Display monitoring in a rotating environment
Instruments and techniques to study subject orientation and head movement of subject in rotating environment
Brady, J. F.↗
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An attempt to measure the degree of adaptation produced by differing amounts of coriolis vestibular stimulation in the slow rotation room
Degrees of adaptation acquired from coriolis stimulation and head movements in rotating rooms
Graybiel, A.↗
Adaptation to coriolis accelerations - Its transfer to the opposite direction of rotation as a function of intervening activity at zero velocity
Adaptation to coriolis acceleration by controlled head movements, and transfer as direction and stimulus mode change
Graybiel, A.↗
The biological inertial system
Vestibular sensing system role in providing information concerning vertical, linear and angular head movements to central organs
Mayne, R.↗
An eye-point-of-regard system for use in scanning and display research
Eye-point-of-regard system including eye and head movements devices and analog computer for pilot scanning and display research
Jex, H. R.↗
The influence of vision on susceptibility to acute motion sickness studied under quantifiable stimulus-response conditions
Twenty-four healthy men, 22 to 25 years of age, were exposed to stressful accelerations in a rotating room until acute mild motion sickness was elicited. Thirteen subjects in one group were exposed first with eyes open and later with eyes covered; the reverse order was used with the remaining eleven in the other group. The stressful accelerations were generated by requiring the subject to execute 120 standardized head movements at each 1-rpm increase in angular velocity until the desired endpoint was reached. When susceptibility to motion sickness with eyes open and covered is compared, 19 subjects were more susceptible with eyes open, three with eyes covered, and in the remaining two susceptibility was the same. The maximum difference in velocity between trial 1 and 2 was 7 rpm when susceptibility was greater with eyes open and 3 rpm when it was greater with eyes covered; the means, respectively, were 3.2 and 2.0 rpm. Among subjects manifesting greater susceptibility with eyes open than covered the group differences were small, indicating little or no adaptation effects. The findings are discussed mainly on the basis that vision may act also to decrease susceptibility under the stimulus conditions described.
Oosterveld, W. J.↗
Altered susceptibility to motion sickness as a function of subgravity level
Large interindividual differences among 74 normal subjects in the change in susceptibility to motion sickness with effective lifting of the normal g-load by parabolic flight maneuvers were recorded with high test-retest reliability. Most subjects, who were required to make standardized head movements while seated in a chair rotating at a constant speed, demonstrated either a substantial increase or a decrease in susceptibility, in confirmation of a previous study, while a few appeared to be more or less unaffected by the 1 g to 0 g gravitational change. A similar test procedure conducted with eighteen of the subjects at lunar- and Martian-gravity levels revealed further interindividual differences in susceptiblity as a function of g-level. The subjects with gravity-dependent susceptibility revealed: (1) a progressive change in susceptibility as a function of g-load in either the positive or negative direction that was characteristic of the individual, (2) a susceptibility level that appeared to be maintained at the fractional g-load, and (3) immunity to motion sickness at all g-levels tested below the earth standard. The case history as well as ground-based functional and provocative tests of normal subjects proved to be inadequate in predicting susceptibility to motion sickness under subgravity conditions.
Miller, E. F., II↗
Altered susceptibility to motion sickness as a function of subgravity level.
Large interindividual differences among 74 normal subjects in the change in susceptibility to motion sickness with effective lifting of the normal g-load by parabolic flight maneuvers were recorded with high test-retest reliability. Most subjects, who were required to make standardized head movements while seated in a chair rotating at a constant speed, demonstrated either a substantial increase or a decrease in susceptibility, in confirmation of a previous study, while a few appeared to be more or less unaffected by the 1 g to 0 g gravitational change. A similar test procedure conducted with eighteen of the subjects at lunar- and Martian-gravity levels revealed further interindividual differences in susceptibility as a function of g-level.
Miller, E. F., II↗
Operations manual for the patient assist device
Quadriplegic patients and multiple amputee patients are almost totally dependent on nursing personnel for any activities or interests in which they participate. A patient assist device is reported which provides patient control over electrical devices in his environment. The patient operates three switches to acquire control over a desired electrical appliance. The type switches employed are chosen to conform to patient capabilities, even when such capabilities are as limited as eye or head movements. The switch operations are sensed and converted into command signals by the patient assist device to control ten electrical appliances simulataneously and independently.
Schrader, M. A.↗
Prevention of experimental motion sickness by scopolamine absorbed through the skin
A double-blind placebo-controlled study compared the efficacy of the antimotion sickness drug scopolamine when administered by oral or transdermal routes. A secondary purpose was to extend our bioassay involving fixed-dose combinations of the homergic drugs promethazine and ephedrine. After receiving 12 apparently identical drug-placebo treatments, eight normal male students were exposed in a slow rotation room to stressful accelerations generated by their execution of 40 head movements out of the plane of the room's rotation at 1 rpm and at 1-rpm increments until either symptoms were experienced (just short of frank motion sickness) or the 27-rpm ceiling on the test was reached. Efficacy of a drug was defined in terms of the placebo-range and categorized as beneficial, inconsequential, or detrimental. The only detrimental effect was with scopolamine given orally. It is concluded that the advantages of the transdermal scopolamine, which include minimal side effects and prolonged effectiveness, deserve full exploitation.
Graybiel, A.↗
Space motion sickness - Skylab revisited
Biomedical findings in the area of space motion sickness of the Skylab missions are reviewed and compared with the results of laboratory simulations. The motion sickness experiences of the three Skylab crews are related, and it is pointed out that of the nine astronauts, four were not sick at all, and of the five who were sick, only two vomited. In addition, it is noted that soon after recovery all five were immune in a provocative test based on the generation of cross-coupled angular accelerations while they executed head movements during rotation, in which they had manifested symptoms before the flight. Is is concluded that the findings indicate that susceptibility to motion sickness on earth is not a reliable predictor of susceptibility to motion sickness in orbit, and that free fall is a partial motion environment. Difficulties in dealing with motion sickness under operational conditions and the limitations of antimotion sickness remedies are noted.
Graybiel, A.↗
An appraisal of the value of vitamin B12 in the prevention of motion sickness
It has been suggested that vitamin B12 given by intramuscular injection can significantly reduce the occurrence of motion sickness in susceptible individuals (Banks, 1980). Since it is known that B12 influences the metabolism of histidine and choline, dietary precursors to neurotransmitters with established roles in motion sickness, an experimental evaluation has been undertaken of the efficacy of B12 in the prevention of motion sickness induced by controlled coriolis simulation. Subjects executed standardized head movements at successively higher rpm until a malaise III endpoint was reached. Following two baseline tests with this motion stressor, subjects received a B12 injection, a second injection two weeks later, and a final motion sickness test three weeks later. No significant differences in the susceptibility to motion sickness were noted after B12.
Kohl, R. L.↗
Spatial orientation in weightlessness and readaptation to earth's gravity
Unusual vestibular responses to head movements in weightlessness may produce spatial orientation illusions and symptoms of space motion sickness. An integrated set of experiments was performed during Spacelab 1, as well as before and after the flight, to evaluate responses mediated by the otolith organs and semicircular canals. A variety of measurements were used, including eye movements, postural control, perception of orientation, and susceptibility to space sickness.
Young, L. R.↗
Adjustable Work Station for Video Displays and Keyboards
Work station for video displays and keyboards adaptable to operational and anthropometric requirements of individual operators. Visual displays placed beyond keyboard and in line with inclination of keyboard to minimize operator's head movement. In addition, station arranged so operator's eyes and hands focus onto three primary control and display areas. Quickens operating response and decreases chance of error, since input devices and feedback to operator are collocated.
Roe, F.↗
Spacelab experiments on space motion sickness
Recent research results from ground and flight experiments on motion sickness and space sickness conducted by the Man Vehicle Laboratory are reviewed. New tools developed include a mathematical model for motion sickness, a method for quantitative measurement of skin pallor and blush in ambulatory subjects, and a magnitude estimation technique for ratio scaling of nausea or discomfort. These have been used to experimentally study the time course of skin pallor and subjective symptoms in laboratory motion sickness. In prolonged sickness, subjects become hypersensitive to nauseogenic stimuli. Results of a Spacelab-1 flight experiment are described in which 4 observers documented the stimulus factors for and the symptoms/signs of space sickness. The clinical character of space sickness differs somewhat from acute laboratory motion sickness. However SL-1 findings support the view that space sickness is fundamentally a motion sickness. Symptoms were subjectively alleviated by head movement restriction, maintenance of a familiar orientation with respect to the visual environment, and wedging between or strapping onto surfaces which provided broad contact cues confirming the absence of body motion.
Oman, C. M.↗
Role of orientation reference selection in motion sickness, supplement 2S
Previous experiments with moving platform posturography have shown that different people have varying abilities to resolve conflicts among vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive sensory signals. The conceptual basis of the present proposal hinges on the similarities between the space motion sickness problem and the sensory orientation reference selection problems associated with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) syndrome. These similarities include both etiology related to abnormal vertical canal-otolith function, and motion sickness initiating events provoked by pitch and roll head movements. The objectives are to explore and quantify the orientation reference selection abilities of subjects and the relation of this selection to motion sickness in humans. The overall objectives are to determine: if motion sickness susceptibility is related to sensory orientation reference selection abilities of subjects; if abnormal vertical canal-otolith function is the source of abnormal posture control strategies and if it can be quantified by vestibular and oculomotor reflex measurements, and if it can be quantified by vestibular and oculomotor reflex measurements; and quantifiable measures of perception of vestibular and visual motion cues can be related to motion sickness susceptibility and to orientation reference selection ability.
Peterka, Robert J.↗
M.I.T./Canadian vestibular experiments on the Spacelab-1 mission. IV - Space motion sickness: Symptoms, stimuli, and predictability
Three cases of motion sickness that occurred on Spacelab-1 are described. The relation between head movements and symptom intensity is examined. The effects of visual, tactile, and proprioceptive orientation cues on motion sickness are studied. The effectiveness of the drugs used is evaluated and it is observed that the drugs reduce the frequency of vomiting and overall discomfort. Preflight and postflight motion sickness susceptibility data are presented.
Oman, C. M.↗
The influence of gravitoinertial force level on oculomotor and perceptual responses to Coriolis, cross-coupling stimulation
The goal of the present experiment was to determine whether gravitoinertial force magnitude influences oculomotor and perceptual responses to Coriolis cross-coupling stimulation. Blindfolded subjects who were rotating at constant velocity were asked to make standardized head movements during the free-fall and high-force phases of parabolic flight, and the characteristics of their horizontal nystagmus and the magnitude of their experienced self-motion were measured. Both responses were less intense in the free-fall periods than in the high-force periods. These findings suggest that the response to semicircular canal stimulation depends on the background level of gravitoinertial force.
Dizio, Paul↗