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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Quantifying cover crop effects on soil health and productivity

The dataset presented here supports the research paper entitled “A calculator to quantify cover crop effects on soil health and productivity”. Soil health (sometimes used synonymously with soil quality) is a concept that describes soil as a living system to sustain plants, animals, and human. Soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, along with their interactions, are required to quantify soil health. The use of cover crops in agricultural rotations may enhance soil health, yet there has been little progress in understanding how external factors such as climate, soil type, and agronomic practices affect soil and cash crop responses. In response, this dataset compiles measurements from 281 studies and provides an analysis of field-measured changes in 38 soil health indicators due to cover crop usage. Environmental and background indicators were also compiled to assess how climatic and management practices affect soil and cash crop responses to cover crops, with specific categories including climate type (tropical, arid, temperate, and continental), soil texture (coarse, medium, and fine), cover crop type (legume, grass, multi-species mixture, and other), and cash crop type (corn, soybean, wheat, vegetable, corn-soybean rotation, corn-soybean-wheat rotation, and other). An unbalanced analysis of variation was used to determine the hierarchy of most to least important factors that affected responsiveness of each soil health indicator. Based on the hierarchy structure, a soil health calculator was then developed to quantify the response of 13 parameters – erosion, runoff, weed suppression, soil aggregate stability, leaching, infiltration, microbial biomass carbon, soil bulk density, soil organic carbon, soil nitrogen, microbial biomass nitrogen, cash crop yield, and saturated hydraulic conductivity – to cover crops. The presented data in the calculator report the mean change in parameter values based on all combinations of climate, soil texture, cover crop type, and cash crop type.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Accelerating manufacturing for biomass conversion via integrated process and bench digitalization: a perspective

We present a perspective for accelerating biomass manufacturing via digitalization. We summarize the challenges for manufacturing and identify areas where digitalization can help. A profound potential in using lignocellulosic biomass and renewable feedstocks, in general, is to produce new molecules and products with unmatched properties that have no analog in traditional refineries. Discovering such performance-advantaged molecules and the paths and processes to make them rapidly and systematically can transform manufacturing practices. Furthermore, we discuss retrosynthetic approaches, text mining, natural language processing, and modern machine learning methods to enable digitalization. Laboratory and multiscale computation automation via active learning are crucial to complement existing literature and expedite discovery and valuable data collection without a human in the loop. Such data can help process simulation and optimization select the most promising processes and molecules according to economic, environmental, and societal metrics. We propose the close integration between bench and process scale models and data to exploit the low dimensionality of the data and transform the manufacturing for renewable feedstocks.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Sesquiterpene Synthase from the Endophytic Fungus Serendipita indica Catalyzes Formation of Viridiflorol

Interactions between plant-associated fungi and their hosts are characterized by a continuous crosstalk of chemical molecules. Specialized metabolites are often produced during these associations and play important roles in the symbiosis between the plant and the fungus, as well as in the establishment of additional interactions between the symbionts and other organisms present in the niche. Serendipita indica, a root endophytic fungus from the phylum Basidiomycota, is able to colonize a wide range of plant species, conferring many benefits to its hosts. The genome of S. indica possesses only few genes predicted to be involved in specialized metabolite biosynthesis, including a putative terpenoid synthase gene (SiTPS). In our experimental setup, SiTPS expression was upregulated when the fungus colonized tomato roots compared to its expression in fungal biomass growing on synthetic medium. Heterologous expression of SiTPS in Escherichia coli showed that the produced protein catalyzes the synthesis of a few sesquiterpenoids, with the alcohol viridiflorol being the main product. To investigate the role of SiTPS in the plant-endophyte interaction, an SiTPS-over-expressing mutant line was created and assessed for its ability to colonize tomato roots. Although overexpression of SiTPS did not lead to improved fungal colonization ability, an in vitro growth-inhibition assay showed that viridiflorol has antifungal properties. Addition of viridiflorol to the culture medium inhibited the germination of spores from a phytopathogenic fungus, indicating that SiTPS and its products could provide S. indica with a competitive advantage over other plant-associated fungi during root colonization.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Investigating biomass composition and size effects on fast pyrolysis using global sensitivity analysis and CFD simulations

It is notoriously difficult to build an accurate universal model for biomass pyrolysis due to its sensitivity to a wide number of critical material attributes such as chemical species and physical sizes. In this work, a biomass pyrolysis kinetics with 32 heterogeneous reactions and 59 species was implemented in an open-source multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software MFiX and validated against two different experimental pyrolysis data sets that provided detailed data describing chemical component yields. The reaction scheme was then used to build a surrogate model and assess the sensitivity of pyrolysis yields to feedstock compositions. The sensitivity analysis determined that the yield of bio-char showed a strong positive sensitivity to the carbon-rich lignin and tannin pseudo-species in the reaction scheme while the bio-oil and bio-gas were correlated to oxygen-rich lignin pseudo-species. The reaction scheme was then integrated into a coarse-grained discrete element model to simulate fast pyrolysis in a bubbling fluidized bed over a range of feedstock particle sizes. The reactor simulations showed further sensitivity to particle size and hydrodynamics. Notably, particles under 0.5 mm have small heat transfer limitations but left the reactor before completely converting and thus reduced the bio-oil yield. Results from this study can be used to guide future development of highly accurate models for fast pyrolysis reactors with a variety of feedstock properties and operating conditions.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Novel Process for Converting Coal to High-Value Polyurethane Products

Battelle has demonstrated a patented process for making high-value, polyurethane (PU) foam from coal, based on preparing liquefied coal via direct liquefaction, converting it to polyols as an intermediate via ozonation, and then making PU foams from these polyols. This process represents a breakthrough in innovative utilization of U.S. coals, and is applicable to bituminous as well as sub-bituminous coals. The resulting PU foam products are projected to have an extremely high value (i.e., over $\$5,000$ /ton), with nearly 100% of carbon utilization from coalderived liquid feedstock, and 31.5% to 43.5% of the carbon in the PU foam polyol product being bio-based. The targeted products represent an extremely large (i.e., over $80 billion/year), existing PU foam market, which could expand into making coatings and adhesives. The process can further help reduce petroleum imports, while improving the economics of PU foam production. This work was completed with funding from the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), with cost share from the State of Ohio’s Ohio Development Services Agency (ODSA) and others, and has advanced the process to 10 kg/day continuous scale and thus to Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 5. A total of 48 coal-based polyols were prepared and evaluated. The initial 28 polyols focused on range finding for ideal conditions. The later 20 polyols were produced as part of process optimizations. These optimizations were targeted around a continuous ozonolysis process to evaluate extended time reactions and to create the necessary intermediate for production of 1-gallon samples of polyol. The most unique attribute of Battelle’s polyol is in the utilization of coal’s aromaticity to gain final foam rigidity. Typically, polyols depend on the isocyanate fraction and cross-linking to gain rigidity. By utilizing coal, we were able to maintain rigidity while reducing the overall hydroxyl value of the polyol. This is important as lower hydroxyl value leads to greater percent weight of the coal-based polyol because less isocyanate is required for foaming. This leads to greater foam cost savings. This report provides the details, process, and process cost models of the conversion of coal to polyols and further to PU foams. Battelle’s process begins with coal liquids. These liquids can be obtained by two processes: coal coking or pyrolysis to produce coal tar, and Battelle’s biobased coal-to-liquids (CTL) process to produce heavy syncrude after liquifying >85% coal. After liquification, Battelle utilizes ozonolysis to create functionalization on the polyaromatic coal structure. The functionalization is then converted to the final polyester polyol through transesterification, or to hydroxyamide polyol through amidification. Equivalent or better standard properties have been obtained for 2 lb/ft 3 density rigid, water and freon-alternative blown foams, including compressive strength, density, R-value, and dimensional stability. Target applications for these foams are insulation, packaging, and energy-absorbing foams. Some exploratory testing also showed promise for adhesives applications. A detailed economic analysis showed that Battelle’s polyol process is economical, at a 140 metric tons per day (MTD) polyol production scale. An attractive return on investment (ROI) at competitive pricing validates the process is ready for a pilot-plant demonstration. A scale-up plan is provided.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2025

Sustainable, degradable and malleable low-dielectric-constant thermosets derived from biomass for recyclable green electronics

In view of their excellent thermal and chemical resistance, favorable adhesion properties, high tensile strength, and other advantages, epoxy thermosets have numerous industrial applications such as coating, adhesive, and composite material production. However, bisphenol A (BPA)-based resins, which account for a significant fraction of the above thermosets, adversely affect human health by interfering with the normal functioning of the endocrine system and cannot be easily decomposed and recycled. Herein, degradable and sustainable bio-based epoxy thermosets with crosslinked network structures are prepared by the epoxidation of isosorbide with epichlorohydrin and the curing of the produced isosorbide diglycidyl ether (ISDGE) with cyclic lactones through a cationic ring-opening reaction. The ISDGE thermosets fully decompose into soluble and recyclable products under mildly basic conditions within three days, which is ascribed to the presence of ester moieties within the polymer network structure. Compared to a representative BPA-based epoxy, ISDGE-based thermosets exhibit lower dielectric constants and are more flexible. Moreover, the glass fibers in ISDGE-based prepregs can be fully recovered after on-demand degradation. Furthermore, our work provides promising eco-friendly alternatives to conventional epoxy thermosets and paves the way for the reduction of plastic waste generation and the development of recyclable green electronics.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Evolution of microscopic heterogeneity and dynamics in choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are an emerging class of non-aqueous solvents that are potentially scalable, easy to prepare and functionalize for many applications ranging from biomass processing to energy storage technologies. Predictive understanding of the fundamental correlations between local structure and macroscopic properties is needed to exploit the large design space and tunability of DESs for specific applications. Here, we employ a range of computational and experimental techniques that span length-scales from molecular to macroscopic and timescales from picoseconds to seconds to study the evolution of structure and dynamics in model DESs, namely Glyceline and Ethaline, starting from the parent compounds. We show that systematic addition of choline chloride leads to microscopic heterogeneities that alter the primary structural relaxation in glycerol and ethylene glycol and result in new dynamic modes that are strongly correlated to the macroscopic properties of the DES formed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Glycan Array-Based Assay for the Identification and Characterization of Plant Glycosyltransferases

Growing plants with modified cell wall compositions is a promising strategy to improve resistance to pathogens, increase biomass digestibility, and tune other important properties. In order to alter biomass architecture, a detailed knowledge of cell wall structure and biosynthesis is a prerequisite. We report here a glycan array-based assay for the high-throughput identification and characterization of plant cell wall biosynthetic glycosyltransferases (GTs). We demonstrate that different heterologously expressed galactosyl-, fucosyl-, and xylosyltransferases can transfer azido-functionalized sugar nucleotide donors to selected synthetic plant cell wall oligosaccharides on the array and that the transferred monosaccharides can be visualized “on chip” by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction with an alkynyl-modified dye. The opportunity to simultaneously screen thousands of combinations of putative GTs, nucleotide sugar donors, and oligosaccharide acceptors will dramatically accelerate plant cell wall biosynthesis research.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Determination of Water Content in Bio-Oils by Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration: Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP)

The water content of bio-oils is a key metric for several reasons. Water is typically the most concentrated single component of fast pyrolysis oils, though this will be much lower in catalytic fast pyrolysis and upgraded products. Reduced water content is preferable in bio-oil as water can contribute to phase separation, corrosivity, and instability. Additionally, lower water is beneficial for physical properties such as energy density. The percentage of water can also be used to correct the calculation for organic oxygen when determining total oxygen content of bio-oils via combustion-based ultimate analysis. The procedure described here is specifically written for the analysis of bio-oils, and is based on ASTM E203, Standard Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration. This standard test method is specified for measuring the mass % water in pyrolysis liquid biofuels in ASTM D7544, Standard Specification for Pyrolysis Liquid Biofuel. Although the standard method is prescribed for the analysis of pyrolysis liquids for use in industrial and commercial burners, the method is not specifically written for this product. The method described with this Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP) provides specific guidance for the analysis of bio-oils. Both organic and aqueous phases can be measured with this technique.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Closed‐Loop Recycling of Poly(pentylene Adipate‐ co ‐Terephthalate) via Amine‐Catalyzed Methanolysis

Advancing circularity through effective chemical recycling strategies is essential for enabling the sustainable use of emerging biodegradable polyesters in film applications. In this context, poly(pentylene adipate-co-terephthalate) with a 40/60 adipate-to-terephthalate ratio (PPeAT60), a significantly stiffer and partially biobased copolyester recently reported by our team, offers improved mechanical performance and processability compared to commercial poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), while providing a platform to evaluate advanced recycling approaches for film applications. Here, this study describes depolymerization of PPeAT60 through amine-catalyzed methanolysis, followed by the repolymerization of the recovered monomers. The resulting repolymerized material exhibited a molar mass distribution, chemical structure, and thermal stability comparable to the virgin polymer, confirming the technical feasibility of the methanolysis-based recycling route. Both polymers displayed nearly identical melting, glass transition, and decomposition temperatures, crystallinity, and modulus, demonstrating full structural and mechanical reproducibility after recycling. Variations in crystallization kinetics, elongation at break, and barrier properties likely arise from trace impurities (<1%) introduced during processing acting as nucleating and stress-inducing agents. Overall, these results demonstrate that PPeAT60 retains its key properties after chemical recycling, establishing methanolysis as a promising platform for recycling of this partially biobased polymer that may be able to replace both conventional polyolefins and PBAT in flexible packaging applications.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Aliphatic Amines from Waste Polyolefins by Tandem Pyrolysis, Hydroformylation, and Reductive Amination

Pyrolysis of waste plastics can produce a product mixture with a high concentration of olefins (>50 wt%). The olefins, as building blocks in the petroleum industry, are potential precursors for valuable commodity chemicals with higher values (>$2000 per ton). In this work, we produce aldehydes by hydroformylation of the olefins present in pyrolysis oil from colored post-consumer recycled high-density polyethylene (PCR-HDPE). The obtained aldehydes in the oil are then converted into aliphatic amines via reductive amination with a Ru/C catalyst. The aminated oil was characterized by multiple analytical chemistry techniques including elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with a Polyarc flame ionization detector. The concentration of metals in the PCR-HDPE and oil changes during the tandem processes, showing limited effects of these elements (e.g., Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Ti, Zn) on hydroformylation and reductive amination. Additionally, we demonstrated that reductive amination of aldehydes with varied carbon numbers and branching properties can be achieved in the presence of a complex mixture, including paraffins and aromatics. The results indicate that waste plastics have the potential to serve as a renewable source for mono and di aliphatic amines, thereby diminishing reliance on fossil feedstocks as the current primary amine source.

aliphatic amines↗
DOE OSTI2022

MgO(111) Nanocatalyst for Biomass Conversion: A Study of Carbon Coating Effects on Catalyst Faceting and Performance

Solid base metal oxide catalysts such as MgO offer utility in a wide variety of syntheses from pharmaceuticals to fuels. The (111) facet of MgO shows enhanced, unique properties relative to the other facets. Carbon coatings have emerged as a promising modification to impart metal oxide catalyst stability. Here, we report the synthesis, characterization, and catalytic properties of commercial MgO, MgO(111), and carbon coated derivatives thereof for 2-pentanone condensation. The dimer and trimer products of this reaction can be used as precursors for biofuels upon oxygen removal and thus have relevance in environmental sustainability. Additionally, MgO(111) maintained impressive selectivity towards the dimer product after carbon coating, whereas the other catalysts experienced a decrease in conversion and selectivity as a consequence of the carbon coating. Our findings highlight the catalytic efficacy of MgO(111), provide insight into carbon coating for catalyst stability, and pave the way for continued mechanistic investigations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Programmable bionanocomposite coated fertilizers for prolonged controlled release of nitrogen

Controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) present a promising solution for alleviating food and nutrient scarcity. However, their development has been mainly hindered by both rapid and unsynchronized nutrient release and unsustainable coating materials. In this study, we address this issue by developing a new coating layer for CRFs using a programmable biopolyurethane nanocomposite. This nanocomposite is prepared from diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI)-functionalized bentonite nanoclay (BNT-MDI) and a biopolyol from biomass waste. The results show that the BNT-MDI-doped CRFs (BCRFs) exhibit an impressive nitrogen (N)-release longevity of approximately 120 days at a 4 wt% coating ratio, surpassing previous CRF formulations. In a 30-day snap bean cultivation study, BCRF significantly improved root length (1000%), leaf length (257%), leaf width (400%), and plant height (1400%) compared to the control. The superior performance of BCRF is attributed to the PU-nanoclay biocomposite film, with full nano-exfoliation, controllable porosity, and high crosslinking density. Furthermore, we introduce a new dynamic release mechanism and establish a quantitative relationship between the nanostructure, property, and release performance of BCRF by combining the multiplicative and diffusion models for porous materials. Finally, this study provides a theoretical framework and a straightforward methodology for designing programmable nanocomposite structures for future biobased CRFs.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials for the biorefinery: high bio-content, shape memory Kraft lignin-derived non-isocyanate polyurethane foams using a non-toxic protocol

Polyurethanes are among the top six polymers produced in the world and are widely used in the automotive, furniture, construction and appliance industry for their light weight, impact resistance, and insulating properties. However, the use of hazardous diisocyanates used in polyurethane formulations has led many to search for more sustainable alternatives. The lignin component of biomass has been targeted to replace the often toxic and petroleum-derived precursors to polymer synthesis in support of the biorefinery concept where natural materials are used as the feedstock for commodity plastics. The use of lignin is often hampered due to its low reactivity, heterogeneity and the necessity of employing extensive purification and/or functionalization measures to ensure materials are of comparable quality. In this report, a unique method is presented for the synthesis and processing of a non-toxic, non-isocyanate polyurethane foam utilizing unmodified Kraft lignin and a biobased curing agent. Here, raw Kraft lignin is functionalized with green organic carbonates and a non-toxic approach is taken to solubilize the precursors with a curing agent from renewable fatty acids enabling rapid gel-times. For the first time, a NIPU foam from lignin is synthesized while the structure–property relationship of different reaction mixtures is studied demonstrating shape memory capacity and 100% biobased carbon content.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Thermophilic biocatalysts for one-step conversion of citrus waste into lactic acid

Agri-food residues offer significant potential as a raw material for the production of L-lactic acid through microbial fermentation. Weizmannia coagulans, previously known as Bacillus coagulans, is a spore-forming, lactic acid-producing, gram-positive, with known probiotic and prebiotic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing untreated citrus waste as a sustainable feedstock for the production of L-lactic acid in a one-step process, by using the strain W. coagulans MA-13. By employing a thermophilic enzymatic cocktail (Cellic CTec2) in conjunction with the hydrolytic capabilities of MA-13, biomass degradation was enhanced by up to 62%. Moreover, batch and fed-batch fermentation experiments demonstrated the complete fermentation of glucose into L-lactic acid, achieving a concentration of up to 44.8 g/L. These results point to MA-13 as a microbial cell factory for one-step production of L-lactic acid, by combining cost-effective saccharification with MA-13 fermentative performance, on agri-food wastes. Moreover, the potential of this approach for sustainable valorization of agricultural waste streams is successfully proven.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Catalytic properties of model supported nanoparticles

Nanoparticles of late transition metals are used as catalysts and electrocatalysts for industrial chemical reactions that produce fuels, convert chemical energy to electricity and clean up pollution associated with the generation and use of these fuels. For such applications, metals are usually bonded onto the surfaces of oxide or carbon support materials. To provide the energy needed for sustained economic development, we must develop new and improved solid catalysts and electrocatalysts for a variety of reactions that take better advantage of traditional and alternate energy sources (solar, wind, biomass, etc.) and avoid serious environmental problems. Additionally, since these metals are often expensive and in limited supply (e.g., Pt), we also need to develop catalysts that do not require precious metals. As a consequence, recent years have seen a dramatic increase in research aimed at providing the basic understanding needed to develop new and improved catalysts and electrocatalysts for a variety of reactions that involve nanoparticles of late transition metals supported on oxide or carbon materials. It is therefore timely to present a special issue that focusses on Catalytic Properties of Model Supported Nanoparticles. The collection highlights some of the most exciting new directions for research in this area, and provides in depth examples of some of the most cutting-edge methods, both experimental and theoretical, for studying this class of catalysts, which provide insights into structure, mechanisms, kinetics and energetics with unprecedented accuracy and detail. Finally, as Guest Editors, we present below a few of the many excellent papers published in the collection.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Revealing the mechanism of lignin re-polymerization inhibitor in acidic pretreatment and its impact on enzymatic hydrolysis

Phenolic additives, including 2-naphthol, 2-naphthol-7-sulfonate, and resorcinol were evaluated for their impact on the lignin re-polymerization and subsequent hydrolysis of bamboo residues. Low surface lignin concentration (65.68%) of the substrate and high Tg value (185 °C) of lignin was observed for 2-naphthol-7-sulfonate assisted pretreatment, leading to the most significant increase (14%) in enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of pretreated bamboo residues. Meanwhile, physicochemical properties of lignin revealed that the introduced sulfonic acid groups increased the surface charge, decreased the molecular weight, promoted the cleavage of β-O-4 linkages, and prevented the re-condensation of lignin. Even though resorcinol-assisted pretreatment, by contrast, was found to be an inhibitor for enzymatic hydrolysis. NMR analysis of modified lignin showed that resorcinol led to a higher amount of non-condensed phenolic OH groups and promoted the cleavage of β-O-4 linkages, acting as an inhibitor in lignin re-polymerization during the dilute acidic pretreatment. In short, the above findings present a detailed view of suppressing lignin re-polymerization for boosting the utilization of bioresources with acidic pretreatment.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Analysis of Tar and Oil Derived from Pyrolysis and Copyrolysis of Waste Plastics and Biomass

Pyrolysis has been proposed as a potential technology for managing the growing volume of plastic waste generated worldwide. Co-pyrolysis of plastic waste with biomass is a promising technology for generating fuel and chemical products. However, this process generates tar as a waste product. The chemical properties of this tar have yet to be thoroughly analyzed. Further, this study presents the results of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of oil and tar obtained from the pyrolysis of pure plastics including high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and plastic-biomass mixtures. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of C 7 –C 37 carbon-containing hydrocarbons, which include alkanes and alkenes as the dominant products. FTIR data revealed the presence of various functional groups, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids, indicating the complexity of the pyrolysis and copyrolysis oil obtained from waste plastics and biomass. TGA data show that tar from all four plastics has a higher decomposition rate, suggesting the presence of heavier hydrocarbons compared with their corresponding oils. This research will be of interest to researchers looking to advance the study of plastic and biomass waste management.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗