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At least 145 records · Page 8

Decision Point 3 of Statement of Project Objectives (SOPO) “Recovery Act: Development of ITM Oxygen Technology for Integration with Advanced Industrial Systems”

Air Products is carrying out a scope of work under Phase 5 of the ITM Oxygen Cooperative Agreement to design, build, and operate a ceramic membrane fabrication facility (the -CerFabII) to enable production of membrane modules to supply a conceptual 2000 ton per day (TPD) ITM Oxygen facility (the -ITM Oxygen Development FacilityII), and to perform supporting development tasks in materials development and engineering development toward industrial, carbon capture and sequestration applications. Air Products is executing this project under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) with the objective to accelerate the adoption of ITM Oxygen technology to help meet the country’s goals for deploying clean power plants. The objective of this Topical Report is to address the requirements of Decision Point 3 (DP3), which pertains to the status of all Tasks within Phase 5 and most notably the project status of the CerFab (Task 30) prior to authorization of funds for equipment purchase and construction of the facility. The intent of the DP3 is to provide the opportunity for DOE-NETL to review the status of these tasks and to make recommendations on forward project direction, including a recommendation to pass into Budget Period 8. In the area of Materials Development, Air Products has specified a high pressure dilatometer system which will enable measurements of material expansion of ITM ceramic compounds at very high oxygen partial pressures consistent with CCS applications. Under Task 28.2, subcontractor Ceramatec has made significant progress since DP2 in materials selection and process development and improvement for advanced architecture module fabrication. Ceramatec has determined a materials specification, and has selected a process for making the material. Ceramatec has further developed and selected the process for applying the membrane to unsintered advanced architecture wafers with a Two Step process. Ceramatec has built submodules meeting leak rate specifications and intact 1-TPD modules compromised of advanced architecture components. Equipment and processes required for implementation of the advanced architecture design in the CerFab have been identified and are included in the Task 30 scope of equipment supply. Under Task 29.0, Air Products has developed conceptual ideas for implementation of ITM Oxygen in a 2000 TPD test unit. These concepts are proposed for scale up of the ITM technology to large scale with reduced commercial risk. Under Task 30, Air Products and Ceramatec have collaborated to re-design the CerFab process with the advanced architecture wafer production process as primary, and laid out the new process in the Tooele building; the required process equipment have been specified. The project team updated the project cost and schedule estimates, including all environmental permit schedules. The team also re-assessed project risk and costs for the commissioning and operating phases of the program. Newly projected costs for the CerFab, for which details are provided here as attachments, indicate a savings of approximately $100,000 relative to the original estimate at the time of Phase 5 contract definitization. However, an assessment of risks associated with the equipment, process, and operations of the CerFab indicate that approximately $2.9 million of costs should be expected to address various issues in the project. In addition, $1.6 million of additional spending is expected relative to the original estimate to operate the facility during Task 30.2. Air Products proposes a plan to re-direct funds from Tasks 28, 29, and 31 to Task 30 as necessary to allow the CerFab to meet the Phase 5 program objectives.

Armstrong, Phillip↗

Material efficiency technologies in the food and beverage industry

The U.S. food and beverage (F&B) sector is a major contributor to manufacturing gross domestic product and supports substantial employment and economic activity, while exerting significant pressures on land and water resources. At the same time, the industry faces growing expectations to balance its resource-intensive operations without compromising cost competitiveness. Material inefficiencies across the F&B value chain, particularly in raw material use and product loss/waste, lead to substantial financial losses and resource depletion. Thus, the F&B sector requires adoption of solutions and measures to avoid food wastage, reduce raw material consumption and valorize waste to high-value added products. This work presents a comprehensive understanding of the various technology solutions available for the F&B sector. The following two research questions are addressed: “What are the mid-to-high Technology Readiness Level technologies or measures to reduce material use and enable waste valorization in the F&B sector? What are the barriers to their commercial deployment? Additionally, what targeted research and development efforts are needed to overcome these barriers and accelerate their scale-up?” The findings are intended to support evidence-based decision-making, guide strategic investment, and help stakeholders strengthen resilience and competitiveness across the F&B sector.

Nain, Preeti [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000258358959)↗

Topical Group on Application and Industry Community Engagement Frontier Snowmass 2021 (Summary Report)

HEP community leads and operates cutting-edge experiments for the DOE Office of Science which have challenging sensing, data processing, and computing requirements that far surpass typical industrial applications. To make necessary progress in the energy, material, and fundamental sciences, development of novel technologies is often required to enable these advanced detector and accelerator programs. Our capabilities include efficient co-design, which is a prerequisite to enable the deployment of advanced techniques in a scientific setting where development spans from rapid prototyping to robust and reliable production scale. This applies across the design spectrum from the low level fabrication techniques to the high level software development. It underpins the requirement for a holistic approach of innovation that accelerates the cycle of technology development and deployment. The challenges set by the next generation of experiments requires a collaborative approach between academia, industry and national labs. Just a single stakeholder will be unable to deliver the technologies required for the success of the scientific goals. Tools and techniques developed for High Energy Physics (HEP) research can accelerate scientific discovery more broadly across DOE Office of Science and other federal initiatives and also benefit industry applications.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Development of an accelerator-based diagnostic for plasma-facing surfaces in magnetic confinement devices

The focus of this work was the development of the Accelerator-based In-situ Material Surveillance (AIMS) diagnostic. The understanding of plasma-material interaction processes in fusion devices has been greatly hampered by the lack of ability to measure the surface ~micron layers of solid surfaces that are in contact with and greatly modified by the boundary fusion plasma. AIMS was the first diagnostic developed and deployed that allowed non-destructive surface measurements with adequate spatial and time resolution. The deployment was primarily carried out on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. AIMS diagnostic goal is to remotely generate isotopic concentration maps on a plasma shot-to-shot timescale that cover a large fraction of the plasma-facing surface inside of a magnetic fusion device without the need for vacuum breaks or physical access to the material surfaces. The diagnostic used a compact (~ 1 m), high-current (~ 1 milliamp) radio-frequency quadrupole accelerator to inject 0.9 MeV deuterons into the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. The tokamak magnetic fields were controlled – in between plasma shots – to steer the deuterons to material surfaces where the deuterons cause high-Q nuclear reactions with low-Z isotopes up to 5 microns into the material. The induced neutrons and gamma rays are measured with scintillation detectors; energy spectra analysis provides quantitative reconstruction of surface compositions. Experimental validation showed that low-Z isotopes such as deuterium and boron can be quantified on the material surfaces, and that magnetic steering provides access to different measurement locations. AIMS measurements of D retention on inner wall PFCs were acquired during diverted and limited plasma operations and during wall conditioning experiments om Alcator C-Mod. Intershot measurements demonstrate the local erosion and co-deposition of boron films on PFC surfaces with a constant D-B ratio. This is consistent with previous results suggesting that D co-=deposition with boron is insufficient to account for the net retention observed in Alcator C-Mod. Changes in deuterium concentration during boronization, electron cyclotron and glow cleanings were also measured. These initial results were limited to studying low-Z surface properties, because the Coulomb barrier precludes nuclear reactions between high-Z elements and the ~1 MeV AIMS deuteron beam. In order to measure the high-Z erosion of interest in Alcator C-Mod and future fusion devices, a new technique using deuteron-induced gamma emission and a low-Z depth marker was developed using implanted depth markers as a method of measuring bulk erosion and redeposition. This method is dubbed DEA: Depth marker Erosion with AIMS. DEA simulations and experiments were used to validate this technique, both in the laboratory and via experiments in the EAST tokamak. Based on these results, the DEA technique, using ion beam implanted depth markers as a reference to the surface in order to monitor surfaces for erosion and redeposition, is a viable option as a diagnostic, both in and ex situ. These markers show stability to temperature, the tokamak environment, and multiple probing beams. The ex-situ (eDEA) method, which uses resonances in the cross sections of gamma producing reactions to track the surface, was used to successfully measure erosion in samples that were exposed in the EAST tokamak. The in-situ (iDEA) method, which uses the gamma yield ratio to monitor changes to the surface, was used to differentiate between markers implanted to different depths. Both techniques were successfully simulated, and both presented unique challenges experimentally and in data analysis. In particular, the eDEA probing beam was found to have energy variations leading to initial experimental uncertainty, and the iDEA gamma spectra had conflicting gamma peaks which make data analysis difficult. However, the end result is a promising framework for a diagnostic technique that supplements the abilities of AIMS and expands the possibilities of surface diagnostics in fusion devices. While the results of this work are overwhelmingly encouraging for further development of AIMS in general, and the DEA technique specifically, several areas require significant development before this diagnostic is as robust and widely applicable as a surface diagnostic ought to be. Recommended future work includes the development of a cross section/yield measurement database, erosion tests with secondary verification of results using a fiducial mark from a focused ion beam, and acquiring a new accelerator with a more reliable high energy proton and deuterium beam The project resulted in 14 publications, including the PhD theses of three MIT graduate students, cited in the included bibliography.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Microstructure and 77K mechanical properties of electron beam welded Cu101- Inconel 625 joints

In developing large-scale next-generation superconducting radio frequency (SRF) linear accelerators using superconducting films on Cu, the design and development of dissimilar welding and joining metals, such as Cu to Inconel, stainless steel, and Nb, are essential. In this talk, we present the development of procedures for electron-beam welding of Cu¿Inconel 625 and evaluation of the microstructure and 77K mechanical properties of the weld and base material in the welded condition and heat treatments in the 750°C ¿950°C heat treatment range. The results will be presented in the context of developing joining techniques for low-temperature applications where high conductivity and strength, vacuum hygiene, and magnetic properties of the material need consideration. The methods presented here are being deployed to thin film SRF Cu cavities at Jefferson Lab. Acknowledgment: This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear

Khanal, Bashu↗

3D printed cellular solid outperforms traditional stochastic foam in long-term mechanical response

3D printing of polymeric foams by direct-ink-write is a recent technological breakthrough that enables the creation of versatile compressible solids with programmable microstructure, customizable shapes, and tunable mechanical response including negative elastic modulus. However, in many applications the success of these 3D printed materials as a viable replacement for traditional stochastic foams critically depends on their mechanical performance and micro-architectural stability while deployed under long-term mechanical strain. To predict the long-term performance of the two types of foams we employed multi-year-long accelerated aging studies under compressive strain followed by a time-temperature-superposition analysis using a minimum-arc-length-based algorithm. The resulting master curves predict superior long-term performance of the 3D printed foam in terms of two different metrics, i.e., compression set and load retention. To gain deeper understanding, we imaged the microstructure of both foams using X-ray computed tomography, and performed finite-element analysis of the mechanical response within these microstructures. As a result, this indicates a wider stress variation in the stochastic foam with points of more extreme local stress as compared to the 3D printed material, which might explain the latter’s improved long-term stability and mechanical performance.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Predicting Trends in VOC Through Rapid, Multimodal Characterization of State-of-the-Art p-i-n Perovskite Devices

Perovskite photovoltaic technologies are approaching commercial deployment, yet single junction and tandem architectures both still have significant room to improve power conversion efficiency and stability. The ability to perform rapid screening of material quality after altering processing conditions is critical to accelerating the optimization and commercialization of perovskite-based technologies. Currently, researchers utilize a wide range of stand-alone metrology tools to isolate sources of power loss throughout a device stack, which can be slow and labor intensive. Here, we demonstrate the use of a multimodal metrology approach to rapidly determine the maximum achievable and predicted open circuit voltages of >100 perovskite devices during fabrication. Acquisition of these different data is facilitated by combining them into a single integrated measurement platform. We show that these data and automated analysis can be used to rapidly understand and ultimately predict quantitative trends in open circuit voltages of state-of-the-art device architectures. The data and automated analysis workflow presented provides a reliable approach to quickly identify absorber and charge transport layer combinations that can lead to improved open circuit voltages.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Techno-Economic Analysis of PEV Battery Second Use: Repurposed-Battery Selling Price and Commercial and Industrial End-User Value

Accelerated market penetration of plug-in electric vehicles and deployment of grid-connected energy storage are restricted by the high cost of lithium-ion batteries. Research, development, and manufacturing are underway to lower material costs, enhance process efficiencies, and increase production volumes. A fraction of the battery cost may be recovered after vehicular service by reusing thebattery where it may have sufficient performance for other energy-storage applications. By extracting post-vehicle additional services and revenue from the battery, the total lifetime value of the battery is increased. The overall cost of energy-storage solutions for both primary (automotive) and secondary (grid) customer could be decreased. This techno-economic analysis of battery second useconsiders effects of battery degradation in both automotive and grid service, repurposing costs, balance-of-system costs, the value of aggregated energy-storage to commercial and industrial end users, and competitive technology. Batteries from plug-in electric vehicles can economically be used to serve the power quality and reliability needs of commercial and industrial end users. However, thevalue to the automotive battery owner is small (e.g., $20-$100/kWh) as declining future battery costs and other factors strongly affect salvage value. Repurposed automotive battery prices may range from $38/kWh to $132/kWh.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Providing Experimental Infrastructure for Accelerating Advanced Reactor Demonstrations through the National Reactor Innovation Center

A suite of experimental infrastructure projects has been developed by the National Reactor Innovation Center to accelerate advanced reactor demonstrations and facilitate their development, addressing crucial gaps in data, materials characterization, and modeling. First, the Molten Salt Thermophysical Examination Capability (MSTEC) provides a specialized platform for post-irradiation characterization of molten salt reactor fuel, coolant salts, and structural materials, essential for supporting the design and operation of advanced reactors and future commercial molten salt reactor development and licensing. The Virtual Test Bed (VTB) complements these efforts by leveraging advanced modeling and simulation tools to evaluate reactor performance and safety. Serving as a library of reference models, the VTB offers a database of multiphysics reactor models, facilitating rapid safety evaluations and includes continuous software quality assurance, crucial for accelerating deployment while maintaining reliability. Additionally, the Helium Component Test Facility (HeCTF) addresses the need for high-temperature helium-cooled reactor component testing. As the first-of-its-kind facility in the United States, HeCTF emulates high-temperature gas reactor conditions, reducing time and cost associated with component validation, thereby accelerating reactor development. Finally, In-cell Thermal Creep Frames provide a unique solution for obtaining thermal creep data from irradiated materials, critical for materials qualification and licensing. Developed by the National Reactor Innovation Center, these compact frames enable the examination of previously irradiated materials, overcoming traditional limitations and enhancing the understanding of mechanical properties crucial for reactor development. Collectively, these experimental infrastructure projects form a comprehensive framework aimed at expediting advanced reactor demonstrations, fostering innovation, and ensuring the viability of next-generation nuclear energy solutions.

22 - GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Performance of solid oxide fuel cells operated with coal syngas provided directly from a gasification process

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are presently being developed for gasification integrated power plants that generate electricity from coal at 50+% efficiency. The interaction of trace metals in coal syngas with the Ni-based SOFC anodes is being investigated through thermodynamic analyses and in laboratory experiments, but direct test data from coal syngas exposure are sparsely available. This research effort evaluates the significance of SOFC performance losses associated with exposure of a SOFC anode to direct coal syngas. SOFC specimen of industrially relevant composition are operated in a unique mobile test skid that was deployed to the research gasifier at the National Carbon Capture Center (NCCC) in Wilsonville, AL. The mobile test skid interfaces with a gasifier slipstream to deliver hot syngas (up to 300°C) directly to a parallel array of 12 button cell specimen, each of which possesses an active area of approximately 2 cm2. During the 500 hour test period, all twelve cells were monitored for performance at four discrete operating current densities, and all cells maintained contact with a data acquisition system. Of these twelve, nine demonstrated good performance throughout the test, while three of the cells were partially compromised. Degradation associated with the properly functioning cells was attributed to syngas exposure and trace material attack on the anode structure that was accelerated at increasing current densities. Cells that were operated at 0 and 125 mA/cm² degraded at 9.1 and 10.7% per 1000 hours, respectively, while cells operated at 250 and 375 mA/cm² degraded at 18.9 and 16.2% per 1000 hours, respectively. Post-trial spectroscopic analysis of the anodes showed carbon, sulfur, and phosphorus deposits; no secondary Ni-metal phases were found.

Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory↗

Cadmium Telluride Accelerator Consortium (CTAC)

The United States is the leader in cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic (PV) manufacturing, and CdTe is the second most-deployed solar technology in the world. The CdTe Accelerator Consortium (CTAC) was formed to enhance U.S. technology leadership and competitiveness in CdTe photovoltaics (PV) including increasing cell efficiencies, decreasing module costs, and maintaining or increasing domestic CdTe PV material and module production. Leadership for the 3-year consortium was selected by an NREL team through a competitive solicitation. CTAC was formally announced on August 1st by U.S. Secretary of Energy Jennifer M. Granholm and U.S. Representative Marcy Kaptur at an event held at University of Toledo. We will give an overview of CTAC research directions along with their goals and activities. We can also discuss how CTAC relates to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and to the U.S. Manufacturing of Advanced Cadmium Telluride Photovoltaics Consortium (US-MAC). Visit our poster to find out who leads CTAC and how you can get involved.

costs↗

Materials Challenges in Space Exploration

United States civil space program administered by National Aeronautics and Space Administration has a new strategic direction to explore the solar system. This new 'vision for space exploration' encompasses a broad range of human and robotic missions, including the Moon. Mars and destinations beyond. These missions require advanced systems and capabilities that will accelerate the development of many critical technologies, including advanced materials and structural concepts. Specifically, it is planned to develop high-performance materials for vehicle structures, propulsion systems, and space suits; structural concepts for modular assembly for space infrastructure: lightweight deployable and inflatable structures for large space systems and crew habitats; and highly integrated structural systems and advanced thermal management systems for reducing launch mass and volume. This paper will present several materials challenges in advanced space systems-high performance structural and thermal materials, space durable materials, radiation protection materials, and nano-structural materials. Finally, the paper will take a look at the possibility of utilizing materials in situ, i.e., processing materials on the surface of the Moon and Mars.

Bhat, Biliyar N.↗

Materials Challenges in Space Exploration

United States civil space program administered by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has a new strategic direction to explore the solar system. This new 'vision for space exploration' encompasses a broad range of human and robotic missions, including the Moon, Mars and destinations beyond. These missions require advanced systems and capabilities that will accelerate the development of many critical technologies, including advanced materials and structural concepts. Specifically, it is planned to develop high-peformance materials for vehicle structures, propulsion systems, and space suits; structural concepts for modular assembly for space infrastructure; lightweight deployable and inflatable structures for large space systems and crew habitats; and highly integrated structural systems and advanced thermal management systems for reducing launch mass and volume. This paper will present several materials challenges in advanced space systems-high performance structural and thermal materials, space durable materials, radiation protection materials, and nano- structural materials. The paper will also address smart materials and structures and examine space environmental effects on materials and methods of mitigating them. Finally, the paper will take a look at the possibility of utilizing materials in situ, i.e., processing and using desired materials on the surface of the Moon and Mars.

Bhat, Biliyar N.↗

Thermomechanical Modeling of Sintered Silver - A Fracture Mechanics-based Approach: Extended Abstract: Preprint

Sintered silver has proven to be a promising candidate for use as a die-attach and substrate-attach material in automotive power electronics components. It holds promise of greater reliability than lead-based and lead-free solders, especially at higher temperatures (less than 200 degrees Celcius). Accurate predictive lifetime models of sintered silver need to be developed and its failure mechanisms thoroughly characterized before it can be deployed as a die-attach or substrate-attach material in wide-bandgap device-based packages. We present a finite element method (FEM) modeling methodology that can offer greater accuracy in predicting the failure of sintered silver under accelerated thermal cycling. A fracture mechanics-based approach is adopted in the FEM model, and J-integral/thermal cycle values are computed. In this paper, we outline the procedures for obtaining the J-integral/thermal cycle values in a computational model and report on the possible advantage of using these values as modeling parameters in a predictive lifetime model.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

HPC Molecular Simulation Tries Out a New GPU: Experiences on Early AMD Test Systems for the Frontier Supercomputer

Molecular simulation is an important tool for nu- merous efforts in physics, chemistry, and the biological sciences. Simulating molecular dynamics requires extremely rapid cal- culations to enable sufficient sampling of simulated temporal molecular processes. The Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) Cray EX Frontier supercomputer installed at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF) will provide an exascale resource for open science, and will feature graphics processing units (GPUs) from Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). The future LUMI supercomputer in Finland will be based on an HPE Cray EX platform as well. Here we test the ports of several widely used molecular dynamics packages that have each made substantial use of acceleration with NVIDIA GPUs, on Spock, the early Cray pre-Frontier testbed system at the OLCF which employs AMD GPUs. These programs are used extensively in industry for pharmaceutical and materials research, as well as academia, and are also frequently deployed on high-performance computing (HPC) systems, including national leadership HPC resources. We find that in general, performance is competitive and installation is straightforward, even at these early stages in a new GPU ecosystem. Our experiences point to an expanding arena for GPU vendors in HPC for molecular simulation.

Sedova, Ada↗

Proton-Mediated and Ir-Catalyzed Iron/Iron-Oxide Redox Kinetics for Enhanced Rechargeability and Durability of Solid Oxide Iron–Air Battery

Long duration energy storage (LDES) is an economically attractive approach to accelerating clean renewable energy deployment. The newly emerged solid oxide iron–air battery (SOIAB) is intrinsically suited for LDES applications due to its excellent low-rate performance (high-capacity with high efficiency) and use of low-cost and sustainable materials. However, rechargeability and durability of SOIAB are critically limited by the slow kinetics in iron/iron-oxide redox couples. Here the use of combined proton-conducting BaZr 0.4 Ce 0.4 Y 0.1 Yb 0.1 O 3 (BZC4YYb) and reduction-promoting catalyst Ir to address the kinetic issues, is reported. It is shown that, benefiting from the facilitated H + diffusion and boosted FeOx-reduction kinetics, the battery operated under 550 °C, 50% Fe-utilization and 0.2 C, exhibits a discharge specific energy density of 601.9 Wh kg –1 -Fe with a round-trip efficiency (RTE) of 82.9% for 250 h of a cycle duration of 2.5 h. Under 500 °C, 50% Fe-utilization and 0.2 C, the same battery exhibits 520 Wh kg –1 -Fe discharge energy density with an RTE of 61.8% for 500 h. This level of energy storage performance promises that SOIAB is a strong candidate for LDES applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Physical Sciences Vistas: Issue 4 2021

In this issue of Physical Sciences Vistas we highlight examples of “excellence in nuclear security.” In this issue, highlights of our outstanding work supporting the Laboratory’s nuclear security enterprise include the following: The complete refurbishment of Sigma’s surface finishing lab. Pride in the lab’s revitalized condition on the part of the operations and R&D staff responsible for this complex operation is well justified. Development of advanced materials and processes enabling next-generation weapons designs, much of which has been facilitated by projects supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program. The use of proton radiography in illuminating elements important to validating high explosive burn models. The experimental series was a collaboration between Los Alamos researchers and staff at Lawrence Livermore and Sandia national laboratories and the United Kingdom’s Atomic Weapons Establishment. Deployment of a sophisticated remote handling unit to safely transfer highly radioactive materials required to support mission-critical projects. The skillful swap of an electrical transformer at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE). The deliberate operation restored power to the accelerator in less than estimated time. A look at George Goff ’s role in translating fundamental science into applied solutions essential to the Lab’s nuclear security mission.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗