Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “GENERATORS, FANS”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8

Flight-Effects on Predicted Fan Fly-By Noise

The impact on PNLT (Perceived Noise Level, Tone corrected) and Fly-by EPNL (Effective Perceived Noise Level) when forward motion reduces the noise generated by the bypass fan of an aircraft engine was studied. Calculated noise spectra for a typical subsonic tip speed fan designed for blade passage frequency (BPF) tone cutoff were translated in frequency by systematically varying the BPF from 0.5 to 8 kHz. Two cases of predicted flight-effects on fan source noises were considered: reduced BPF tone level of 8 db and reduced broadband noise level of about 2 db in addition to reduced tone level. The maximum reduction in PNLT of the noise as emitted from the fan occurred when the BPF was at 4 kHz where the reductions were 7.4 and 10.0 db. The maximum reduction in EPNL of the noise as received during a 500-foot altitude fly-by occurred when the BPF was at 2.5 kHz where the reductions were 5.0 and 7.8 db.

Heidmann, M. F.↗

Lift/cruise fan V/STOL technology aircraft design definition study. Volume 2: Propulsion transmission system design

Two types of lift/cruise fan technology aircraft were conceptually designed. One aircraft used turbotip fans pneumatically interconnected to three gas generators, and the other aircraft used variable pitch fans mechanically interconnected to three turboshaft engines. The components of each propulsion transmission system were analyzed and designed to the depth necessary to determine areas of risk, development methods, performance, weights and costs. The types of materials and manufacturing processes were identified to show that the designs followed a low cost approach. The lift/cruise fan thrust vectoring hoods, which are applicable to either aircraft configuration, were also evaluated to assure a low cost/low risk approach.

Obrien, W. J.↗

Broadband Fan Noise Prediction System for Turbofan Engines: Setup_BFaNS User's Manual and Developer's Guide - Volume 1

Pratt & Whitney has developed a Broadband Fan Noise Prediction System (BFaNS) for turbofan engines. This system computes the noise generated by turbulence impinging on the leading edges of the fan and fan exit guide vane, and noise generated by boundary-layer turbulence passing over the fan trailing edge. BFaNS has been validated on three fan rigs that were tested during the NASA Advanced Subsonic Technology Program (AST). The predicted noise spectra agreed well with measured data. The predicted effects of fan speed, vane count, and vane sweep also agreed well with measurements. The noise prediction system consists of two computer programs: Setup_BFaNS and BFaNS. Setup_BFaNS converts user-specified geometry and flow-field information into a BFaNS input file. From this input file, BFaNS computes the inlet and aft broadband sound power spectra generated by the fan and FEGV. The output file from BFaNS contains the inlet, aft and total sound power spectra from each noise source. This report is the first volume of a three-volume set documenting the Broadband Fan Noise Prediction System: Volume 1: Setup_BFaNS User s Manual and Developer s Guide; Volume 2: BFaNS User's Manual and Developer s Guide; and Volume 3: Validation and Test Cases. The present volume begins with an overview of the Broadband Fan Noise Prediction System, followed by step-by-step instructions for installing and running Setup_BFaNS. It concludes with technical documentation of the Setup_BFaNS computer program.

Morin, Bruce L.↗

Broadband Fan Noise Prediction System for Turbofan Engines: BFaNS User's Manual and Developer's Guide - Volume 2

Pratt & Whitney has developed a Broadband Fan Noise Prediction System (BFaNS) for turbofan engines. This system computes the noise generated by turbulence impinging on the leading edges of the fan and fan exit guide vane, and noise generated by boundary-layer turbulence passing over the fan trailing edge. BFaNS has been validated on three fan rigs that were tested during the NASA Advanced Subsonic Technology Program (AST). The predicted noise spectra agreed well with measured data. The predicted effects of fan speed, vane count, and vane sweep also agreed well with measurements. The noise prediction system consists of two computer programs: Setup_BFaNS and BFaNS. Setup_BFaNS converts user-specified geometry and flow-field information into a BFaNS input file. From this input file, BFaNS computes the inlet and aft broadband sound power spectra generated by the fan and FEGV. The output file from BFaNS contains the inlet, aft and total sound power spectra from each noise source. This report is the second volume of a three-volume set documenting the Broadband Fan Noise Prediction System: Volume 1: Setup_BFaNS User s Manual and Developer s Guide; Volume 2: BFaNS User s Manual and Developer s Guide; and Volume 3: Validation and Test Cases. The present volume begins with an overview of the Broadband Fan Noise Prediction System, followed by step-by-step instructions for installing and running BFaNS. It concludes with technical documentation of the BFaNS computer program.

Morin, Bruce L.↗

Broadband Fan Noise Prediction System for Turbofan Engines: Validation and Test Cases - Volume 3

Pratt & Whitney has developed a Broadband Fan Noise Prediction System (BFaNS) for turbofan engines. This system computes the noise generated by turbulence impinging on the leading edges of the fan and fan exit guide vane, and noise generated by boundary-layer turbulence passing over the fan trailing edge. BFaNS has been validated on three fan rigs that were tested during the NASA Advanced Subsonic Technology Program (AST). The predicted noise spectra agreed well with measured data. The predicted effects of fan speed, vane count, and vane sweep also agreed well with measurements. The noise prediction system consists of two computer programs: Setup_BFaNS and BFaNS. Setup_BFaNS converts user-specified geometry and flow-field information into a BFaNS input file. From this input file, BFaNS computes the inlet and aft broadband sound power spectra generated by the fan and FEGV. The output file from BFaNS contains the inlet, aft and total sound power spectra from each noise source. This report is the third volume of a three-volume set documenting the Broadband Fan Noise Prediction System: Volume 1: Setup_BFaNS User s Manual and Developer s Guide; Volume 2: BFaNS User s Manual and Developer s Guide; and Volume 3: Validation and Test Cases. The present volume begins with an overview of the Broadband Fan Noise Prediction System, followed by validation studies that were done on three fan rigs. It concludes with recommended improvements and additional studies for BFaNS.

Morin, Bruce L.↗

A Study of Preliminary Design Methods for Low Noise Fans

Engineers need theory and computer codes to help them design quiet and efficient fans. A fast method to identify low-noise stator vane counts that might minimize tone noise for axial ducted fans has been developed. The analysis begins with a preliminary aerodynamic fan design. Duct acoustic and rotor-stator interaction theories are combined to predict the set of cut-on circumferential modes that are expected to be generated and propagate through the fan duct. By predicting the number of cut-on circumferential modes for each vane count, a set of low-noise vane counts for a given rotor and duct design can be identified. This method was used to design the stator set for NASA’s spacecraft cabin ventilation fan, in order to minimize tone noise generated by rotor-stator interaction at the first three blade passing frequency harmonics. This method was also applied to three other research fans that NASA uses for aeroacoustics research for comparison. This technique can be used to include acoustic design criteria early in the design of an axial fan and provide valuable information to guide the final design of quiet fans.

Fan↗

Boeing 18-Inch Fan Rig Broadband Noise Test

The purposes of the subject test were to identify and quantify the mechanisms by which fan broadband noise is produced, and to assess the validity of such theoretical models of those mechanisms as may be available. The test was conducted with the Boeing 18-inch fan rig in the Boeing Low-Speed Aeroacoustic Facility (LSAF). The rig was designed to be particularly clean and geometrically simple to facilitate theoretical modeling and to minimize sources of interfering noise. The inlet is cylindrical and is equipped with a boundary layer suction system. The fan is typical of modern high-by-pass ratio designs but is capable of operating with or without fan exit guide vanes (stators), and there is only a single flow stream. Fan loading and tip clearance are adjustable. Instrumentation included measurements of fan performance, the unsteady flow field incident on the fan and stators, and far-field and in-duct acoustic fields. The acoustic results were manipulated to estimate the noise generated by different sources. Significant fan broadband noise was found to come from the rotor self-noise as measured with clean inflow and no boundary layer. The rotor tip clearance affected rotor self-noise somewhat. The interaction of the rotor with inlet boundary layer turbulence is also a significant source, and is strongly affected by rotor tip clearance. High level noise can be generated by a high-order nonuniform rotating at a fraction of the fan speed, at least when tip clearance and loading are both large. Stator-generated noise is the loudest of the significant sources, by a small margin, at least on this rig. Stator noise is significantly affected by propagation through the fan.

Ganz, Ulrich W.↗

Control of turbofan lift engines for VTOL aircraft

The use of turbofan engines as lift units for VTOL aircraft poses new engine control problems. At low flight speeds, the lift units must provide the fast thrust response needed for aircraft attitude and height control. The results are presented of an analytical study of the dynamics and control of turbofan lift engines, and methods are proposed for meeting the response requirements imposed by the VTOL aircraft application. Two types of lift fan engines are discussed: the integral and remote. The integral engine is a conventional two-spool, high bypass ratio turbofan designed for low noise and short length. The remote engine employs a gas generator and a lift fan which are separated by a duct, and which need not be coaxial. For the integral engine, a control system design is presented which satisfies the VTOL response requirements. For the remote engine, two unconventional methods of control involving flow transfer between lift units are discussed. Both methods are shown to have thrust response near the required levels.

Sellers, J. F.↗

Control of turbofan lift engines for VTOL aircraft.

This paper presents the results of an analytical study of the dynamics and control of turbofan lift engines, and proposes methods of meeting the response requirements imposed by the VTOL aircraft application. Two types of lift fan engines are discussed: the integral and remote. The integral engine is a conventional two-spool, high bypass ratio turbofan designed for low noise and short length. The remote engine employs a gas generator and a lift fan which are separated by a duct, and which need not be coaxial. For the integral engine, a control system design is presented which satisfies the VTOL response requirements. For the remote engine, two unconventional methods of control involving flow transfer between lift units are discussed.

Sellers, J. F.↗

Evaluation of two inflow control devices for flight simulation of fan noise using a JT15D engine

The program was developed to accurately simulate flight fan noise on ground static test stands. The results generally indicated that both the induct and external ICD's were effective in reducing the inflow turbulence and the fan blade passing frequency tone generated by the turbulence. The external ICD was essentially transparent to the propagating fan tone but the induct ICD caused attenuation under most conditions.

Jones, W. L.↗

Evaluation of two inflow control devices for flight simulation of fan noise using a JT15D engine

Two inflow control devices, (ICD's) one in-duct and the other external to the duct, were tested on a JT15D engine to determine their ability to remove inflow turbulence without altering the sound transmission to the far field. The objective of the program was to develop means of accurately simulating flight fan noise on ground static test stands. The results generally indicated that both the in-duct and external ICD's were effective in reducing the inflow turbulence and the fan blade passing frequency tone generated by the turbulence. The external ICD was essentially transparent to the propagating fan tone but the in-duct ICD caused attenuation under most conditions.

Jones, W. L.↗

Light Microscopy Module Fan Disturbance Characterized Through Microgravity Emissions Laboratory Testing

A Light Microscopy Module (LMM) is being engineered, designed, and developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center. The LMM is planned as a remotely controllable on-orbit microscope subrack facility, allowing flexible scheduling and control of physical science and biological science experiments within Glenn s Fluids Integrated Rack on the International Space Station. The LMM concept is a modified commercial research imaging light microscope with powerful laser-diagnostic hardware and interfaces, creating a one-of-a-kind, state-of-the-art microscopic research facility. The microscope will house several different objectives, corresponding to magnifications of 10, 40, 50, 63, and 100. Features of the LMM include high-resolution color video microscopy, brightfield, darkfield, phase contrast, differential interference contrast, spectrophotometry, and confocal microscopy combined in a single configuration. Also, laser tweezers are integrated with the diagnostics as a sample manipulation technique. As part of the development phase of the LMM, it was necessary to quantify the microgravity disturbances generated by the control box fan. Isolating the fan was deemed necessary to reduce the fan speed harmonic amplitudes and to eliminate any broadband disturbances across the 60- to 70-Hz and 160- to 170-Hz frequency ranges. The accelerations generated by a control box fan component of the LMM were measured in the Microgravity Emissions Laboratory (MEL). The MEL is a low-frequency measurement system developed to simulate and verify the on-orbit International Space Station (ISS) microgravity environment. The accelerations generated by various operating components of the ISS, if too large, could hinder the science performed onboard by disturbing the microgravity environment. The MEL facility gives customers a test-verified way of measuring their compliance with ISS limitations on vibratory disturbance levels. The facility is unique in that inertial forces in 6 degrees of freedom can be characterized simultaneously for an operating test article. Vibratory disturbance levels are measured for engineering or flight-level hardware following development from component to subassembly through the rack-level configuration. The MEL can measure accelerations as small as 10-7g, the accuracy needed to confirm compliance with ISS requirements.

McNelis, Anne M.↗

An investigation of possible causes for the reduction of fan noise in flight

An experimental investigation of the impact on fan tone-noise generation of several engine inflow distortions found in conventional static testing has been made. Inflow distortions examined included the ground vortex, atmospheric turbulence, and test-stand structure interference. This work was undertaken to help explain results from noise measurements made on modern turbofan engines which show lower fan tone levels in flight at the blade-passing frequency than are predicted from static measurements. The results indicate that the ground vortex can greatly increase noise at the blade-passing frequency. A special inlet was designed to examine the effects of atmospheric turbulence. Use of this inlet reduced the variability of the sound-pressure level at the blade-passing frequency, and the results were similar to those found in flight.

Hodder, B. K.↗

Variable Cycle Intake for Reverse Core Engine

A gas generator for a reverse core engine propulsion system has a variable cycle intake for the gas generator, which variable cycle intake includes a duct system. The duct system is configured for being selectively disposed in a first position and a second position, wherein free stream air is fed to the gas generator when in the first position, and fan stream air is fed to the gas generator when in the second position.

Suciu, Gabriel L↗

Spacecraft Cabin Ventilation Fan Research at NASA

NASA has recently made the geometry and solid model for a spacecraft cabin ventilation fan prototype available to the public via electronic file downloads from the NASA Technical Reports Server. This fan can be used for research and development by many organizations. The NASA Quiet Space Fan is 8.89 cm (3.50 in) in diameter, 22.9 cm (9.00 in) long, and the metal fan weighs 1.63 kg (3.6 lbm). The fan was designed to generate a system total pressure rise of 906 Pa (3.64 inches of water) at 0.709 m3/s (150.3 cfm) of airflow at 12,000 rpm (at 21.1ºC (70ºF) and 14.7 psia). Performance measured using standardized techniques showed good agreement with design and predicted values. A low-noise blade-vane count was chosen to reduce tonal noise generated by rotor-stator interaction for the first three blade passing frequency harmonics. In-duct microphone array measurements indicated that the most evident tones occur at frequencies of 1,800 Hz (1 BPF) and 7,200 Hz (4 BPF). Using reverberant room standard testing methods, the A-weighted sound power level for the fan operating at design point conditions was measured to be 71 dBA. This report describes the current set of publicly available information for this fan. The fan was designed, optimized, and tested with tools and techniques that NASA has traditionally used for turbofan engine research. This demonstrates that technology developed for aerospace applications can be used more broadly, since quiet and efficient fans are needed for many ventilation systems in spacecraft, aircraft, watercraft, land vehicles, and buildings.

fan↗

Measured noise of model fan-under-wing and fan-on-flap jet flap configurations

Noise measurements were made on two jet flap systems proposed for STOL aircraft. In one case a 14.0-cm- (5.5-in.-) diameter fan was mounted under the wing such that the exhaust impinged on downwardly deflected flap segments. In the other case, the fan was located on the upper surface of the flap such that fan and flap moved as a unit, with no exhaust impingement. Results for takeoff and approach fan speeds and flap deflections were used to estimate STOL airplane perceived noise levels. Internally generated noise directivity corresponded with fan axis orientation for the fan-on-flap, but no consistent redirection of internal noise was observed with changes in flap angle for the fan-under-wing. With the fan-on-flap arrangement, the wing shielded some fan inlet noise from the ground. Since no impingement of the exhaust on solid surfaces occurred, the external noise was jet noise alone. In contrast, for the fan-under-wing, the jet/flap interaction noise dominated the external noise except at angles near the jet axis even with no flap deflection. If internal noise is reduced by fan design and acoustic treatment, the jet/flap interaction noise will dominate.

Groeneweg, J. F.↗

Preliminary design of propulsion system for V/STOL research and technology aircraft

The V/STOL Research and Technology Aircraft (RTA)propulsion system design effort is limited to components of the lift/cruise engines, turboshaft engine modifications, lift fan assembly, and propulsion system performance generation. The uninstalled total net thrust with all engines and fans operating at intermediate power was 37,114 pounds. Uninstalled system total net thrust was 27,102 pounds when one lift/cruise is inoperative. Components have lives above the 500 hours of the RTA duty cycle. The L/C engine used in a fixed nacelle has the cross shaft forward of the reduction gear whereas the cross shaft is aft of the reduction gear in a tilt nacelle L/C engine. The lift/cruise gearbox contains components and technologies from other DDA engines. The rotor has a 62-inch diameter and contains 22 composite blades that have a hub/tip ratio of 0.454. The blade pitch change mechanism contains hydraulic and mechanical redundancy. The lift fan assembly is completely self-contained including oil cooling in 10 exit vanes.

Source record↗

Acoustic Treatment Design Scaling Methods: Overview, Results, and Recommendations - Volume 1

Scale model fan rigs that simulate new generation ultra-high-bypass engines at about 1/5-scale are achieving increased importance as development vehicles for the design of low-noise aircraft engines. Testing at small scale allows the tests to be performed in existing anechoic wind tunnels, which provides an accurate simulation of the important effects of aircraft forward motion on the noise generation. The ability to design, build, and test miniaturized acoustic treatment panels on scale model fan rigs representative of the fullscale engine provides not only a cost-savings, but an opportunity to optimize the treatment by allowing tests of different designs. The primary objective of this study was to develop methods that will allow scale model fan rigs to be successfully used as acoustic treatment design tools. The study focuses on finding methods to extend the upper limit of the frequency range of impedance prediction models and acoustic impedance measurement methods for subscale treatment liner designs, and confirm the predictions by correlation with measured data. This phase of the program had as a goal doubling the upper limit of impedance measurement from 6 kHz to 12 kHz. The program utilizes combined analytical and experimental methods to achieve the objectives.

Kraft, R. E.↗