyramids that share a cornercorner with one NGa4 trigonal pyramid, corners with nine OGa4 trigonal pyramids, and an edgeedge with one NGa4 trigonal pyramid. In the eighth N site, N is bonded to four Ga atoms to form distorted NGa4 trigonal pyramids that share a cornercorner with one NGa4 trigonal pyramid, corners with nine OGa4 trigonal pyramids, and an edgeedge with one NGa4 trigonal pyramid. In the ninth N site, N is bonded to four Ga atoms to form distorted NGa4 trigonal pyramids that share a cornercorner with one NGa4 trigonal pyramid, corners with nine OGa4 trigonal pyramids, and an edgeedge with one NGa4 trigonal pyramid. In the tenth N site, N is bonded to four Ga atoms to form distorted NGa4 trigonal pyramids that share a cornercorner with one NGa4 trigonal pyramid, corners with nine OGa4 trigonal pyramids, and an edgeedge with one NGa4 trigonal pyramid. In the eleventh N site, N is bonded to four Ga atoms to form distorted NGa4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with six OGa4 trigonal pyramids and an edgeedge with one NGa4 trigonal pyramid. There are thirty-one inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Ga atoms. In the second O site, O is bonded to four Ga atoms to form distorted OGa4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with three OGa4 trigonal pyramids, corners with five NGa4 trigonal pyramids, and edges with three OGa4 trigonal pyramids. In the third O site, O is bonded to four Ga atoms to form distorted OGa4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with three OGa4 trigonal pyramids, corners with five NGa4 trigonal pyramids, and edges with three OGa4 trigonal pyramids. In the fourth O site, O is bonded to four Ga atoms to form distorted OGa4 trigonal pyramids that sha

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Na3Li2Fe5(SiO3)10 by Materials Project

Na3Li2Fe5(SiO3)10 is Esseneite-derived structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are six inequivalent Na1+ sites. In the first Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.37–2.42 Å. In the second Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.37–2.42 Å. In the third Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.37–2.42 Å. In the fourth Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.37–2.42 Å. In the fifth Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.37–2.98 Å. In the sixth Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.37–2.43 Å. There are four inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.18–2.53 Å. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.18–2.53 Å. In the third Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.18–2.53 Å. In the fourth Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.18–2.54 Å. There are ten inequivalent Fe3+ sites. In the first Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.16 Å. In the second Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.18 Å. In the third Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.16 Å. In the fourth Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.18 Å. In the fifth Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.16 Å. In the sixth Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.18 Å. In the seventh Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.16 Å. In the eighth Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.18 Å. In the ninth Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.15 Å. In the tenth Fe3+ site, Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.16 Å. There are twenty inequivalent Si4+ sites. In the first Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 33–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the second Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 36–58°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the third Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 35–58°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the fourth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 33–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.61–1.66 Å. In the fifth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 36–58°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the sixth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 36–58°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the seventh Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 33–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the eighth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 33–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the ninth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 36–58°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the tenth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 36–58°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the eleventh Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 33–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the twelfth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 34–59°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.61–1.66 Å. In the thirteenth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 36–58°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the fourteenth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 34–59°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the fifteenth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 33–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the sixteenth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 33–60°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.61–1.67 Å. In the seventeenth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 34–59°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. In the eighteenth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 34–58°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.61–1.66 Å. In the nineteenth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 34–58°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.61–1.67 Å. In the twentieth Si4+ site, Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three FeO6 octahedra and corners with two SiO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 35–58°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.62–1.66 Å. There are fifty-nine inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, two Fe3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and two Si4+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li1+, one Fe3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Na1+, two Fe3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Na1+ and two Si4+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, two Fe3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Na1+, two Fe3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li1+, one Fe3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and two Si4+ atoms. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Na1+, two Fe3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, two Fe3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Na1+, one Fe3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Na1+, one Fe3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Na1+ and two Si4+ atoms. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Na1+, two Fe3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li1+, one Fe3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and two Si4+ atoms. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Na1+, two Fe3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coor

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Assessing the fidelity of shallow-water carbonates as records of the Ni isotope composition of surface seawater

Nickel is a bioessential metal that is used in enzymes important to the C, N, and O cycles, and changes in its marine abundance and bioavailability may have affected the evolutionary trajectory of early life. Changes over time in the Ni isotope composition (δ 60 Ni) of surface seawater, which reflects biological demand for Ni, could allow for the reconstruction of the dynamics of Ni demand over Earth’s history, but this approach would require geologic records of surface seawater. Here, we investigate the fidelity of shallow-water carbonates as a record of the Ni isotope composition of surface seawater by determining how Ni is first partitioned into natural carbonates and then how post-depositional processes influence the Ni signal. Our samples come from the Great Bahama Bank, which is a well-studied, modern carbonate platform often used to study ancient platforms. We found that Ni is fractionated from seawater upon incorporation into carbonates capturing shallow (<18 cm), recent deposition (0.1 ‰–0.4 ‰ lighter than seawater). Variation among these [Ni] and δ 60 Ni values may be controlled by variation in mineral proportions. Meteoric diagenesis shifts δ 60 Ni to lower values, which we attribute to isotopically light meteoric fluids. In contrast, carbonates that experienced sediment-buffered marine diagenesis with respect to Ca isotopes and Sr/Ca ratios do not appear to differ in δ 60 Ni values from sediments generally representative of their initial deposition. The sensitivity of δ 60 Ni to diagenetic reset in these samples appears comparable to the sensitivities of Ca isotopes and Sr/Ca ratios, to first order. Thus, in general, carbonates that experienced sediment-buffered marine diagenesis with respect to these elements may hold the most promise as a record of the δ 60 Ni of coeval surface seawater. Additionally, we use our results to infer that the fraction of Ni removed from seawater into carbonates is less than 10 % of the total Ni output from the global oceans and incorporation of this Ni sink into global biogeochemical models will only have a minor impact on the modeled modern Ni budget.

Great Bahama Bank carbonates↗
DOE OSTI2026

From PAH to fullerenes: Closing a nano bowl with a nano lid

Quantum chemical DLPNO-CCSD(T)/cc-pVDZ//B3LYP/6–31G(d) calculations have been performed to unravel the formation mechanism of buckminsterfullerene (C 60 ) via the reaction of the C 40 nano bowl (C 40 H 10 ) and corannulene (C 20 H 10 ). The generated potential energy surfaces and molecular properties were further utilized to evaluate equilibrium constants and rate constants of elementary chemical reactions involved in the C 60 synthesis. The overall C 40 H 10 + C 20 H 10 → C 60 + 10H 2 reaction is shown to be highly exoergic and hence thermodynamically favorable at temperatures above 700 K and a kinetically feasible pathway under high-temperature conditions was revealed. This route involves hydrogen atom abstraction steps to activate closed-shell reactants/intermediates alternating with cyclodehydrogenation reactions eventually zipping the edges between the reacting C 40 and C 20 units by consecutive closures of six- and five-membered rings between them. The reaction is driven/catalyzed by hydrogen atoms which carry out the hydrogen abstractions from C 60 H x and are later recovered on the cyclodehydrogenation stages. The initial association reaction, C 40 H 9 + C 20 H 10 → C 60 H 18 + H, linking the two units by a covalent C-C bond appears to represent the kinetic bottleneck of the whole multistep process. This reaction is fast at low temperatures but slows down and has its equilibrium shifted toward the reactants at high temperatures. Here, the feasibility of the proposed mechanism corroborates the hypothesis that C 60 can be produced through a series of elementary reactions typical for the PAH growth.

Equilibrium constant↗
DOE OSTI2022

Rye-soybean double-crop: planting method and N fertilization effects in the North Central US

Double-cropping winter rye cover crops (CC) with soybean in the North Central US could help with the global effort to sustainably intensify agriculture. Studies addressing the management of these systems are limited. Therefore, a field study was conducted from 2017 to 2019 in Central Iowa, US to evaluate winter rye CC biomass production, aboveground N accumulation, estimated economics, estimated within-field energy balance and estimated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under three N application rates (0, 60, 120 kg N ha –1 ) and three planting methods (pre- and post-harvest broadcast and post-harvest drilling). Averaged over N rates, all planting methods resulted in >5.0 Mg ha –1 year –1 rye aboveground biomass dry matter. Averaged over the 2-year study and compared with unfertilized treatments, applying 60 kg N ha –1 produced 1.1 Mg ha –1 more aboveground biomass (6.1 vs 5.0 Mg ha –1 ), accumulated 30 kg ha –1 more N in aboveground biomass (88 vs 58 kg N ha –1 ), and led to 20 GJ ha –1 more net energy. Biomass production was not significantly higher with 120 kg N ha –1 compared with the 60 kg N ha –1 rate. Even when accounting for an estimated 0.75 Mg ha –1 of above ground rye biomass left in the field after harvesting, more N was removed than applied at the 60 kg N ha –1 rate. The minimum rye prices over the 2-year study needed for double-cropping winter rye CC to be profitable (breakeven prices) averaged $117 and $104 Mg –1 for the 0 and 60 kg N ha –1 rates, which factors in estimated soybean yield reductions in 2019 compared with local averages but not off-site transportation. GHG emissions were estimated to increase approximately threefold between the unfertilized and 60 kg N ha –1 rates without considering bioenergy offsets. While environmental tradeoffs need further study, results suggest harvesting fertilized rye CC biomass before planting soybean is a promising practice for the North Central US to maximize total crop and net energy production.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Determination of Intermolecular Distances in Dilute Solutions of Macroions and Their Direct Correlations with Self-Assembly and Macrophase Transitions

Here, this work demonstrates new attempts to determine the intermolecular distances between charged macroionic solutes in their dilute solutions, which regulate the solute’s microphase (self-assembly) and macrophase transitions. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and analytical ultracentrifuge (AUC) techniques were applied to determine the intermolecular distances for the 2.42 nm-sized, spherical uranyl peroxide molecular cluster {U 60 } in their self-assembled states in dilute aqueous solution and concentrated phases, respectively. The counterion-mediated attraction among {U 60 } leads to characteristic, inter-{U 60 } distances in solutions, which increase gradually with decreasing the strength of introduced counterions (e.g., lower valency). The gradual increment of inter-{U 60 } distance demonstrates a nice correlation with the macroscopic phase transitions of {U 60 }, from single crystals to concentrated fluids containing rigid 2-D sheets, then to dilute solutions containing a small amount of standalone, floating 2-D sheets of {U 60 }, and finally to dilute solutions containing a limited amount of self-assembled single-layered, spherical blackberry structures of different sizes from the bending of more flexible 2-D sheets.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Molecular insights into photostability of fluorinated organic photovoltaic blends: role of fullerene electron affinity and donor–acceptor miscibility

In this report, the photostability of certain organic photovoltaic (OPV) active layers was demonstrated to improve by as much as a factor of five under white light illumination in air with the use of 1,7-bis-trifluoromethylfullerene (C 60 (CF 3 ) 2 ) as the acceptor in place of PC 60 BM. However, the results were highly dependent on the structure and functionality within the donor material. Twelve combinations of active layer blends were studied, comprised of six different high-performance donor polymers (two fluorinated and four non-fluorinated donors) and two fullerene acceptors (PC 60 BM and C 60 (CF 3 ) 2 ). The relative rates of irreversible photobleaching of the active layer blends were found to correlate well with the electron affinity of the fullerene when the polymer and fullerene were well blended, but a full rationalization of the photobleaching data requires consideration of both the electron affinity of the fullerene as well as the relative miscibility of the polymer–fullerene components in the blend. Miscibility of those components was probed using a combination of time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging. The presence of fluorinated aromatic units in the donor materials tend to promote more intimate mixing with C 60 (CF 3 ) 2 as compared to PC 60 BM. The full results of these photobleaching studies and measurements of donor–acceptor miscibility, considered alongside additional photoconductance measurements and preliminary device work, provide new molecular optimization insights for improving the long-term stability of OPV active layers.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Electronic structure and dynamics of confined atoms

Confined atomic systems are of great importance owing a multitude of possible applications in various areas of science and technology. Of particular interest are atoms encaged in the C 60 molecule, A@C 60 , since the near-spherical symmetry of C 60 simplifies theoretical studies, and the stability of C 60 renders it amenable to experimental examination. Herein a review of investigations of the electronic structure and dynamics of A@C 60 is presented in this manuscript focusing on developments in the last decade. Addressed mainly are how the confinement affects electronic structure properties such as ionization potentials, localization of atomic electrons, Shannon entropy, correlation effects, relativistic interactions, and others. In the area of dynamics, photoionization and e-A@C 60 scattering are reviewed and summarized, and the major effects of confinement on the dynamical properties, e.g., confinement resonances, hybridization, Wigner time delay, are delineated.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗