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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8

$\mathrm{IH}$-$\mathrm{GAN}$: A conditional generative model for implicit surface-based inverse design of cellular structures

Variable-density cellular structures can overcome connectivity and manufacturability issues of topologically optimized structures, particularly those represented as discrete density maps. However, the optimization of such cellular structures is challenging due to the multiscale design problem. Past work addressing this problem generally either only optimizes the volume fraction of single-type unit cells but ignoring the effects of unit cell geometry on properties, or considers the geometry–property relation but builds this relation via heuristics. In contrast, we propose a simple yet more principled way to accurately model the property to geometry mapping using a conditional deep generative model, named Inverse Homogenization Generative Adversarial Network (IH-GAN). It learns the conditional distribution of unit cell geometries given properties and can realize the one-to-many mapping from properties to geometries. Here we further reduce the complexity of IH-GAN by using the implicit function parameterization to represent unit cell geometries. Results show that our method can 1) generate various unit cells that satisfy given material properties with high accuracy (R 2 -scores between target properties and properties of generated unit cells >98%) and 2) improve the optimized structural performance over the conventional variable-density single-type structure. In the minimum compliance example, our IH-GAN generated structure achieves a 79.7% reduction in concentrated stress and an extra 3.03% reduction in displacement. In the target deformation examples, our IH-GAN generated structure reduces the target matching error by 86.4% and 79.6% for two test cases, respectively. We also demonstrated that the connectivity issue for multi-type unit cells can be solved by transition layer blending.

42 ENGINEERING↗

High-gradient magnetic separation of colloidal uranium oxide particles from soil components in aqueous suspensions

The separation of uranium oxide (UO 2 ) particles from soil-surrogate particles in aqueous suspensions was achieved using filtration enhanced by a magnetic field. Enhanced attraction of paramagnetic UO 2 colloids to a ferromagnetic stainless-steel filter placed in a strong magnetic field arises because of the positive magnetic susceptibility of the particles and the high-gradient field generated near ferromagnetic fibers. Enhanced uptake of smaller particles over larger ones occurs through Brownian motion that promotes the collision of particles with the ferromagnetic fibers of the filter. Hence, this work focused on UO 2 particles in the colloidal size range. Experiments used a water-cooled electromagnet and an array of permanent magnets. Chemical analysis showed that the magnetic field increased the capture efficiency of uranium particles from a range of 27–53% with the magnet off up to 98% with the magnet on after a single pass of the suspension through the filter. Further, the recovery of the UO 2 particles from the filter, however, was more difficult to achieve. Small amounts of UO 2 , together with significant amounts of background SiO 2 particles, were removed from the filter during a first flush with the magnetic field on. A much larger recovery of UO 2 was not observed until a second out-of-field flush was performed, which also released some SiO 2 . The degree to which particle separation was enhanced through the use of multi-stage filtration compared to single pass-through filtration was also examined. A design was suggested that could be used to optimize the separation efficiency for a continuous process.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗

MetaHeart: Metasurface enabled biometrics camouflage

Privacy-invading biometrics monitoring is becoming a prominent security threat as modern sensing systems move to higher operating frequencies (mmWave, sub-THz), increasing sensing resolution and accuracy. As such, developing systems that can protect or obfuscate biometrics from adversarial intrusion becomes pivotal to preserving user privacy. In this work, we develop and implement MetaHeart, a real-time biometrics misinformation system based on reflective, programmable metasurfaces and dynamic phase-front manipulation of radar inferences. MetaHeart’s key goal is to prevent the leakage of a legitimate user’s heartbeat biometrics by spoofing fake heartbeat signals at a malicious, radar-equipped, heart rate sensing intruder. Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrate MetaHeart’s ability to fake Alice’s presence when she is not there and to fool Trudy’s inferences even when Alice is present, achieving an overall accuracy above 98%. Finally, we conduct a robustness analysis to determine MetaHeart’s required spatial placement within the intruder’s monitoring area that would allow for effective spoofing.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

Effects of fiber dosage, loading orientation and stress on frequency response of enhanced Carbon Nano-Fiber Aggregates

Nanomaterial additives have been broadly used in cement and concrete-based sensors to measure the stress and strain in the structure. Most of the studies focused on measuring the resistivity of sensors with Direct Current (DC) or relatively low-frequency. Here in this work, the impedance responses of enhanced Carbon Nano-Fiber Aggregates (CNFAs) at different frequencies are rigorously studied and utilized as a tool for real-time structural health monitoring (SHM). The CNFA impedance measurements at different measurement frequencies provide an extra dimension (frequency dimension) to allow the characterization of different phenomena and multimodal measurements simultaneously. First, a comprehensive physical model is established to understand the frequency responses of the CNFA impedance. Second, COMSOL Multiphysics is used to simulate the frequency responses of the CNFA impedance, which provides more insights into the electric field and current density distribution. The impedance of CNFAs decreased with the increased dosage of carbon nanofibers (CNFs). Third, experimental studies are reported in detail. The electrical impedance variation (EZV) of the CNFA in parallel orientation is 151% higher than that of perpendicular orientation at the frequency of 2612 Hz and uniaxial compression stress of 4.65 MPa. The strain-EZV curve obtained from the response spectrum is linear for frequencies ranging from 98 Hz to 463.9 kHz. The strain-EZV curve for 5625 Hz has a linear fit with the gauge factor of 147.78. At 1000 Hz, the CNFA exhibited a repeatable behavior up to 9.35 MPa and detection limit up to the stress of 18.62 MPa.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

De-noising drift chambers in CLAS12 using convolutional auto encoders

Modern Nuclear Physics experimental setups run experiments with higher beam intensity resulting in increased noise in detector components used for particle track reconstruction. Increased uncorrelated signals (noise) result in decreased particle reconstruction efficiency. In this paper, we investigate the usage of Machine Learning, specifically Convolutional Neural Network Auto-Encoders (CAE), for de-noising raw hits from drift chambers in the CLAS12 detector. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time CAE is employed to perform such an operation in this field. During the de-noising phase, it is important to remove as much noise as possible while retaining the valid hits to avoid losing crucial information about the experiment. Here, we show that using CAE, it is possible to remove noise hits while retaining up to 94% of valid tracks for a beam current of 110nA while for lower beam currents (45-55nA), we get up to 98% efficiency. Studies on experimental conditions with increasing noise show that CAE performs better than conventional tracking algorithms in isolating hits belonging to tracks. Specifically, the de-noising algorithm results in tracking efficiency improvements greater than 15%, in real data production procedures with nominal conditions, and up to two times better efficiency in synthetically generated data with high luminosity conditions (90-110nA), indicating that machine learning can lead to significantly shorter times for conducting physics experiments.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Bioelectrocatalytic conversion of CO₂ to PHA bioplastics using engineered methylotrophs

The sustainable generation of biodegradable plastics represents an opportunity to capture atmospheric CO 2 while reducing plastic waste accumulation in the environment. This study implements an integrated platform for bioelectrocatalytic CO 2 conversion to medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHAs). Immobilizing cobalt phthalocyanine electrocatalysts on a covalent-organic framework in a gas recirculation electrolyzer enabled CO 2 -to-methanol conversion with a carbon conversion efficiency of 98%. Integration of polymer biosynthesis pathways enabled Methylotuvimicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z R to produce ~20% mcl-PHA of the dry cell weight with a CO 2 -to-bioproducts carbon conversion efficiency of 50%. This cell line was adapted to high sodium bicarbonate media, eliminating costly intermediate separation steps while improving economic potential. Transcriptomic analysis revealed sulfate transporters and peptidoglycan biosynthesis as key pathways involved in sodium bicarbonate halotolerance. Altogether, this research presents a foundation for integrating divergent chemical and biological processes into a transformative electrobiomanufacturing platform, addressing the need for alternative pipelines for generating valuable plastics and chemicals.

CO2 utilization↗

Drought-induced changes in groundwater-surface water exchange at Lake Mead area

This study focuses on the Lake Mead region in the southwestern United States, a key water reservoir serving over 25 million people and agricultural lands across several states. The area has experienced recurring anthropogenic droughts since the early 2000s. We investigate the hydrological response of the coupled surface-groundwater system to the 2020–2022 drought, one of the most severe on record. To this end, we use Sentinel-1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data to quantify vertical land motion caused by the elastic response of the crust to water-mass loss in the lake vicinity. Next, we apply an inverse elastic load modeling framework to quantify water loss. We further assess possible hydraulic connectivity between Lake Mead and adjacent groundwater reservoirs. We detect ground uplift of up to 8 mm/yr near the lake center, likely due to crustal rebound from reduced water-mass loading. We estimated the total water storage loss at 3.03 ± 0.25 km 3 /yr across a 3150 km 2 area surrounding Lake Mead. Groundwater accounts for approximately a third of that, being 0.94 ± 0.32 km 3 /yr. In addition, observed time lags of 6–98 days between lake and groundwater level responses, corresponding to a lateral diffusivity of 3.2–86 m 2 /s, suggest spatially variable connectivity between the lake and aquifers. These findings highlight that drought impacts propagate through the subsurface within interconnected systems, resulting in reduced buffering capacity of groundwater resources following droughts, and emphasizing the need for more integrated surface and groundwater management strategies to enhance resilience under climate and anthropogenic stressors.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Field testing and validation of a low-cost MPC for demand flexibility for grid-interactive K-12 schools

K-12 school buildings account for the highest energy consumption within the public sector. Implementing advanced HVAC controls in grid-interactive K-12 schools could bring substantial economic advantages and grid flexibility. Our previous study demonstrated that a low-cost model predictive control (MPC) solution, which coordinates multiple packaged units, can enable demand flexibility without major hardware upgrades. However, a significant gap remains between academic pilots and market-ready scalable solutions. This paper extends the previous single-site pilot to a multi-site demonstration involving three school campuses (95 total units) through a commercial technology transfer process. Addressing the challenge of verifying performance with sparse field data, we present a new statistical approach using Bayesian methods to estimate the MPC’s effect on peak demand. Unlike traditional methods, this approach robustly quantifies uncertainty in non-normal, limited datasets. The results confirm the solution’s replicability, achieving a 21.6–38.9% reduction in HVAC peak demand (10.8–22.1% at the site-level) with > 98% probability across diverse locations. Finally, we document critical barriers to scaling software-as-a-service (SaaS) solutions–such as API instability and diverse legacy systems–and offer practical strategies to accelerate the commercial adoption of grid-interactive efficient buildings.

Ham, Sang Woo↗

Microwave-assisted co-gasification of mixed plastics and corn stover: A synergistic approach to produce clean hydrogen

Co-gasification of waste plastic and corn stover into hydrogen is an effective way of reducing hydrogen cost and carbon footprint. However, current gasification technologies are energy intensive and cannot accommodate flexible feedstock. Microwave gasification offers several advantages including higher H 2 yield and enhanced selectivity to syngas over tars. Herein this work presents parametric optimization study of microwave co-gasification of mixed plastics and corn stover for hydrogen-rich syngas. High hydrogen yields of 30.5 mmol H2 /g feed at 700 °C were obtained using a microwave reactor, as opposed to 0.9 mmolH 2 /g feed at 700-950 °C with conventional heating. Hydrogen yields are >98% of the theoretical extractable hydrogen from feedstock. Microwaves enhanced plastic and corn stover synergy and reduced tar yields. H-poor carbon formation resulting from the dehydrogenation of tar and coke, and light olefins decomposition, triggered by the external microwave electric fields, allowed further cracking of intermediate hydrocarbons to produce additional H 2 .

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗

Toward equitable environmental exposure modeling through convergence of data, open, and citizen sciences: an example of air pollution exposure modeling amidst increasing wildfire smoke

Exposure modeling is critical in environmental epidemiology and human health but may face challenges (e.g., skewed data, unequal error, context-insensitive validation, and computational demands). Modeling decisions reflect the intended use of the models and the values that modelers prioritize. We aimed to provide a conceptual framework and machine learning (ML) modeling protocols that address these issues. With 500m-gridded hourly PM 2.5 and O 3 levels in Illinois before, during, and after the 2023 Canadian wildfire season as a motivating example, we conducted modeling experiments to evaluate modeling methods, guided by three domains we propose based on theories of science: 1) Data Diversity, leveraging open and citizen science data to enhance inclusivity, parsimony, and representativeness; 2) Equitable Accuracy, ensuring fairly distributed uncertainties across subpopulations; and 3) Sustainable Modeling, balancing accuracy with reducing computational demands to promote accessibility for under-resourced researchers. Here, we found that ML with publicly available data can achieve high accuracy. Depending on methods, performance may vary substantially, even with identical input data. Large but skewed data may reduce performance. Misuse of cross-validation protocols can underestimate prediction error; although we observed R 2 s of ∼98 %, the modeled estimates varied significantly, indicating the need for careful model validation. By using new modeling protocols including representativeness-considered training and validation data and a new loss function, we achieved high agreement between estimates and ground-based measurements (e.g., R 2 = ∼90 % for PM 2.5 ; ∼80 % for O 3 ), equally distributed errors across sociodemographic strata and urban–rural divides, and reduction in computation time—from several weeks or months to a few days.

Exposure assessment↗

Performance evaluation of a dynamic wall integrated with active insulation and thermal energy storage systems

Thermal energy storage systems in buildings can store cooling/heating energy during non-peak load hours or when renewable energy sources are available for later use when demanded. Using the building envelope as a thermal battery can help to shave the peak load, reduce the burden in electric grids, and enhance the occupant's thermal comfort. Sensible energy storage on wall systems such as thermally activated building systems can provide an active thermal storage strategy. However, most of the stored energy is used through passive means directed by the thermal lag, which can impede the on-demand release of the stored energy. Integrating active insulation systems with building thermal storage systems can increase the flexibility of charging and discharging time and duration. In this study, a wall system equipped with an active insulation system and thermally activated storage system was designed, and its performance on active cooling energy contribution was studied. The performances of energy storage (charging), release (discharging) of the thermal energy storage energy, and the active insulation system were studied separately and together as an integrated system. Results showed that the thermal properties of the thermal energy storage core material and the pipe spacing of both embedded pipes in the thermal energy storage and hydronic pipes used in the active insulation system affected the wall performance the most out of all the tested wall system parameters. During discharging, the heat flux into the wall was as high as 81.92 W/m 2 . This active insulation system's dynamic R-value varied between less than 1ft 2 •°F•h/BTU (0.18 m 2 •K/W) to 98% of the equally thick foam insulation's R-value.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Feasibility of X-ray scattering for tracer-free liquid-phase thermometry for multiphase flows

The feasibility of liquid temperature measurements using X-ray scattering is investigated for liquids with varying properties (water, ethanol, and n-dodecane) on beamline 7-BM at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. The temperature is inferred through the change in the scattering pattern from the liquid as a function of temperature using partial least squares regression. An accuracy of ~98% or higher was achieved enabling measurements for a wide range of applications.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Production and Catalytic Upgrading of 2,3-Butanediol Fermentation Broth into Sustainable Aviation Fuel Blendstock and Fuel Properties Measurement

With the increasing demand for sustainable supplies of aviation fuel and need to address climate change, new conversion technologies are needed to efficiently process biomass, produce high quality jet fuel blendstock, and meet carbon emission targets. This study demonstrates the synthesis, conditioning, and catalytic upgrading of 2,3-butanediol (BDO) fermentation broth into a jet fuel blendstock candidate. A high-titer 2,3-BDO fermentation broth (i.e., ~90 g/L) was produced at a 100-L scale and pretreated via nanofiltration to decrease the impurities level in the broth from 4.6 to 0.6 wt%. A novel process for catalytic upgrading of aqueous 2,3-BDO into a jet fuel blendstock candidate was developed, and each step was efficiently demonstrated. The catalytic steps include 1) 2,3-BDO dehydration into methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) over AlPO4, 2) MEK conversion into olefins over Zn1Zr10Ox, 3) oligomerization of olefins over a zeolite beta, and 4) hydrogenation over platinum/carbon. Both the model feed and real 2,3-BDO fermentation broth were tested for upgrading 2,3-BDO to MEK. With the real feed, a continuous loss of conversion (i.e., >50% loss over ~140 h time-on-stream [TOS]) was partly attributed to reversible deactivation from coking species. However, the conversion remained stable with the model feed, which demonstrates the efficiency of the first step for converting aqueous 2,3-BDO (10 wt% in water). For upgrading MEK to olefins, high selectivity to olefins (i.e., 82.5%) was obtained at high conversion levels (i.e., 93-98%) with stable conditions being achieved for > 70-hours TOS. Oligomerization of light olefins, which was demonstrated for > 270 h TOS, mainly led to the formation of dimers (C8-10) and trimers (C13-14). The oligomerized product was hydrogenated and distilled to recover the jet fraction (35 mass% or 40.9% carbon based yield), which consists mostly of desired isoalkanes (31.7 wt%), n-alkanes (24.5 wt%), and cycloalkanes (29.6 wt%). While some improvement is still needed to meet ASTM D7566 specifications for viscosity and final boiling point temperature, freezing point, density, aromatics content, and sulfur content of the jet blendstock candidate were within acceptable ranges, thus highlighting the potential of this process for production of jet fuel blendstock.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS,BIOMASS FUELS↗

Low-carbon fuels for spark-ignited engines: A comparative study of compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas on a CFR engine with exhaust gas recirculation

Decades of work on low-carbon fuels have established their potential for substantial emissions reductions; however, their adoption is still limited by infrastructure concerns and engine efficiency deficits. As infrastructures have begun to evolve, research on strategies that maximize engine efficiency through interactions with fuel properties must also now take center place. This paper compares the performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of two forefront low-carbon fuels: compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in a cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine over a range of compression ratios and engine loads. The effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), end-gas auto-ignition, and a novel combustion control tool, the combustion intensity metric (CIM), were also evaluated at different stoichiometric engine operating conditions. In comparison to LPG, CNG operation demonstrated an extended knock-free regime, allowing engine operation at higher engine loads and compression ratios, but LPG operation exhibited enhanced combustion characteristics with higher peak pressures and faster apparent heat release rates (AHRR). LPG operation achieved higher brake thermal efficiencies and lower equivalent CO 2 emissions compared to CNG operation at the tested engine loads and compression ratios. LPG demonstrated significantly higher EGR tolerance limits compared to CNG, with a maximum of 28% EGR rate, compared to 23% for CNG. This improved EGR dilution tolerance was responsible for a 90% reduction in NOx emissions for LPG compared to a maximum of 70% with CNG. EGR dilution also exhibited more effective knock mitigation potential with LPG, suppressing knock intensity values by up to 98% and transitioning the engine operation towards normal combustion from heavy knocking conditions. As a result, the CIM was found to decrease burn durations and improve the quality of combustion by controlling the desired fraction of end-gas auto-ignition.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

Application of a Geochemically Informed Leak Detection (GILD) Model to CO 2 Injection Sites on the United States Gulf Coast

The Gulf Coast region possesses great potential for CO 2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and CO 2 storage. A geochemically informed leak detection (GILD) model has been applied to CO 2 injection sites on the Gulf Coast with considerations of measurement variability. The Jasper aquifer in Montgomery County, Texas, was chosen to demonstrate the method. Based on background data from wells in the area, combinations of mineral and fluid compositions were used to create 23 scenarios for the geochemical model. The output from the geochemical model was used to identify sensitive monitoring species, and response functions were generated for these as a function of the CO 2 leakage concentration. The sources of measurement variability for background conditions were characterized from the Jasper aquifer background data, and then normalized using the coefficient of variation of each species across the monitoring wells. Bayesian belief network (BBN) models were constructed, and measurement variability of different levels were added to compare leak detection probabilities. Increasing measurement variability decreased the power to detect a leak of a given size. For a moderately high CO 2 concentration of 0.2 mol/kg, the probability of detecting this leakage effect using pH as the monitoring variable in an aquifer with calcite decreases from 98% (no measurement variability) to 61% (medium variability) to 33% (high variability). The loss in power of the sampling protocol with increasing measurement variability is similar in magnitude when Ca 2+ or HCO 3 - is used as the monitoring parameter, but only for aquifers with calcite.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Dehydration of gas-phase benzyl amine alcohols studied at atmospheric pressure

Gas-phase ion chemistry is a useful approach for the investigation of physical organic chemistry and the study of reactivity, structure, and thermochemical properties of ionic and neutral organic substrates. Herein, one-step dehydration of gas-phase benzyl amine alcohols to give benzazetidines was discovered without the use of catalysts. Mechanistic investigations of the gas-phase dehydration reactions were explored to study the possible influence of charged microdroplet acceleration during electrospray ionization (ESI) and collisions occurring during ion transfer through the atmospheric pressure interface (API) of the mass spectrometer. The product ion distribution was observed to be less sensitive to droplet effects (spray distance and voltage), and temperature of transfer capillary in the API. However, the product ion distribution exhibit high sensitivity to different S-lens radio frequency (RF) voltage of the API, providing evidence that the dehydration reaction is driven by collisions during ion transfer in the API. With this insight, we developed atmospheric pressure thermal dissociation platform that allowed thermal-induced collisions outside of the mass spectrometer when the benzyl amine alcohols are carried through a heated coiled tube. Up to 98% dissociation efficiency was achieved with the coiled tube heated to a temperature of 200 °C, yielding only the desired benzazetidine product. Finally, by performing the atmospheric pressure thermal dissociation experiment outside of the mass spectrometer, we believe it will be straightforward to collect the dehydration product.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) assisted deconstruction of oilcane bagasse for high lipid and sugar recovery

In a novel approach, metabolically engineered sugarcane “Oilcane” has been investigated for fractionation of lipid and cellulose-rich pulp, using certain Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). The exploration of eco- friendly solvents are at the forefront of harnessing the biofuel potential of modern bioenergy crops. For this, six combinations of NADES were prepared using choline chloride (ChCl) as HBA and lactic acid (LA), oxalic acid (OA) and glycerol (Gly) as HBD and were further explored for pretreatment of oilcane bagasse in a molar ratio of 1:1 and 1:2. The impact of NADES ratio, biomass loading (10–50%), residence time (1–2 h), and temperature (90–140 °C) were evaluated for delignification, lipid content, sugar release after enzymatic hydrolysis. The finding demonstrated that under the optimal condition of ChCl: LA (1:2 molar ratio), 140 °C with 2 h retention time, the lipid content in the pre-treated substrate was increased to 2.5-fold (~8% w/w) and > 80% glucose yield was achieved after 72 h of hydrolysis of pre-treated bagasse. High solid loading (~50%) during pretreatment resulted in a similar glucose yield. Furthermore, recycling studies demonstrated that nearly 95 to 98% NADES could be recycled after each pretreatment for up to five consecutive cycles without any significant loss in chemical structure as confirmed by 1 H NMR and FT IR. FT IR and XRD analyses of native and pre-treated biomass were performed to visualize the morphological changes during NADES pretreatment and their impact on sugar yield. The findings of the study may be used to establish NADES-based biorefinery for the valorization of lipids, and carbohydrates for fuels and chemicals production.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

A guayule C-repeat binding factor is highly activated in guayule under freezing temperature and enhances freezing tolerance when expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana

Natural Rubber (NR)-producing guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) has been developed as a new crop to diversify NR production. Guayule NR is mainly synthesized in its stem and is upregulated by cold temperatures. A guayule C-repeat binding factor 4 (PaCBF4) was highly expressed in cold-treated stem tissue, coinciding with active rubber biosynthesis and accumulation. Sequence alignments of PaCBF4 with other CBFs indicated that PaCBF4 contains DNA-binding domains responsible for regulating cold-regulated (COR) gene expression. Spatial gene expression profiling of PaCBF4 revealed that stems had the highest expression level among different organs examined. We further confirmed the function of PaCBF4 as regulator of cold-signaling processes by expressing it in the model plant Arabidopsis under a constitutive ubiquitin promoter from potato. Further, the resulting transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing PaCBF4 turned on expression of a set of Arabidopsis COR genes under both room (24ºC) and cold (4ºC) temperatures, in contrast to the wild-type Arabidopsis that expressed these COR genes solely upon cold treatment. Furthermore, the transgenic plants displayed enhanced freezing tolerance at -5ºC, exhibiting a survival rate of 88–98% compared with 0% survival rate of wild-type plants. Our results suggest that PaCBF4 is a functional member of the guayule CBF gene family and plays a significant role in cold and freeze tolerance. Interestingly, overexpressing PaCBF4 in Arabidopsis did not affect the normal phenotype of the plant during vegetative and inflorescence growth, but the gene led to more undeveloped siliques after flowering.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗