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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1981

Selecting an image analysis minicomputer system

Factors to be weighed when selecting a minicomputer system as the basis for an image analysis computer facility vary depending on whether the user organization procures a new computer or selects an existing facility to serve as an image analysis host. Some conditions not directly related to hardware or software should be considered such as the flexibility of the computer center staff, their encouragement of innovation, and the availability of the host processor to a broad spectrum of potential user organizations. Particular attention must be given to: image analysis software capability; the facilities of a potential host installation; the central processing unit; the operating system and languages; main memory; disk storage; tape drives; hardcopy output; and other peripherals. The operational environment, accessibility; resource limitations; and operational supports are important. Charges made for program execution and data storage must also be examined.

Danielson, R.↗
NASA NTRS1998

Pixel Paradise

PixelVision, Inc., has developed a series of integrated imaging engines capable of high-resolution image capture at dynamic speeds. This technology was used originally at Jet Propulsion Laboratory in a series of imaging engines for a NASA mission to Pluto. By producing this integrated package, Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) technology has been made accessible to a wide range of users.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2023

Determining the gluonic gravitational form factors of the proton

The proton is one of the main building blocks of all visible matter in the Universe. Among its intrinsic properties are its electric charge, mass and spin. These properties emerge from the complex dynamics of its fundamental constituents—quarks and gluons—described by the theory of quantum chromodynamics. The electric charge and spin of protons, which are shared among the quarks, have been investigated previously using electron scattering. An example is the highly precise measurement of the electric charge radius of the proton. By contrast, little is known about the inner mass density of the proton, which is dominated by the energy carried by gluons. Gluons are hard to access using electron scattering because they do not carry an electromagnetic charge. Here we investigated the gravitational density of gluons using a small colour dipole, through the threshold photoproduction of the J/ψ particle. We determined the gluonic gravitational form factors of the proton from our measurement. Here we used a variety of models and determined, in all cases, a mass radius that is notably smaller than the electric charge radius. In some, but not all cases, depending on the model, the determined radius agrees well with first-principle predictions from lattice quantum chromodynamics. This work paves the way for a deeper understanding of the salient role of gluons in providing gravitational mass to visible matter.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS1992

Energetic charged-particle phenomena in the Jovian magnetosphere - First results from the Ulysses COSPIN collaboration

The Ulysses spacecraft made the first exploration of the region of Jupiter's magnetosphere at high Jovigraphic latitudes on the dusk side and reached higher magnetic latitudes on the day side than any previous mission to Jupiter. The cosmic and solar particle investigations (COSPIN) instrumentation achieved a remarkably well integrated set of observations of energetic charged particles in the energy ranges of about 1 to 170 megaelectron volts for electrons and 0.3 to 20 megaelectron volts for protons and heavier nuclei. The new findings include an apparent polar cap region in the northern hemisphere in which energetic charged particles following Jovian magnetic field lines may have direct access to the interplanetary medium; high-energy electron bursts on the dusk side that are apparently associated with field-aligned currents and radio burst emissions; persistence of the global 10-hour relativistic electron 'clock' phenomenon throughout Jupiter's magnetosphere; on the basis of charged-particle measurements, apparent dragging of magnetic field lines at large radii in the dusk sector toward the tail; and consistent outflow of megaelectron volt electrons and large-scale departures from corotation for nucleons.

Simpson, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS2017

Board Level Proton Testing Book of Knowledge for NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging Program

This book of knowledge (BoK) provides a critical review of the benefits and difficulties associated with using proton irradiation as a means of exploring the radiation hardness of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) systems. This work was developed for the NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Board Level Testing for the COTS task. The fundamental findings of this BoK are the following. The board-level test method can reduce the worst case estimate for a board's single-event effect (SEE) sensitivity compared to the case of no test data, but only by a factor of ten. The estimated worst case rate of failure for untested boards is about 0.1 SEE/board-day. By employing the use of protons with energies near or above 200 MeV, this rate can be safely reduced to 0.01 SEE/board-day, with only those SEEs with deep charge collection mechanisms rising this high. For general SEEs, such as static random-access memory (SRAM) upsets, single-event transients (SETs), single-event gate ruptures (SEGRs), and similar cases where the relevant charge collection depth is less than 10 μm, the worst case rate for SEE is below 0.001 SEE/board-day. Note that these bounds assume that no SEEs are observed during testing. When SEEs are observed during testing, the board-level test method can establish a reliable event rate in some orbits, though all established rates will be at or above 0.001 SEE/board-day. The board-level test approach we explore has picked up support as a radiation hardness assurance technique over the last twenty years. The approach originally was used to provide a very limited verification of the suitability of low cost assemblies to be used in the very benign environment of the International Space Station (ISS), in limited reliability applications. Recently the method has been gaining popularity as a way to establish a minimum level of SEE performance of systems that require somewhat higher reliability performance than previous applications. This sort of application of the method suggests a critical analysis of the method is in order. This is also of current consideration because the primary facility used for this type of work, the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility (IUCF) (also known as the Integrated Science and Technology (ISAT) hall), has closed permanently, and the future selection of alternate test facilities is critically important. This document reviews the main theoretical work on proton testing of assemblies over the last twenty years. It augments this with review of reported data generated from the method and other data that applies to the limitations of the proton board-level test approach. When protons are incident on a system for test they can produce spallation reactions. From these reactions, secondary particles with linear energy transfers (LETs) significantly higher than the incident protons can be produced. These secondary particles, together with the protons, can simulate a subset of the space environment for particles capable of inducing single event effects (SEEs). The proton board-level test approach has been used to bound SEE rates, establishing a maximum possible SEE rate that a test article may exhibit in space. This bound is not particularly useful in many cases because the bound is quite loose. We discuss the established limit that the proton board-level test approach leaves us with. The remaining possible SEE rates may be as high as one per ten years for most devices. The situation is actually more problematic for many SEE types with deep charge collection. In cases with these SEEs, the limits set by the proton board-level test can be on the order of one per 100 days. Because of the limited nature of the bounds established by proton testing alone, it is possible that tested devices will have actual SEE sensitivity that is very low (e.g., fewer than one event in 1 × 10(exp 4) years), but the test method will only be able to establish the limits indicated above. This BoK further examines other benefits of proton board-level testing besides hardness assurance. The primary alternate use is the injection of errors. Error injection, or fault injection, is something that is often done in a simulation environment. But the proton beam has the benefit of injecting the majority of actual SEEs without risk of something being missed, and without the risk of simulation artifacts misleading the SEE investigation.

Guertin, Steven M.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Discerning element and site-specific fluctuations of the charge-orbital order in Fe 3 O 4 below the Verwey transition

Despite countless experimental probes into magnetite's electronic structure across the Verwey transition Fe 3 O 4 , the exact origin of this archetypical metal-insulator transition remains a puzzle. Advanced x-ray diffraction techniques have mostly resolved the monoclinic structure of the insulating phase, including interatomic bond lengths, but the complexity of the charge-orbitally ordered state is difficult to disentangle. Here we combined resonant elastic x-ray scattering and x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy to probe charge-orbital fluctuations in the insulating state of magnetite. By accessing the Bragg forbidden $(00\frac{1}{2})_{c}$ peak at the oxygen K-edge, we complement our previous study on the iron L 3 – edge to reveal the dynamics of the iron 3d and oxygen 2p orbital domains. Our new results reveal a decoupling of the orbital correlation lengths between the oxygen 2p states and site-specific iron 3d states, and we further show charge-orbital domain fluctuations at the iron t 2g orbital sites of trimeron chains. These results also demonstrate an experimental method capable of distinguishing electronic dynamics between the oxygen ligands and the transition metal that underpins emergent behaviors in complex oxides.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Non-Invasive Electrode Impedance Estimation for Optimized Charge Profile Parameterization of Lithium-Ion Batteries

This work presents a non-invasive method for parameterizing a physically motivated equivalent circuit model of lithium-ion batteries using operando electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and time-domain data. The proposed model consists exclusively of linear circuit elements, enabling computationally efficient simulation and real-time implementation on battery management system chips. By integrating frequency- and time-domain measurements, the model accurately estimates internal states such as the negative electrode potential, achieving a root mean square error of 12.3 mV during fast charging validation. Parameterization requires only rate tests with sinusoidal perturbations at three different ambient temperatures, making the approach experimentally accessible. The model reveals key insights into battery behavior, including rate-dependent overpotentials primarily governed by charge transfer kinetics at the positive electrode, and temperature-dependent impedance contributions from both charge transfer and solid-state diffusion processes. Validation using reference electrodes confirms the model’s ability to detect lithium plating onset and reproduce impedance behavior across a wide range of operating conditions. The approach enables in situ optimization of fast charging profiles and lays the foundation for future extensions incorporating aging effects and plating dynamics.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS2008

Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission: NASA Precipitation Processing System (PPS)

NASA is contributing the precipitation measurement data system PPS to support the GPM mission. PPS will distribute all GPM data products including NASA s GMI data products freely and quickly. PPS is implementing no system mechanisms for restricting access to GPM data. PPS is implementing no system mechanisms for charging for GPM data products. PPS will provide a number of geographical and parameter subsetting features available to its users. The first implementation of PPS (called PPS--) will assume processing of TRMM data effective 1 June 2008. TRMM realtime data will be available via PPS- to all users requesting access

Stocker, Erich Franz↗
DOE OSTI2023

Expandable Li Percolation Network: The Effects of Site Distortion in Cation-Disordered Rock-Salt Cathode Material

Cation-disordered rock-salt (DRX) materials receive intensive attention as a new class of cathode candidates for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Unlike traditional layered cathode materials, DRX materials have a three-dimensional (3D) percolation network for Li + transportation. The disordered structure poses a grand challenge to a thorough understanding of the percolation network due to its multiscale complexity. In this work, we introduce the large supercell modeling for DRX material Li 1.16 Ti 0.37 Ni 0.37 Nb 0.10 O 2 (LTNNO) via the reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) method combined with neutron total scattering. Here, through a quantitative statistical analysis of the material’s local atomic environment, we experimentally verified the existence of short-range ordering (SRO) and uncovered an element-dependent behavior of transition metal (TM) site distortion. A displacement from the original octahedral site for Ti 4+ cations is pervasive throughout the DRX lattice. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that site distortions quantified by the centroid offsets could alter the migration barrier for Li + diffusion through the tetrahedral channels, which can expand the previously proposed theoretical percolating network of Li. The estimated accessible Li content is highly consistent with the observed charging capacity. The newly developed characterization method here uncovers the expandable nature of the Li percolation network in DRX materials, which may provide valuable guidelines for the design of superior DRX materials.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Single-photon emission from two-dimensional perovskites channeled through low-energy edge states

Two-dimensional perovskites, an emerging family of van der Waals materials with an innate quantum-well structure, exhibit remarkable optical characteristics and compositional tunability. However, their potential as a source for quantum emitters remains unexplored. Here, we investigate low-energy edge states unique to two-dimensional perovskites using comprehensive photoluminescence imaging and spectroscopy, to further leverage them towards uncovering quantum emitters. In contrast to above-bandgap excitation, spatially localized single-photon emitters are realized through sub-bandgap energy excitation at the edges in exfoliated single crystals. Specifically, the sub-bandgap excitation facilitates efficient access to deeply confined states within the bandgap, as charge carriers can channel through low-energy edge states while inhibiting competing processes. Furthermore, we demonstrate single-photon emitters from artificially created edges via strain as well as from two-dimensional perovskites with different quantum-well thicknesses. Our findings provide promising opportunities in the development of two-dimensional quantum emitters, where two-dimensional perovskites may provide added functionalities with versatility in material design, fabrication, and scalability.

Materials for optics↗
DOE OSTI2020

Effectiveness of Electric Vehicle Policies and Implications for Pakistan

This report explores evidence from several key countries regarding the impacts to electric vehicle (EV) market penetration from financial incentives, road access policies, EV mandates, fuel taxes, discounted electricity rates, charging infrastructure, and government investment in the domestic automotive industry. It reviews EV promotional policies in countries that have demonstrated success deploying EVs, focusing on Norway, China, the United States, India, and Korea. It also provides anecdotal examples from select ASEAN countries trying to promote domestic auto industry EV activity, such as Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, and Vietnam. It provides applicability to policy efforts for growing the EV industry in Pakistan.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
NASA NTRS1979

Real-time video-image analysis

Digitizer and storage system allow rapid random access to video data by computer. RAPID (random-access picture digitizer) uses two commercially-available, charge-injection, solid-state TV cameras as sensors. It can continuously update its memory with each frame of video signal, or it can hold given frame in memory. In either mode, it generates composite video output signal representing digitized image in memory.

Eskenazi, R.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Particle Identification in the ACCESS Mission

ACCESS (Assembly Concept for Construction of Erectable Space Structures) is a planned Space Station mission to measure the elemental energy spectra of Galactic cosmic rays at energies above 100 GeV/nuc. ACCESS consists of a transition radiation detector (TRD) mounted on top of an ionization calorimeter (IC). A silicon matrix detector placed on top of the IC determines the elemental identity of each cosmic ray measured by the IC. The silicon matrix must be designed to identify each cosmic ray in the presence of backscatter from the calorimeter. Because the TRD is mounted above the IC, the matrix must also recognize cosmic rays that have interacted within the TRD before reaching the IC. We will report the results of detailed GEANT simulations of the silicon matrix in ACCESS. Results will be presented on backscatter interference with charge identification and the ability of the matrix to recognize cosmic rays that interacted in the TRD.

Wang, J. Z.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Nitrogen–Rich Conjugated Macrocycles: Synthesis, Conductivity, and Application in Electrochemical CO 2 Capture

Here we report a series of nitrogen-rich conjugated macrocycles that mimic the structure and function of semiconducting 2D metal–organic and covalent organic frameworks while providing greater solution processability and surface tunability. Using a new tetraaminotriphenylene building block that is compatible with both coordination chemistry and dynamic covalent chemistry reactions, we have synthesized two distinct macrocyclic cores containing Ni–N and phenazine-based linkages, respectively. The fully conjugated macrocycle cores support strong interlayer stacking and accessible nanochannels. For the metal–organic macrocycles, good out-of-plane charge transport is preserved, with pressed pellet conductivities of 10 –3 S/cm for the nickel variants. Lastly, using electrochemically mediated CO2 capture as an example, we illustrate how colloidal phenazine-based organic macrocycles improve electrical contact and active site electrochemical accessibility relative to bulk covalent organic framework powders. Together, these results highlight how simple macrocycles can enable new synthetic directions as well as new applications by combining the properties of crystalline porous frameworks, the processability of nanomaterials, and the precision of molecular synthesis.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Accessing the deuteron source with pion-deuteron femtoscopy in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV

Femtoscopy of nonidentical particle pairs has been instrumental for precision measurements of both two-particle sources and the final-state interactions in high-energy elementary and heavy-ion collisions. The majority of measurements assessing the source properties are based on identical particle pairs, providing direct access to the characteristics of the single-particle source. The work in this paper demonstrates, via femtoscopy measurements of charged pion-deuteron pairs in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV, the feasibility of accessing the characteristics of the single-particle femtoscopic source by using particle pairs with large mass differences such as pions and deuterons. The first experimental results of the measurement of deuteron source sizes in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions are presented. The results show good agreement with the trend derived from other charged hadrons such as pions, kaons, and protons as a function of transverse mass, indicating similar source properties.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS2018

From Apollo to the Future, the NASA Curation Model for Engaging the Sample Science Community Maximizes Science on Extraterrestrial Samples

The Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office at Johnson Space Center (JSC) has enjoyed a long-term partnership (50 years!) with a broad community of planetary sample scientists. This partnership has enabled the curators of planetary samples to plan for and enact evolving requirements for preservation of sample scientific integrity and for handling and long-term storage. The basis for this relationship is a standing peer review advisory committee composed of leading scientists who are recognized for achievements in sample analysis. The committee and its descendants have brought familiarity with the most relevant scientific investigations and the associated analytical and contamination challenges. Beginning with Apollo, the review committee was charged with oversight of curatorial operations and with ensuring fair access to samples. As additional samples from other planetary bodies were acquired, the committee evolved, taking on new responsibilities, reflected in committee name changes. However, oversight of curatorial operations and fair allocation of samples remain basic responsibilities. Committee recommendations are sent to the NASA Headquarters Discipline Scientist for approval. To minimize conflict of interest and maximize fair access, the rules governing the make-up of the committee is structured. Systematic rotation of leadership and staggered terms of membership allow the committee to retain expertise while bringing in fresh ideas. The first peer review committee was called the Lunar Sample Analysis and Planning Team (LSAPT) and was formalized in early 1968 with about 15 members. Their function was to review a) the equipment and procedures used in the new Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL); b) the proficiency and capability of the LRL staff; c) the sequence of sample analysis and allocation after quarantine release; and d) the findings of the Preliminary Examination Team (PET). According to LSAPT member Gerald Wasserburg, one of the first issues they faced was deciding whether to have most of the sample analyses performed in house at the LRL or to distribute samples to members of the scientific community. LSAPT concluded that the major scientific investigations should be carried out externally to the LRL by scientists chosen for their expertise in specific disciplines. Further they recommended that the PET's basic characterization of samples be circulated to the broad scientific community. LSAPT set its own agenda, paid attention to facility details, closely monitored the move of samples from the LRL to the interim curatorial facility in 1973, and was active in inspecting curation facilities. Between 1975 and 1979, a Facility Subcommittee of LSAPT oversaw the design and construction of a permanent facility for preservation of lunar samples. The result was an outstanding facility still in use today. In 1977, a separate peer review committee, the Meteorite Working Group (MWG), was formed to evaluate requests for new meteorites then being collected in Antarctica under what would in 1980 become a 3-agency agreement (National Science Foundation, NASA, Smithsonian Institution). By 1979, after lunar samples were moved into the new permanent facility, the vacated gloveboxes and laboratory were prepared for meteorite curation. Recognizing that LSAPT had been helpful in setting up the JSC curatorial facility for Antarctic meteorites, JSC recommended the review committee be given expanded duties, including advice on curation and analysis of materials from other planetary bodies and the name be changed to Lunar and Planetary Sample Team (LAPST). In 1993, LAPST was renamed the Curation and Analysis Planning Team for Extraterrestrial Materials (CAPTEM) to reflect additional functions. CAPTEM is chartered to be (1) a community-based, interdisciplinary forum for discussion and analysis of matters concerning the collection and curation of extraterrestrial samples, including planning future sample return missions and (2) a standing review panel, charged with evaluating proposals requesting allocation of all extraterrestrial samples contained in NASA collections. Efficiency and flexibility are gained through use of subcommittees, both ad hoc and standing. Transition of the MWG to a subcommittee of CAPTEM was completed in 2017. Today subcommittees review allocation requests for lunar samples, Antarctic meteorites, cosmic dust, Stardust cometary samples, Genesis solar wind samples, and samples returned from asteroids. Other subcommittees address facilities, informatics, and micro-cratered substrates. Planetary samples have been sent to research teams in over 30 countries world-wide. The expertise in the care and fair distribution of astromaterials by NASA using this model spans generations of planetary sample scientists and is a valuable resource to be tapped for future sample returns - OSIRIS-REx, Hayabusa 2, and Mars 2020.

Allton, Judith↗
DOE OSTI2024

Quantum Spin Probe of Single Charge Dynamics

Electronic defects in semiconductors form the basis for emerging quantum technologies, but many defect centers are difficult to access at the single-particle level. A method for probing optically inactive spin defects would reveal semiconductor physics at the atomic scale and advance the study of new quantum systems. Here, we exploit the intrinsic correlation between the charge and spin states of defect centers to measure the charge populations and dynamics of single substitutional nitrogen spin defects in diamond. By probing their steady-state spin population, read out at the single-defect level with a nearby nitrogen vacancy center, we directly measure the defect ionization-corroborated by first-principles calculations-an effect we do not have access to with traditional coherence-based quantum sensing.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Managing Workplace Charging: Argonne National Laboratory’s Reservation-Based Smart EV Charging Platform

The Smart Electric Power Alliance (SEPA) partnered with Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne) to produce a case study on Argonne’s workplace electric vehicle (EV) charging program, designed to optimize employees’ ability to reserve EV chargers and allow Argonne to implement a workplace managed charging solution. Formally known as EVrez, the program offers Argonne’s employees access to more than 50 Level 2 chargers and 4 DC fast chargers (DCFC). Employees must reserve and manage their EV sessions through the EVrez mobile app platform. This report outlines the EVrez program, from inception to maturity, highlighting key learnings and best practices from the Argonne team. As other workplaces seek to offer their own workplace charging offerings, this report highlights foundational steps and considerations.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗