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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Study of neutrino oscillations and flux systematics in the NOvA experiment at Fermilab

The Standard Model of particle physics explains many experimental results using three generations of quarks, leptons, and their interactions, but fails to account for phenomena such as neutrino masses, matter-antimatter asymmetry, gravity, and the hierarchy problem. The study of neutrinos, especially neutrino oscillations, is crucial for advancing Beyond the Standard Model physics and the future of particle physics.newline

Sharma, Prachi [Panjab U.] (ORCID:0000000276586664↗
DOE OSTI2024

Modeling and Characterization of TES-Based Detectors for the Ricochet Experiment

Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CE nu NS) offers a valuable approach in searching for physics beyond the standard model. The Ricochet experiment aims to perform a precision measurement of the CE nu NS spectrum at the Institut Laue-Langevin nuclear reactor with cryogenic solid-state detectors. The experiment plans to employ an array of cryogenic thermal detectors, each with a mass of around 30 g and an energy threshold of below 100 eV. The array includes nine detectors read out by transition-edge sensors (TES). These TES-based detectors will also serve as demonstrators for future neutrino experiments with thousands of detectors. In this article, we present an update on the characterization and modeling of a prototype TES detector.

Chang, C. L.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Effective field theory for radiative corrections to charged-current processes. II. Axial-vector coupling

Here we discuss the hadronic structure-dependent radiative corrections to the axial-vector coupling that controls single-nucleon weak charged-current processes—commonly denoted by 𝑔 𝐴 . We match the Standard Model at the GeV scale onto chiral perturbation theory at next-to-leading order in the one-nucleon sector, in the presence of electromagnetic and weak interactions. As a result, we provide a representation for the corrections to 𝑔 𝐴 in terms of infrared finite convolutions of simple kernels with the single-nucleon matrix elements of time-ordered products of two and three quark bilinears (vector, axial-vector, and pseudoscalar). We discuss strategies to determine the required nonperturbative input from data, lattice-QCD (+QED), and possibly hadronic models. This work paves the way for a precise comparison of the values of the ratio 𝑔 𝐴 ⁡/𝑔 𝑉 extracted from experiment and from lattice QCD, which constrain physics beyond the Standard Model.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

The Analysis Description Language Ecosystem: Latest developments and physics applications

We present latest developments in Analysis Description Language (ADL), a declarative domain-specific language describing the physics algorithm of a HEP data analysis decoupled from software frameworks. Analyses written in ADL can be integrated into any framework for various tasks. ADL is a multipurpose construct with uses ranging from analysis design to preservation, reinterpretation, queries, visualisation, combination, etc. The most advanced infrastructure to execute ADL on events is the CutLang runtime interpreter. Recent technical developments include an automated interface with different data types, generation of the abstract syntax tree, a visualization tool that that auto-converts analysis flows to graphs, incorporation of trained machine learning models and a Jupyter-based plotting tool. We also report physics implications including a large scale LHC analysis implementation and validation effort for beyond the standard model reinterpretation purposes and studies with ATLAS and CMS open data.

Sekmen, Sezen [Kyungpook National Univ., Daegu (Ko↗
DOE OSTI2025

New physics at the Muon (Synchrotron) Ion Collider: MuSIC for several scales

A Muon (Synchrotron) Ion Collider (MuSIC) can be the successor to the Electron-Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory, as well as the ideal demonstrator facility for a future multi-TeV Muon Collider. Besides its rich nuclear physics and Standard Model particle physics programs, in this work we show that the MuSIC with a TeV-scale muon beam offers also a unique opportunity to probe New Physics. In particular, the relevant searches have the potential to surpass current experimental limits and explore new regimes of the parameter space for a variety of Beyond the Standard Model scenarios including: lepton-flavor violating leptoquarks, muonphilic vector boson interactions, axion-like particles coupling to photons, and heavy sterile neutrinos. Depending on the particular case, the sensitivity of the searches in the MuSIC may span a wide range of energy scales, namely from sub-GeV particles to the few TeV New Physics mediators. Our analysis demonstrates that the MuSIC can strike a powerful chord in the search for New Physics, thanks to unique combination of features that amplify its capabilities.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Ab initio symmetry-adapted approaches to nuclear reactions

In this review, we discuss recent applications of the ab initio symmetry-adapted no-core shell-model (SA-NCSM) theory for study and prediction of structure and reactions of stable and unstable nuclei from light to medium mass range. We explore structure properties of neutron-rich He, Li, and Mg isotopes, with a focus on nuclear collectivity, clustering, and spectroscopic factors, as well as multi-particle excitations of utmost significance in the proximity of the drip lines. In addition, we present extensions of the SA-NCSM with continuum for determining the microscopic structure of reaction fragments, which enables calculations of reaction cross sections for targets from the lightest He to 40Ca, rooted in first principles. We illustrate this for neutron and proton elastic scattering, deuteron and alpha capture reactions, and alpha knock-out reactions. Furthermore, we discuss microscopic optical potentials with uncertainty quantification, a critical ingredient in many reaction models. As a result, we also discuss the impact of alpha clustering on reactions of significance to nuclear astrophysics, as well as on beta decays and beyond-the-standard-model physics.

Ab initio approaches to nuclear reactions↗
DOE OSTI2024

Diffusion model approach to simulating electron-proton scattering events

Generative artificial intelligence is a fast-growing area of research offering various avenues for exploration in high-energy nuclear physics. In this work, we explore the use of generative models for simulating electron-proton collisions relevant to experiments like the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility and the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). These experiments play a critical role in advancing our understanding of nucleons and nuclei in terms of quark and gluon degrees of freedom. The use of generative models for simulating collider events faces several challenges such as the sparsity of the data, the presence of global or eventwide constraints, and steeply falling particle distributions. In this work, we focus on the implementation of diffusion models for the simulation of electron-proton scattering events at EIC energies. Our results demonstrate that diffusion models can reproduce relevant observables such as momentum distributions and correlations of particles, momentum sum rules, and the leading electron kinematics, all of which are of particular interest in electron-proton collisions. Although the sampling process is relatively slow compared to other machine-learning architectures, we find diffusion models can generate high-quality samples. We foresee various applications of our work including inference for nuclear structure, interpretable generative machine learning, and searches of physics beyond the Standard Model. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

First Double-Differential Cross Section Measurement of Neutral-Current 𝜋 0 Production in Neutrino-Argon Scattering in the MicroBooNE Detector

We report the first double-differential cross section measurement of neutral-current neutral pion (NC⁢𝜋 0 ) production in neutrino-argon scattering, as well as single-differential measurements of the same channel in terms of final states with and without protons. The kinematic variables of interest for these measurements are the 𝜋 0 momentum and the 𝜋 0 scattering angle with respect to the neutrino beam. A total of 4971 candidate NC⁢𝜋 0 events fully contained within the MicroBooNE detector are selected using data collected at a mean neutrino energy of ∼0.8 GeV from 6.4 ×10 20 protons on target from the Booster Neutrino Beam at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. After extensive data-driven model validation to ensure unbiased unfolding, the Wiener-singular-value-decomposition method is used to extract nominal flux-averaged cross sections. The results are compared to predictions from commonly used neutrino event generators, which tend to overpredict the measured NC⁢𝜋 0 cross section, especially in the 0.2–0.5 GeV/c 𝜋 0 momentum range and at forward scattering angles. Events with at least one proton present in the final state are also underestimated. This data will help improve the modeling of NC⁢𝜋 0 production, which represents a major background in measurements of charge-parity violation in the neutrino sector and in searches for new physics beyond the standard model.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Search for $t$-channel scalar and vector leptoquark exchange in the high-mass dimuon and dielectron spectra in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV

A search for t-channel exchange of leptoquarks (LQs) is performed in dimuon and dielectron spectra using proton-proton collision data collected at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb −1 . Eight scenarios are considered, in which up or down quarks couple to muons or electrons via a scalar or vector LQ exchange, for dilepton invariant masses above 500 GeV. The LQ masses are probed up to 5 TeV, beyond a regime probed by previous pair-production and single-production searches. The differential distributions of dilepton events are fit to templates that model the nonresonant LQ exchange and various standard model background processes. Limits are set on LQ-fermion coupling strengths for scalar and vector LQ masses in the 1–5 TeV range at 95% confidence level, establishing stringent limits on first- and second-generation LQs.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS2021

Spillway Preheating

In traditional models only an order one fraction of energy is transferred from the inflaton to radiation through nonperturbative resonance production in preheating immediately after inflation, due to backreaction effects. We propose a particle production mechanism that could improve the depletion of the inflaton energy density by up to four orders of magnitude. The improvement comes from the fast perturbative decays of resonantly produced daughter particles. They act as a “spillway” to drain these daughter particles, reducing their backreaction on the inflaton and keeping the resonant production effective for a longer period. Thus we dub the scenario “spillway preheating”. We also show that the fraction of energy density remaining in the inflaton has a simple inverse power-law scaling in the scenario. In general, spillway preheating is a much more efficient energy dissipation mechanism, which may have other applications in model building for particle physics.

Cosmology of Theories beyond the SM↗
DOE OSTI2025

Top quark electroweak dipole moment at a high energy muon collider

We study the sensitivity reach to probe the electroweak dipole operators associated with a top quark at a multi-TeV lepton collider. Studying the electroweak dipole operators is strongly motivated by precision physics. The operators exhibit unique chiral structure and can be enhanced with respect to others in theories beyond the Standard Model. We illustrate this point in a strongly coupled composite Higgs model. We find that a high energy μ + ⁢μ – collider may offer a unique opportunity to probe the electroweak dipole operators beyond the coverage by the LHC and future hadron colliders. The significant sensitivity is achieved by the leading channel μ + ⁢μ – → $t$$\overline{t}$ near the threshold, and substantially improved by the novel channel μ + ⁢μ – → $t$$\overline{t}$⁢ℎ at high energies. We may be able to reach a new physics scale well above the collider energy for moderate couplings of the Wilson coefficients. Our main conclusions are applicable to future e + ⁢e – colliders.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Efficiency of ML Anomaly Detection Triggers for Emerging Jets

Novel machine learning-based anomaly detection Level 1 (L1) triggers are currently under development at CMS, namely AXOL1TL and CICADA. The former employs a variational autoencoder, while the latter utilizes a convolutional autoencoder. These triggers aim to balance rate reduction with model independence, enabling the selection of potentially significant events that might be overlooked by traditional triggers relying on basic kinematic variable selections. Consequently, they have the potential to enhance signals indicative of physics beyond the Standard Model, such as those associated with emerging jets. Such signals are predicted by models featuring a composite dark sector where long-lived particles decay into Standard Model jets with displaced tracks and numerous vertices. This study evaluates the efficiency of these anomaly detection triggers in selecting events with emerging jets produced via the s-channel production of two dark quarks.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Efficiency of ML Anomaly Detection Triggers for Emerging Jets

Novel machine learning-based anomaly detection Level 1 (L1) triggers are currently under development at CMS, namely AXOL1TL and CICADA. The former employs a variational autoencoder, while the latter utilizes a convolutional autoencoder. These triggers aim to balance rate reduction with model independence, enabling the selection of potentially significant events that might be overlooked by traditional triggers relying on basic kinematic variable selections. Consequently, they have the potential to enhance signals indicative of physics beyond the Standard Model, such as those associated with emerging jets. Such signals are predicted by models featuring a composite dark sector where long-lived particles decay into Standard Model jets with displaced tracks and numerous vertices. This study evaluates the efficiency of these anomaly detection triggers in selecting events with emerging jets produced via the s-channel production of two dark quarks.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Efficiency of ML Anomaly Detection Triggers for Emerging Jets

Novel machine learning-based anomaly detection Level 1 (L1) triggers are currently under development at CMS, namely AXOL1TL and CICADA. The former employs a variational autoencoder, while the latter utilizes a convolutional autoencoder. These triggers aim to balance rate reduction with model independence, enabling the selection of potentially significant events that might be overlooked by traditional triggers relying on basic kinematic variable selections. Consequently, they have the potential to enhance signals indicative of physics beyond the Standard Model, such as those associated with emerging jets. Such signals are predicted by models featuring a composite dark sector where long-lived particles decay into Standard Model jets with displaced tracks and numerous vertices. This study evaluates the efficiency of these anomaly detection triggers in selecting events with emerging jets produced via the s-channel production of two dark quarks.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

High frequency gravitational wave sensing with superconducting microwave cavities

A promising way to probe physics beyond the Standard Model is to search for gravitational wave (GW) signals at high frequencies where known astrophysical sources can not obscure the signal. Similar to the search for dark matter, microwave cavity resonators can be used to detect faint effects from GWs. We will report on the progress of our project to operate such a detector and highlight improvements we are planning in the future. This includes quantum enhancement techniques like vacuum squeezing which will allow future detectors to operate beyond the standard quantum limit.

Marconato, Giovanni [Hamburg U.]↗
DOE OSTI2025

Aspects of gravitational portals and freeze-in during reheating

We conduct a systematic investigation of freeze-in during reheating while taking care to include both direct and indirect production of dark matter (DM) via gravitational portals and inflaton decay. Direct production of DM can occur via gravitational scattering of the inflaton, while indirect production occurs through scattering in the Standard Model radiation bath. We consider two main contributions to the radiation bath during reheating. The first, which may dominate at the onset of the reheating process, is produced via gravitational scattering of the inflaton. The second (and more standard contribution) comes from inflaton decay. We consider a broad class of DM production rates parametrized as R χ ∝ T n + 6 / Λ n + 2 , and inflaton potentials with a power-law form V ( ϕ ) ∝ ϕ k about the minimum. We find the relic density produced by freeze-in for each contribution to the Standard Model bath for arbitrary k and n , and compare these with the DM density produced gravitationally by inflaton scattering. We find that freeze-in production from the gravitationally produced radiation bath can exceed that of the conventional decay bath and account for the observed relic density provided that m χ > T RH , with additional k - and n -dependent constraints. For each freeze-in interaction considered, we also find m χ - and T RH -dependent limits on the beyond the Standard Model scale, Λ , for which gravitational production will exceed ordinary freeze-in production. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Henrich, Stephen E. (ORCID:0000000323669519)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Essay: A Path for the Construction of a Muon Collider

Muons are elementary particles and provide cleaner collision events that can explore higher energies compared to composite particles like protons. Muons are also far heavier than their electron cousins, meaning that they emit less synchrotron radiation that effectively limits the energies of circular electron-positron colliders. These characteristics open up the possibility for a muon collider to surpass the direct energy reach of the Large Hadron Collider while achieving unprecedented precision measurements of standard model processes. In this Essay, after briefly summarizing the progress achieved so far, I identify important missing research and development steps and envision a compelling plan to bring a muon collider to reality in the next two decades. A muon collider could allow for the exploration of physics that is not available with current technologies. For example, it may provide a way to study the Higgs boson directly or probe new particles, including those related to dark matter or other phenomena beyond the standard model. . Published by the American Physical Society 2025

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

The CosmoVerse White Paper: Addressing observational tensions in cosmology with systematics and fundamental physics.

The standard model of cosmology has provided a good phenomenological description of a wide range of observations both at astrophysical and cosmological scales for several decades. This concordance model is constructed by a universal cosmological constant and supported by a matter sector described by the standard model of particle physics and a cold dark matter contribution, as well as very early-time inflationary physics, and underpinned by gravitation through general relativity. There have always been open questions about the soundness of the foundations of the standard model. However, recent years have shown that there may also be questions from the observational sector with the emergence of differences between certain cosmological probes. In this White Paper, we identify the key objectives that need to be addressed over the coming decade together with the core science projects that aim to meet these challenges. These discordances primarily rest on the divergence in the measurement of core cosmological parameters with varying levels of statistical confidence. These possible statistical tensions may be partially accounted for by systematics in various measurements or cosmological probes but there is also a growing indication of potential new physics beyond the standard model. After reviewing the principal probes used in the measurement of cosmological parameters, as well as potential systematics, we discuss the most promising array of potential new physics that may be observable in upcoming surveys. We also discuss the growing set of novel data analysis approaches that go beyond traditional methods to test physical models. These new methods will become increasingly important in the coming years as the volume of survey data continues to increase, and as the degeneracy between predictions of different physical models grows. There are several perspectives on the divergences between the values of cosmological parameters, such as the model-independent probes in the late Universe and model-dependent measurements in the early Universe, which we cover at length. The White Paper closes with a number of recommendations for the community to focus on for the upcoming decade of observational cosmology, statistical data analysis, and fundamental physics developments.

Dienes, Keith [Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (Unite↗