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NASA NTRS2013

Processing of KaRIn/SWOT Data

The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission [1] is part of NASA’s Decadal Survey Program, and prepared jointly by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the French space agency (CNES), and the Canadian space agency (CSA). Launch is currently foreseen in 2020. The principal instrument KaRIn (Ka-band Radar Interferometer) would be a bistatic SAR system operating at Kaband, with 200 MHz bandwidth, covering 50 km wide near-nadir swaths (1-4° incidence) on both sides of the satellite track. The nominal payload also would include a conventional Ku/C-band nadir altimeter, a water vapor radiometer, and a precise orbit determination suite. Moreover, additional near-nadir channels from KaRIn to reduce the gap between the nominal swaths may be considered. The main mission goals would be to improve the spatio-temporal coverage of the oceans with respect to today’s nadir-looking altimeters (such as the Jason series), by providing measurements on a 1 km2 grid with virtually complete coverage up to ±78° latitude, while keeping a height precision of 1-2 cm, and to extend the altimetry measurements to continental water surfaces, including lakes, reservoirs and wetlands bigger than 250x250 m2 and rivers down to a width of 100 m (50 m as a goal), with a height precision of the order of 10 cm, represented with a horizontal point spacing of about 50 m. The fine scale of the measurements, with continuous acquisition over both oceans and continents, will result in huge data volumes, starting at the spacecraft and flowing through all links of the ground system. Furthermore, the centimetric height accuracy required means that all aspects of the processing must be considered carefully. In this article we give an overview of the foreseen data products and data processing chains for KaRIn on SWOT. Some particularly challenging processing steps are (will be) described in more detail.

Desroches, Damien↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Light Microscopy Module A Facility Overview-History and Science

We will share a brief history and provide a science overview of the many accomplishments of the Light Microscopy Module (LMM), a microscope that has been operating in the microgravity environment of the International Space Station (ISS) since 2010. It will be removed in October 2021. It was initially outfitted for the Constrained Vapor Bubble – Wickless Heat Pipe experiment. It was later reconfigured and upgraded many times to support a broad portfolio of Physical science and Biological experiments including: Complex Fluids, Colloids, Macro-Molecular Biophysics, Protein Crystals, and Plant Biology. The LMM has enabled many significant studies and discoveries and has seen its fair share of pleasant surprises. These include recording order arising out of disorder, e.g., systems of colloids that were glasses on Earth crystallizing to form large defect-free crystals, nematic ordering of elliptical colloids, and colloidal-polymer systems crystallizing. The LMM science teams have also seen how to improve product stabilizers once the effects of sedimentation on Earth were removed; they were able to see which tagged genes express in plants when gravity is removed, telling them which genes are essential for growing plants in space; they’ve tested protein crystal growth models; checked models for creating bijel electrodes that turn batteries into fast-charging supercapacitors; tested many forms of colloidal self-assembly: including those using depletion attraction, magnetic fields, and critical Casimir forces; they’ve observed explosive bubble nucleation in a wickless heat pipe, and much more. This work has been supported by the NASA Biological and Physical Sciences (BPS) Division and the ISS Program Office, Johnson Space Center Code OZ and Code OB, the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) / ISS National Lab, EPSCoR, and ISS international partners from ESA – the Netherlands and Italy, CSA, JAXA and S. Korea, and by Space Act Agreements with Procter and Gamble (P&G).

Colloids↗

NASA NTRS2020

Preparing the JWST Observatory for Science Observations

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large (6.5 m) near-and mid-infrared telescope scheduled for launch in 2021. JWST will be used to explore fundamental questions in astrophysics and planetary science, including the evolution of galaxies, the first light of stars, the formation of stars and planets as well as the characterization of exoplanets. To achieve these scientific goals, NASA and its international partners, the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and the European Space Agency (ESA), have developed four science instruments for JWST and have prepared detailed commissioning plans for each. The NASA Project Science team has also outlined activities to characterize the performance of the Observatory as a whole. These activities include: 1) monitoring of the instrument and telescope cooldown for contamination mitigation; 2) measurements of straylight and other backgrounds for validation of the JWST stray light models as well as instrument background subtraction algorithms; 3) characterization of optical thermal distortion between its hot and cold telescope pointings within the observable field of regard and 4) trending of observatory performance parameters. Each of these activities has been planned in close collaboration with the observatory wavefront, commissioning planning, and science instrument teams. Here we present the plans for these activities, the expected results and how they will impact future guest observer (GO) proposals and JWST science community

Erin C Smith↗

NASA NTRS2022

An Overview of Contamination Control for the James Webb Space Telescope Launch Campaign

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large, infrared space telescope operating at Lagrange point 2. JWST is a joint effort between NASA, ESA, and CSA and was launched from the Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) on an Ariane 5 rocket in December 2021. The three-month launch campaign utilized enhanced contamination controls to meet JWST’s strict cleanliness requirements. Prior to launch, JWST was permitted to only be exposed to ISO Class 7 cleanrooms, whereas the processing facilities at CSG are ISO Class 8. NASA, ESA, Arianespace, and CNES implemented temporary upgrades to the nominal contamination control operations for the launch campaign unique to JWST, including the use of vetted, portable High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter walls, pre-entrance cleanliness acceptance surveys of each facility and the intra-plant transporter, tightened cleanroom protocols, upgraded garmenting and laundering techniques, cleaning of Self-Contained Atmospheric Protection Ensemble (SCAPE) suits, increased maintenance, staffed pre-cleaning stations, adaptation of the house purge network, and a contamination control enclosure atop the Ariane 5 launcher prior to fairing encapsulation. The Ariane 5 fairing interior and Vehicle Equipment Bay membrane also received multiple cleanings, detailed inspections, and verification sampling to achieve necessary cleanliness levels. The fairing itself was specially sealed to protect the inner environment with just a small, door porthole accessible via diving board for final closeout of the purge interface. All of these enhancements together allowed JWST to meet its contamination requirements for launch, ensuring successful post-separation deployments and mission science.

Contamination Control↗

NASA NTRS2022

Liquid crystals of neat boron nitride nanotubes and their assembly into ordered macroscopic materials

Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) have attracted attention for their predicted extraordinary properties; yet, challenges in synthesis and processing have stifled progress on macroscopic materials. Recent advances have led to the production of highly pure BNNTs. Here we report that neat BNNTs dissolve in chlorosulfonic acid (CSA) and form birefringent liquid crystal domains at concentrations above 170 ppmw. These tactoidal domains merge into millimeter- sized regions upon light sonication in capillaries. Cryogenic electron microscopy directly shows nematic alignment of BNNTs in solution. BNNT liquid crystals can be processed into aligned films and extruded into neat BNNT fibers. This study of nematic liquid crystals of BNNTs demonstrates their ability to form macroscopic materials to be used in high- performance applications.

Cedric J. Simonsen Ginestra↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Overview of Contamination Control for the James Webb Space Telescope Launch Campaign

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large, infrared space telescope operating at Lagrange point 2. JWST is a joint effort between NASA, ESA, and CSA and was launched from the Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) on an Ariane 5 rocket in December 2021. The three-month launch campaign utilized enhanced contamination controls to meet JWST’s strict cleanliness requirements. Prior to launch, JWST was permitted to only be exposed to ISO Class 7 cleanrooms, whereas the processing facilities at CSG are ISO Class 8. NASA, ESA, Arianespace, and CNES implemented temporary upgrades to the nominal contamination control operations for the launch campaign unique to JWST, including the use of vetted, portable High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter walls, pre-entrance cleanliness acceptance surveys of each facility and the intra-plant transporter, tightened cleanroom protocols, upgraded garmenting and laundering techniques, cleaning of Self-Contained Atmospheric Protection Ensemble (SCAPE) suits, increased maintenance, staffed pre-cleaning stations, adaptation of the house purge network, and a contamination control enclosure atop the Ariane 5 launcher prior to fairing encapsulation. The Ariane 5 fairing interior and Vehicle Equipment Bay membrane also received multiple cleanings, detailed inspections, and verification sampling to achieve necessary cleanliness levels. The fairing itself was specially sealed to protect the inner environment with just a small, doored porthole accessible via diving board for final closeout of the purge interface. All these enhancements together allowed JWST to meet its contamination requirements for launch, ensuring successful post-separation deployments and mission science.

James Webb Space Telescope↗

NASA NTRS2022

Overview of Contamination Control for the James Webb Space Telescope Launch Campaign

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large, infrared space telescope operating at Lagrange point 2. JWST is a joint effort between NASA, ESA, and CSA and was launched from the Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) on an Ariane 5 rocket in December 2021. The three-month launch campaign utilized enhanced contamination controls to meet JWST’s strict cleanliness requirements. Prior to launch, JWST was permitted to only be exposed to ISO Class 7 cleanrooms, whereas the processing facilities at CSG are ISO Class 8. NASA, ESA, Arianespace, and CNES implemented temporary upgrades to the nominal contamination control operations for the launch campaign unique to JWST, including the use of vetted, portable High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter walls, pre-entrance cleanliness acceptance surveys of each facility and the intra-plant transporter, tightened cleanroom protocols, upgraded garmenting and laundering techniques, cleaning of Self-Contained Atmospheric Protection Ensemble (SCAPE) suits, increased maintenance, staffed pre-cleaning stations, adaptation of the house purge network, and a contamination control enclosure atop the Ariane 5 launcher prior to fairing encapsulation. The Ariane 5 fairing interior and Vehicle Equipment Bay membrane also received multiple cleanings, detailed inspections, and verification sampling to achieve necessary cleanliness levels. The fairing itself was specially sealed to protect the inner environment with just a small, doored porthole accessible via diving board for final closeout of the purge interface. All these enhancements together allowed JWST to meet its contamination requirements for launch, ensuring successful post-separation deployments and mission science.

James Webb Space Telescope, launch, contamination,↗

NASA NTRS2022

Gateway Utilization Capabilities and Status

Gateway will be a space station orbiting the Moon that will enable long-term presence in deep space. As part of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Artemis mission, Gateway will serve as a cornerstone of human deep space exploration and scientific discovery and a steppingstone to Mars. NASA leads the Gateway Program and serves as the integrator of spaceflight capabilities and contributions of U.S. commercial and international partners, European Space Agency (ESA), Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), to develop and utilize Gateway. This paper provides an overview of the following utilization capabilities of Gateway: spacecraft overview, internal and external accommodations, resources for utilization, and vantage point for Earth, Sun, and Moon observations. Three utilization payloads have already been selected to fly on Gateway as part of the initial modules, Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) and Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) modules: European Radiation Sensors Array (ERSA), Heliophysics Environmental and Radiation Measurement Experiment Suite (HERMES), and Internal Dosimeter Array (IDA). This paper will provide a short summary of each payload, the value behind conducting each payload, and share an overview of future utilization goals of Gateway.

Gateway↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Launching and Deploying the James Webb Space Telescope

On December 25, 2021, at 12:20 UTC, the James Webb Space Telescope lifted off and onward to its destination in orbit at the second Lagrange point. With more than two decades in development, and an international collaboration between NASA, CSA, and ESA, Webb is one of the most anticipated science missions ever launched. After a dramatic and flawless launch, Webb's toughest and riskiest days lie ahead. Unprecedented in its complexity and ambition, over the next two weeks Webb would undergo the most complex on-orbit deployment sequence ever attempted, with any single deployment anomaly carrying the risk of full mission failure. An exquisite design, years of ground testing, a exhaustively trained and rehearsed operations and engineering team, and an unprecedented level of contingency planning, all resulted in a fully and successfully deployed Webb observatory, on its way to L2, and nominally cooling to its cryogenic temperatures. Although Webb still had many more months of commissioning left, there was a collective sigh of relief heard round the world. This incredible achievement was not by chance but was years in the making. We go behind the scenes of Webb's first month on orbit, starting with the unique and challenging launch itself, the time criticality of its mid-course corrections, and a summary of nearly 14 days to undergo nearly 50 major deployments. We discuss what went better than planned and how years of robust and detailed contingency planning were prepared for unanticipated events and on-orbit spacecraft behavior. And finally, we provide a brief overview of the entire commissioning process which successfully completed on July 10th, 2022.

Keith A Parrish↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Advancing Dust Tolerant Mechanisms for a Sustained Exploration of the Moon

Introduction: “I think dust is probably one of our greatest inhibitors to a nominal operation on the Moon. I think we can overcome other physio-logical or physical or mechanical problems except dust.”– Gene Cernan, Apollo 17 Technical Debrief The Apollo missions revealed the impact of lu-nar dust on mechanisms. Lunar dust particles are jagged and electrostatically charged, giving them the ability to bind or damage mechanisms and alter thermal properties. Reports documented clogged equipment and jammed mechanisms in every mission, regardless of surface duration, as well as clogged mechanisms in the Extravehicular Mobility Suit (EMS), including zippers, wrist and hose locks, faceplates, and sunshades [1-2]. Several astronauts remarked they could not have sustained surface activity much longer because clogged joints would have frozen up completely [2]. Effective dust mitigation strategies are need-ed to support longer duration stays on the lunar surface [3-4]. State of the Art: Technology for mechanisms able to operate in dusty enviroments is advancing rapidly due to the needs of both Mars rovers and the Artemis program. Vacuum-tight connectors are essential for spacesuits and habitats, and their performance can be dependent on cleaning technologies, which have proven difficult on the lunar surface. Several TRL 3-5 technologies are undergoing tests with the expectation to reach TRL 6 within 1-2 years. Some mechanisms will be infused and tested on the VIPER (Volatiles Inves-tigating Polar Exploration Rover) mission planned for mid-2020s. NASA Funded Efforts: NASA has recognized the need for dust tolerant mechanisms, and has partnered with industry to advance the state-of-the-art. At NASA GRC, KSC, and JSC, the Dust Tolerant Mechanisms Project is working to devel-op advanced actuator seals for rotary joints and rotary bearing technologies for long-term sus-tained operation in lunar dust environments. An-other NASA project at NASA GRC, partnered with GSFC, JPL, and KSC is Motors for Dusty & Ex-treme Cold Environments (MDECE). MDECE is developing an unheated magnetically-geared mo-tor that can operate continuously for a long dura-tion at an ambient temperature of -243 ºC (33 K). NASA GRC has the capability to characterize the effects of dust on seals, mechanisms, and other mating surfaces and components under lunar conditions [5]. Through the SBIR/STTR program, NASA has funded several companies to advance dust toler-ant mechanisms via the Dust Tolerant Mecha-nisms sub-topic with applications in surface mobil-ity, spacesuits, connectors, joints, and more. LSIC and Community Efforts: The Lunar Surface Innovation Consortium (LSIC) Dust Miti-gation focus group has fostered collaborations across NASA, industry, and academia to develop solutions that minimizes the impact of lunar dust on robotic and human systems. Community ef-forts have included topical meetings on dust tol-erant mechanisms, featured technology presenta-tions, and feedback to NASA on potential gaps and needs. Testing: In 2021, NASA released NASA-STD-1008 [6]. This NASA Technical Standard estab-lishes minimum requirements and provides guid-ance for testing systems and hardware to be ex-posed to dust in planetary environments. The standard has specific sections dedicated to Mechanisms Testing (e.g. bearings, gears) as well as Seals and Mating Surfaces Testing (e.g. hatches, docking systems). Gaps and Needs: NASA is tracking dust tol-erant mechanisms as a gap in a cross-directorate analysis of capability areas needed to enable fu-ture human space-flight architectures. Two high-priority gap areas include additional facilities for testing mechanisms in lunar-surface conditions, and a better understanding of vulnerabilities to the smallest, nanometer-scale dust particles. Conclusion: Understanding and mitigating lu-nar dust is critical to successful, sustained opera-tions on the lunar surface – whether autonomous or otherwise. This presentation will discuss both the state-of-the-art and open needs in lunar dust tolerant mechanisms, technology impacts, mitiga-tion approaches, testing, LSIC community efforts, and more. References: [1] Gaier, J. R. (2020). The Im-pact of Dust on Lunar Surface Equipment During Apollo. Lunar Dust 2020. [2] GRC, & Gaier, J. R. (2005). The Effects of Lunar Dust on EVA Sys-tems During the Apollo Missions. [3] Johansen, M. R. (2020). An Update on NASA’s Lunar Dust Mitigation Strategy. Lunar Dust 2020. [4] ASI, CSA, ESA, JAXA, & NASA. (2016). Dust Mitiga-tion Gap Assessment Report. [5] Jimenez, N. et al (2022), LPSC Abstract 2572. [6] NASA-STD-1008, 2021.

J I Nunez↗

NASA NTRS2023

Cold Facts Spotlight—NASA Kennedy Cryogenics Test Laboratory

For over 20 years, the Cryogenics Test Laboratory at NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) (CSA CSM) has stood as a one-of-a kind capability for research, development, and application of cross-cutting technologies to meet both government and industry needs. With four overarching technology focus areas—Thermal insulation systems, Integrated refrigeration systems, Advanced propellant transfer systems, and Low-temperature materials and applications—and a theme of Energy Efficient Cryogenics, the Cryo Test Lab has pioneered technologies such as Integrated Refrigeration and Storage (IRAS) for advanced liquid hydrogen (LH2) operations; aerogel blanket insulation, the world’s best insulation material in ambient pressure and soft-vacuum; and the patented-pending Cryogenic Flux Capacitor3 for high-density storage, and on-demand supply of cryogenic fluids.

Adam Swanger↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Ariane 5 Fairing Preparations for James JWST Space Telescope

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large, infrared space telescope operating at Lagrange point 2. JWST is a joint effort between NASA, ESA, and CSA and was launched from the Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) on an Ariane 5 rocket in December 2021. The Ariane 5 payload faring (PLF), as shown in Figure 1, interior and Vehicle Equipment Bay membranes received multiple cleanings, detailed inspections, and verification sampling to achieve necessary cleanliness levels. Investigation of PLF cleanliness began early in the JWST program to test the Fairing Acoustic Protection (FAP) panels. Initial PLF cleaning was performed at RUAG in Switzerland prior to shipment to the launch site in collaboration with NASA and ESA. The cleaning procedure used at RUAG premises was based on heritage of the PLF cleaning procedure for ESA/Herschel-Planck and NASA/Mars2020 missions on an Atlas V launcher. The Ariane 5 fairing was packaged in a clean manner and inspected and cleaned upon arrival to CSG. Silicon wafers and particle fall out (PFO) plates were used to monitor the internal fairing cleanliness prior to encapsulation. Just after encapsulation, PFO plates and calcium fluoride (CaF2) crystals were placed inside the fairing on a specific tool door for monitoring the cleanliness inside the fairing during the ventilation phase. The fairing itself was specially sealed to protect the inner environment with just a small, doored porthole accessible via diving board for final closeout of the purge interface. Fairing cleanliness was achieved and mitigated contamination distribution upon launch.

James Webb Space Telescope↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Gateway: Humanity’s Next Utilization Platform

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Gateway Program is an international collaboration to establish humanity’s first space station in lunar orbit. Gateway is a critical element of the Artemis missions that will create a sustained human presence on and around the Moon and chart a path for human missions to Mars. As a platform for science, Gateway builds on decades of success on the International Space Station by extending utilization capabilities from low-Earth orbit to deep space to leverage opportunities specific to the deep space lunar environment. NASA leads the Gateway Program and serves as the integrator of spaceflight capabilities and contributions of U.S. commercial and international partners, including the European Space Agency (ESA), Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), to develop Gateway and leverage unique opportunities presented by its location in deep space. This paper provides: Gateway spacecraft overview, internal and external accommodations, resources for utilization, and vantage point for Earth, Sun, and Moon observations. Three utilization payloads have already been selected to fly on Gateway as part of the initial modules, the Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) and Power and Propulsion Element (PPE): European Radiation Sensors Array (ERSA), Heliophysics Environmental and Radiation Measurement Experiment Suite (HERMES), and Internal Dosimeter Array (IDA). This paper will provide a short summary of each payload, the value behind conducting each payload, and share an overview of future utilization goals of Gateway.

Stephanie Buskirk Dudley↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA’s Earth System Observatory Formulation Overview

NASA’s Earth System Observatory (ESO) is an array of Earth-focused, interconnected satellite missions focused on five core study areas: Surface Biology and Geology, Mass Change, Aerosols, Surface Deformation and Change, and Clouds, Convection, and Precipitation. Observatory development follows recommendations from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine’s 2017 Earth Science Decadal Survey. Data gathered by ESO missions will provide actionable science to inform decisions related to climate change, disaster mitigation, and wildfires, improve real-time agricultural processes, and many other applications. Targeting launch dates in the late 2020s and early 2030s, each ESO satellite will deliver valuable information, but by working together as a single observatory system, their combined data and imagery will provide the global community with a 4D, holistic view of Earth, from bedrock to atmosphere. The ESO is also building on the legacy of international collaboration in Earth science, with initial participation and collaboration on these missions across space agency partners, including the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Canadian Space Agency (CSA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), and Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI). This paper provides an overview of ESO, as well as an update on ESO missions currently in formulation – the Atmosphere Observing System, Mass Change, and Surface Biology and Geology elements – including current mission architectures, international partner collaboration, science community engagement, and applications efforts, as well as how NASA and its partners will make ESO data accessible to users all over the world.

NASA Earth Science↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA’s Earth System Observatory Formulation Progress

The 2017 Earth Science Decadal Survey by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine identified five foundational observations, or Designated Observables (DO), to be implemented as missions by NASA. To address these five DO areas – Surface Biology and Geology; Mass Change; Aerosols; Cloud, Convection, and Precipitation; and Surface Deformation and Change – NASA is developing the Earth System Observatory (ESO) as an array of Earth-focused, interconnected satellite missions. The ESO will build on the strong history of international partnerships in NASA Earth science, with initial participation and collaboration on these missions across space agency partners including the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Canadian Space Agency (CSA), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), and Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI). Targeting launch dates in the late 2020s and early 2030s, the ESO will work as a single observatory, with each satellite in the ESO delivering its own valuable information, but taken together, the data and imagery will provide the global community with a multidimensional, holistic view of the Earth. In addition to furthering the world’s scientific knowledge, data gathered by ESO missions will provide actionable science to inform decisions related to climate change, disaster mitigation, and wildfires, improve real-time agricultural processes, and many other applications. This paper will provide an overview of the ESO development activities, as well as an update on the individual ESO missions currently in formulation – Atmosphere Observing System, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment-Continuity, and Surface Biology and Geology – including current mission architectures and concepts, international partner collaboration, science community engagement, and applications efforts, as well as how ESO data will be freely open and accessible to users all over the world.

NASA Earth Science↗

NASA NTRS2024

Expanding Impact with the James Webb Space Telescope: Combining Art, Science, and Technology for Public Outreach

This archived content may contain outdated information or references that may not reflect current policy or programs. NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope revealed its first images on July 12, 2022 and has been used for groundbreaking science since. Scientific exploration transcends international borders, making a mission like Webb feasible with collaborators including the European Space Agency (ESA), and Canadian Space Agency (CSA). Communication about NASA’s discoveries about the universe, so essential for involving the public, likewise needs to be inclusive to all. Art is a tool for cutting across the boundaries of language, culture, and ability, and serves as a bridge between the technical and non-technical communities. Art makes the beauty and nuance of science and engineering accessible in ways that may not be readily perceived to those outside of those communities of practice. Equitable and inclusive outreach endeavors are challenging to implement while considering language translations, culture context, sensory methods, and technology capabilities. Formats including “Unfolding the Universe'' virtual reality platform has allowed for a wider audience to interact with the Webb images including sounds, visual aids, and talks by the scientists and engineers who worked on Webb. This VR platform has been expanded to highlight the ESA contributors to the mission and will be showcased internationally. The Webb first images were also translated into sounds as a method of inclusion for anyone with sight disabilities. We will explore some successful outreach methods and suggestions for inclusivity in future.

Outreach↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Equitable and Inclusive Public Outreach with the James Webb Space Telescope: Combining Art, Science, and Technology

Outreach↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Summary of NASA Progress on the Development and Qualification of a 12-kW Hall-Effect, Solar Electric Propulsion Thruster

Beginning in 2014, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) began a project to increase the state of the art for the Hall-Effect Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) technology. The Technology Demonstration Missions (TDM) Program Office provides programmatic oversight of SEP with the project being led by Glenn Research Center, supported by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and development, qualification & flight hardware all provided by Aerojet Rocketdyne (AR). This technology was pursued as the propulsion system for the Asteroid Redirect and Robotic Mission (ARRM). While the concept was originally slated for ARRM, it was realigned to Gateway to support future Moon to Mars objectives. The Gateway lunar station was established and will play a key role in NASA’s Artemis Program which utilizes collaboration with the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA). The 12-kW hardware will be the primary propulsion for the Gateway element, Power & Propulsion Element (PPE), from Low Earth Orbit to a Near Rectilinear Halo Orbit around the Moon. Initial efforts began with utilizing Technology Development Units (TDU) built by NASA as the predecessor to the contract activity with AR. Over the past few years, AR has built Engineering Test Units (ETU), Engineering Development Units (EDU) and qualification & flight models (QM and FM, respectively). With requirement changes from the AARM mission to PPE, the joint team has modified the design and has started qualification activities for environment testing (shock, vibe) at multiple facilities in the US leading to eventual life testing. This paper will explore the various design changes, system modeling and the latest status for qualification testing.

Joel Robinson↗