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The direct electrical resistance and the electrical contact resistance of graphite fibers released from both burned and unburned Fiberite T300/1034 composite were measured. The voltage at which arcing occurs due to fibers settling on electrical conductors was also determined. On the basis of results obtained, an assessment was made of the hazards posed by graphite fibers to electrical equipment.
Plasma contactors are proposed as a means of making good electrical contact between biased surfaces such as found at the ends of an electrodynamic tether and the space environment. The plasma contactor emits a plasma cloud which facilitates the electrical connection. The physics of this plasma cloud is investigated for contactors used as electron collectors. The central question addressed is whether the electrons collected by a plasma contactor come from the far field or by ionization of local neutral gas. This question is important because the system implications are different for the two mechanisms. It is shown that contactor clouds in space will consist of a spherical core possibly containing a shock wave. Outside of the core the cloud will expand anisotropically across the magnetic field leading to a turbulent cigar shape structure along the field. This outer region is itself divided into two regions by the ion response to the electric field. A two-dimensional theory for the outer regions of the cloud is developed. The current voltage characteristic of an Argon plasma contactor cloud is estimated for several ion currents in the range of 1 to 100 Amperes. It is suggested that the major source of collected electrons comes by ionization of neutral gas while collection of electrons from the far field is relatively small.
Here, we performed cyclic loading of photovoltaic laminates with precracked silicon cells to explore if and how loading frequency and contact pressure influence the ensuing gridline wear-out process. A measurement of parallel resistance across cracked gridlines on a laminated cell coupon was used as the metric for gridline electrical contact degradation. A statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis of the experimental results discerned that loading frequency is a more significant factor than contact pressure for gridline degradation.
An analytic solution is presented for the steady state electric and magnetic fields induced by the motional electric field of the solar wind in the atmosphere or interior of a planet that is asymmetrically surrounded by solar wind plasma. The electrically conducting ionosphere or interior must be in direct electrical contact with the solar wind over the day side of the planet. The conducting region of the planet is modeled by a sphere or a spherical shell of arbitrarily stratified electrical conductivity. A monoconducting cylindrical cavity is assumed to extend downstream on the night side of the planet. The solar wind is assumed to be highly conducting so that the induced fields are confined to the planet and cavity. Induced currents close as sheet currents at the solar wind-cavity and solar wind-planet interfaces. Numerical evaluations of the analytic formulas are carried out for a uniformly conducting spherical model.
Here, the complex morphological evolution of lithium metal at the solid-state electrolyte interface limits performance of solid-state batteries, leading to inhomogeneous reactions and contact loss. Inspired by biological morphogenesis, we developed an interfacial self-regulation concept in which a deformable secondary phase dynamically aggregates at the interface in response to local electro-chemo-mechanical stimuli, enhancing contact. The stripping of a lithium electrode that contains 5 to 20 mole % electrochemically inactive sodium domains causes spontaneous sodium accumulation across the interface, with the sodium deforming to attain intimate electrical contact without blocking lithium transport. This process, characterized with operando x-ray tomography and electron microscopy, mitigates voiding and improves cycling at low stack pressures. The counterintuitive strategy of adding electrochemically inactive alkali metal to improve performance demonstrates the utility of interfacial self-regulation for solid-state batteries.
Abstract—An Electrodynamic Dust Shield (EDS) was to be mounted over the cameras of the Regolith Advanced Surface Systems Operations Robot (RASSOR) to mitigate the clouding effects and abrasive properties of lunar dust. This report discusses the redesign process and physical fabrication of the housing unit planned to attach the EDS to the RASSOR camera. The two-piece 3D-Printed design consists of a holder and cover unit. The EDS Holder seats the EDS near two live copper contacts that are to be wired into the main electronics housing. The EDS Cover seats two metal leaf spring tabs to bridge the connections between the copper contacts and EDS electrodes, as well as a centralized O-ring that is pressed flush against the EDS to mitigate dust intrusion. All components were modeled, printed, and checked for proper electrical contact and mechanical fit. The built-up assembly was subsequently tested in the Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory (ESPL) and demonstrated good dust clearing performance.
Plasma contactors have been proposed as a means of making good electrical contact between biased surfaces such as found at the ends of an electrodynamic tether and the space environment. A plasma contactor is a plasma source which emits a plasma cloud which facilitates the electrical connection. The physics of this plasma cloud is investigated for contactors used as electron collectors and it is shown that contactor clouds in space will consist of a spherical core possibly containing a shock wave. Outside of the core the cloud will expand anisotropically across the magnetic field leading to a turbulent cigar shape structure along the field. This outer region is itself divided into two regions by the ion response to the electric field. A two dimensional theory of the motion of the cloud across the magnetic field is developed. The current voltage characteristic of an Argon plasma contactor cloud is estimated for several ion currents in the range of 1-100 Amperes. It is shown that small ion current contactors are more efficient than large ion current contactors. This suggests that if a plasma contactor is used on an electrodynamic tether, then a multiple tether array will be more efficient than a single tether.
Plasma contactors have been proposed as a means of making good electrical contact between biased surfaces such as found at the ends of an electrodynamic tether and the space environment. A plasma contactor is a plasma source which emits a plasma cloud which facilitates the electrical connection. The physics of this plasma cloud is investigated for contactors used as electron collectors and it is shown that contactor clouds in space will consist of a spherical core possibly containing a shock wave. Outside of the core the cloud will expand anisotropically across the magnetic field leading to a turbulent cigar shape structure along the field. This outer region is itself divided into two regions by the ion response to the electric field. A two-dimensional theory of the motion of the cloud across the magnetic field is developed. The current voltage characteristic of an Argon plasma contactor cloud is estimated for several ion currents in the range of 1-100 Amperes. It is shown that small ion current contactors are more efficient than large ion current contactors. This suggests that if a plasma contactor is used on an electrodynamic tether then a miltiple tether array will be more efficient than a single tether.
The ability to manipulate carbon nanotubes with increasing precision has enabled a large number of successful electron transport experiments. These studies have primarily focussed on characterizing transport through both metallic and semiconducting wires. Tans et al. demonstrated ballistic transport in single-wall nanotubes for the first time, although the experimental configuration incurred large contact resistance. Subsequently, methods of producing low contact resistances have been developed and two terminal conductances smaller than 50 k-ohms have been repeatably demonstrated in single-wall and multi-wall nanotubes. In multi-wall nanotubes, Frank et al. demonstrated a resistance of approximately h/2e(exp 2) in a configuration where the outermost layer made contact to a liquid metal. This was followed by the work of de Pablo et al. where a resistance of h(bar)/27e(exp 2) (approximately 478 ohms) was measured in a configuration where electrical contact was made to many layers of a multi-wall nanotube. Frank et al. and Pablo et al. note that each conducting layer contributes a conductance of only 2e(exp 2)/h, instead of the 4e(exp 2)/h that a single particle mode counting picture yields. These small resistances have been obtained in microns long nanotubes, making them the best conducting molecular wires to date. The large conductance of nanotube wires stems from the fact that the crossing bands of nanotubes are robust to defect scattering.
Lightweight cathodes for rechargeable nickel-based electrochemical cells undergoing development. In cathodes, mats of nickel fibers are substrates providing structural support of, and electrical contact with, active cathode material. Offers specific energies greater than sintered nickel plaque cathodes. Electrodes used in rechargeable batteries for applications in which weight major concern, including laptop computers, cellular phones, flashlights, soldiers' backpacks, and electric vehicles.
Aluminum based diffusion cooled hot electron bolometers (HEB) mixers, predicted to have better noise, bandwidth and to require less LO power than Nb based diffusion cooled HEBs, have been fabricated. Preliminary DC tests were performed. The bolometer elements consisted of short (0.1 to 0.3 micron), narrow (0.08 to 0. 15 micron) and thin (11 nm) aluminum wires connected to large contact pads consisting of a novel trilayer Al/Ti/Au. The patterns were defined by electron beam lithography and the metal deposition involved a double angle process, the Aluminum wires being deposited straight on and the pads being deposited at a 45 degree angle without breaking vacuum. The Al/Ti/Au trilayer was developed to provide a way of making contact between the aluminum wire and the gold antenna. The Titanium layer acts as a diffusion barrier to avoid damage of the Aluminum contact and bolometer wire and to lower the transition temperature of the pads to below that of the bolometer wire. The Au layer avoids the formation of an oxide on the Ti layer and provides good electrical contact to the IF/antenna structure. The resistance of the bolometers as a function of temperature was measured. It is clear that below the transition temperature of the wire (1.8K) but above the transition temperature of the contact pads (0.6K), the proximity effect drives most of the bolometer wire normal, causing a very broad transition. This effect should not affect the performance of the bolometers since they will be operated at a temperature below the TC of the pads. This is evident from the IV characteristics measured at 0.3K. RF characterization tests will begin shortly.
A third-order distributed feedback laser has an active medium disposed on a substrate as a linear array of segments having a series of periodically spaced interstices therebetween and a first conductive layer disposed on a surface of the active medium on each of the segments and along a strip from each of the segments to a conductive electrical contact pad for application of current along a path including the active medium. Upon application of a current through the active medium, the active medium functions as an optical waveguide, and there is established an alternating electric field, at a THz frequency, both in the active medium and emerging from the interstices. Spacing of adjacent segments is approximately half of a wavelength of the THz frequency in free space or an odd integral multiple thereof, so that the linear array has a coherence length greater than the length of the linear array.
A chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process has been used to produce device structures of n- and p-type 6H-SiC epitaxial layers on commercially produced single-crystal 6H-SiC wafers. Mesa-style p-n junction diodes were successfully fabricated from these device structures using reactive ion etching, oxide passivation, and electrical contact metallization techniques. When tested in air, the 6H-SiC diodes displayed excellent rectification characteristics up to the highest temperature tested, 600 C. To observe avalanche breakdown of the p-n junction diodes, testing under a high-electrical-strength liquid was necessary. The avalanche breakdown voltage was 1000 V representing the highest reverse breakdown voltage to be reported for any CVD-grown SiC diode.
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis is a promising technology to produce cost-efficient hydrogen. PEM electrolyzers offer a large current density range and the ability to operate at differential pressure which can be used to minimize both capital and operational expenditures. However, directly producing pressurized hydrogen at the cathode results in pushing the membrane against the anode porous transport layer (PTL). This can lead to detrimental effects, such as membrane deformation or ruptures, which depend on membrane properties as well as PTL material properties such as pore size, structure, and morphology. In this work, a range of sinter and felt-based commercial PTLs are evaluated for their contributions to the cell's electrochemical and H 2 crossover performance at cathode pressures up to 30 bar. X-ray tomography and post-operando optical microscopy are used to assess the morphology of the PTLs, and the PTL induced deformation experienced by the catalyst coated membrane (CCM), respectively. PTL samples with lower porosity were found to reduce both the cell voltage and the amount of H 2 permeating from the cathode to the anode exhaust, which was ascribed to improved catalyst layer contact and reduced membrane deformation, respectively. The best performing PTLs improved electrolyzer efficiency by ~1.5 kWh/kg H2 . Specifically, 1 kWh/kg H2 was gained due to reducing membrane deformation and decreasing H 2 crossover. The remainder 0.5 kWh/kg H2 were achieved by improving the electrical contact at the electrode/PTL interface which decreased cell voltage.
Olivine (Mg, Fe)Si2O4 does not, by stoichiometry, accept cations such as Sc(3+) or Cr(3+). However, the partition coefficients of Sc and Cr between olivine and liquid are significant 0.2-1.0. We have measured Cr(3+) partition coefficients of near unity and have grown olivines with nearly 3 wt.% Sc2O3. Therefore, there must be a simple means of charge balancing 3+ ions in a crystal structure that was obviously not designed to receive other than 2+ ions on the olivine M sites. The simplest explanation is that two 3+ ions enter the olivine structure by displacing three 2+ ions and creating an M site vacancy. Even this explanation has difficulties. For minor elements in our experiments (~1 wt.%) the odds of a minor element 3+ ion finding a second 3+ for charge balance are of the order of 100:1 against. Because of the reducing conditions of our experiments, Fe(3+) will not suffice; and Al(3+) is not in sufficient quantity in olivine for charge balance. Therefore, Cr or Sc must, in effect, charge balance itself. For true trace elements, the problem is compounded many times. For an ion at the 10 ppm level the chances of finding a second (for example) Sc ion is approx.10(exp 5):1 against. Of course, any other 3+ ion would suffice but comparisons between percent level doping experiments and trace level partitioning indicate that Henry s law is obeyed. This implies that the same substitution mechanism occurs at both the percent and tens of ppm levels. There are two simple solutions to this problem: (i) The electrical conductivity of olivine is such that charge balance need not be local. This requires substantial domains within the olivine crystal in electrical contact by migration of vacancies or electronic defects. (ii) The 3+ cation brings along its own charge-balancing ion because it existed as a dimer in the silicate liquid. Olivine is not a true insulator but is actually a p-type semiconductor. Even so, electrical communication by this means is unlikely over the tens or hundreds of unit cells that would be required for charge balance to be local. Therefore, we cautiously favor the idea that melt speciation is the means by which 3+ ions enter the olivine structure. Possibly this model might be tested by in situ XAFS measurements or by molecular dynamical calculations.
A heterojunction or Schottky barrier photovoltaic device comprising a conductive base metal layer compatible with and coating predominately the exposed surface of the p-type substrate of the device such that a back surface field region is formed at the interface between the device and the base metal layer, a transparent, conductive mixed metal oxide layer in integral contact with the n-type layer of the heterojunction or Schottky barrier device having a metal alloy grid network of the same metal elements of the oxide constituents of the mixed metal oxide layer embedded in the mixed metal oxide layer, an insulating layer which prevents electrical contact between the conductive metal base layer and the transparent, conductive metal oxide layer, and a metal contact means covering the insulating layer and in intimate contact with the metal grid network embedded in the transparent, conductive oxide layer for conducting electrons generated by the photovoltaic process from the device.
Spring-loaded probe makes a reliable electrical contact by producing a circular wiping motion at the tip when inserted into a mating socket.
A new system to provide a contact with a silver mesh trapped between the cell and an encapsulating glass cover is described. Borosilicate glass is joined to the cell by electrostatic bonding during which the glass is deformed around the silver mesh to form a permanent optically coupled integral bond to the cell. The hermetic seal prevents the silver from oxidizing and destroying the electrical contact formed during the bonding process. It is demonstrated that electrostatic glass/silicon bonds have excellent stability under a variety of accelerated environmental tests. Electrostatic bonds to thin films of AL2O3, Ta2O5, and ZrO2 on glass can be used to make antireflective coatings for solar cells manufactured by this process. Test solar cells were manufactured by electrostatic bonding with good curve fill factors and efficiencies of 10 percent.