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At least 145 records · Page 8

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DOE OSTI2025

Supercritical water desalination and oxidation (SCWDO): Effectiveness on complex solutions, technoeconomic, and CO 2 impact for produced water treatment

The modern energy-economy is increasingly causing the production of highly saline brines, including from produced water. Supercritical water desalination can concentrate and extract minerals from these brines, but the effects of mixed salt interactions, organic degradation with additives, and the technology's economics are not well understood at supercritical condition. The present study evaluated and experimentally studied an integrated supercritical water desalination and oxidation (SCWDO) process for treating real-produced water samples from oil/natural gas field. The complex interactions between the various anions and cations in produced water were extensively evaluated. Most of the divalent and trivalent ions were extracted below 250 °C while the majority of the monovalent salt were removed between 380 to 410 °C. The treated real produced water was of drinking water quality, with <500 mg/l of total dissolved solid (TDS) and with 100% organics removal. Furthermore, the heat liberated during the organic oxidation could be utilized internally and for electricity generation for enhanced the energy efficiency and lower cost of produced water treatment. With system optimization, the proposed SCWDO process can essentially be made a net zero energy process. A novel process flow diagram for the commercial scale self-powered hybrid SCWDO technology was proposed as a cost-effective produced water treatment to mitigate the environmental crises. Techno-economic analysis showed that produced water treatment cost with SCWDO can be reduced to 2–3 $/m 3 and can be up to 60 % cheaper to traditional deep well reinjection. Additionally, the proposed SCWDO process could achieve net negative CO 2 emission.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

NASA NTRS2013

Simulated Beam Extraction Performance Characterization of a 50-cm Ion Thruster Discharge

A 50 cm ion thruster is being developed to operate at >65 percent total efficiency at 11 kW, 2700 s Isp and over 25 kW, 4500 s Isp at a total efficiency of >75 percent. The engine is being developed to address the need for a multimode system that can provide a range of thrust-to- power to service national and commercial near-earth onboard propulsion needs such as station-keeping and orbit transfer. Operating characteristics of the 50 cm ion thruster were measured under simulated beam extraction. The discharge current distribution at the various magnet rings was measured over a range of operating conditions. The relationship between the anode current distribution and the resulting plasma uniformity and ion flux measured at the thruster exit plane is discussed. The thermal envelope will also be investigated through the monitoring of magnet temperatures over the range of discharge powers investigated. Discharge losses as a function of propellant utilization was also characterized at multiple simulated beam currents. Bulk plasma conditions such as electron temperature and electron density near engine centerline was measured over a range of operating conditions using an internal Langmuir probe. Sensitivity of discharge performance to chamber length is also discussed. This data acquired from this discharge study will be used in the refinement of a throttle table in anticipation for eventual beam extraction testing.

Foster, John E.↗

DOE OSTI2024

Tetradentate Ligand’s Chameleon-Like Behavior Offers Recognition of Specific Lanthanides

Not Available

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2025

Navigating the membrane maze for lithium extraction

Here, research now demonstrates that solution-processable polymer membranes with hydrophilic subnanometre pores can selectively extract lithium ions from salt-lake brines, offering a potentially sustainable approach to meet the growing demand for lithium in energy storage applications.

Darling, Seth B. [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL↗

DOE OSTI2025

Short-range magnetic order and planar anisotropy in the topological ferrimagnet Mn 3 ⁢Si 2 ⁢Te 6

Mn 3 ⁢Si 2 ⁢Te 6 is a ferrimagnetic topological nodal-line semiconductor that exhibits unconventional colossal magnetoresistance behavior, with short-range spin fluctuations being potentially intimately linked to the emergent properties. Here we determine the short-range magnetic order and anisotropy through total neutron scattering and polarized neutron powder diffraction measurements on polycrystalline Mn 3 ⁢Si 2⁢ Te 6 . Strong in-plane anisotropy is quantified on the Mn ions through extraction of the local site susceptibility tensor. Here, the real-space local spin structure is determined through the application of magnetic pair distribution function analysis covering a wide temperature range. Short-range order over a locally frustrated trimer of three nearest neighbors is found to exist well above the long-range ferrimagnetic transition.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

NASA NTRS1967

Ion extractor system design.

Ion extractor system for electrostatic thrustors designed, using salient features of digital computer and electrolytic tank analog methods

COMPUTER METHOD↗

NASA NTRS1968

Ultrahigh vacuum measuring ionization gauge

The ionization gage described consists of separate ionization and collector regions connected at an exit area with a modulator electrode. In addition to the standard modulation function, the modulator in this location yields a suprising increase in collector current, apparently due to improved focussing and extraction of ions from the ionization region.

Brock, F. J.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Extraction of urea and ammonium ion

Water purification system keeps urea and ammonium ion concentration below toxic limits in recirculated water of closed loop aquatic habitat. Urea is first converted to ammonium ions and carbon dioxide by enzygmatic action. Ammonium ions are removed by ion exchange. Bioburden is controlled by filtration through 0.45 micron millipore filters.

Anselmi, R. T.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Tribological properties of boron nitride synthesized by ion beam deposition

The adhesion and friction behavior of boron nitride films on 440 C bearing stainless steel substrates was examined. The thin films containing the boron nitride were synthesized using an ion beam extracted from a borazine plasma. Sliding friction experiments were conducted with BN in sliding contact with itself and various transition metals. It is indicated that the surfaces of atomically cleaned BN coating film contain a small amount of oxides and carbides, in addition to boron nitride. The coefficients of friction for the BN in contact with metals are related to the relative chemical activity of the metals. The more active the metal, the higher is the coefficient of friction. The adsorption of oxygen on clean metal and BN increases the shear strength of the metal - BN contact and increases the friction. The friction for BN-BN contact is a function of the shear strength of the elastic contacts. Clean BN surfaces exhibit relatively strong interfacial adhesion and high friction. The presence of adsorbates such as adventitious carbon contaminants on the BN surfaces reduces the shear strength of the contact area. In contrast, chemically adsorbed oxygen enhances the shear strength of the BN-BN contact and increases the friction.

Miyoshi, K.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Tribological properties of boron nitride synthesized by ion beam deposition

Miyoshi, K.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Groundbased studies of spacecraft glow and erosion caused by impact of oxygen and nitrogen beams

To simulate surface reactions in the space environment a ground-based facility was developed that produces a very high flux 10(14) to 10(16)/sq cm/s of low energy (2 to 20 eV) neutral atoms and molecules. The neutral beams are created using a method involving neutralization and reflection of ions from a biased limiter, where the ions are extracted from a toroidal plasma source. The spectra of emission due to beam-solid interactions on targets of Chemglaze Z-306 optical paint and Kapton are presented. Erosion yields for carbon and Kapton targets with low energy (approx. 10 eV) nitrogen and oxygen beams were measured. The reaction rates and surface morphology for the erosion of Kapton are similar to those measured in experiments on STS-5.

Langer, W. D.↗

NASA NTRS1996

Ion-Accelerator Grids With Elongated Holes

Ion-accelerator grids designed and fabricated with elongated holes instead of circular holes. Although grids made of lightweight carbon/carbon composites and conceived for use in ion thrusters for spacecraft, also made of other materials and installed in industrial ion accelerators for material-processing applications. Elongated holes offer advantages of lower costs of fabrication and option to increase open-area fractions of grids, thereby increasing output ion currents extracted through grids.

Mueller, Juergen↗

NASA NTRS2003

RF Manipulation and Detection of Protons in the High Performance Antiproton Trap (HiPAT) Experiment

HiPAT is a Penning-Malmberg trap designed to contain 10(exp 12) particles diagnostics of the plasma. Destructive particle detection is performed by extracting trapped ions from HiPAT and colliding them with a microchannel plate detector (providing number and energy information). The improved RF system has been used to detect various plasma modes for both electron and ion plasmas in the two traps at MSFC, including axd, cyclotron, and diocotron modes. New diagnostics are also being added to HiPAT to measure the axial density distribution of the trapped cloud to match measured RF plasma modes to plasma conditions. In addition, plasma modeling efforts have been started using the XOOPIC code.

Martin, James↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The NASA Space Radiation Laboratory

The Space Radiation Element (SRE) of the Human Research Program (HRP) aims to establish a robust biospecimen and tissue sharing collection (BTSC) to improve sample collection, tracking, access, distribution, and usability to maximize scientific return with intention. Future missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond will require the appropriate characterization and mitigation of the many of the health risks associated with cosmic radiation exposure. An ongoing partnership between the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) and the Office of Science for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has established the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) at the DOE Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to create a space radiation ground-analog. NSRL provides the capability to use simulated space radiation with high energy ion beams for assessment of biological outcomes relevant space radiation risks as well as electronics testing for avionics safety. Current NSRL irradiation capabilities include a variety of exposure variables available for experimental needs: - Up to approximately 10 Gy/min dose-rates with a 20 × 20 cm 2 beam area. - Down to several hundred particles within a 60 × 60 cm 2 beam area. - Dose fractionation across multiple days is also possible. - For most radiobiology experiments the exposure structure, referred to as “spills”, has a 4 second repetition time where ions are extracted uniformly during a 0.3-0.4 second spill, followed by a ~3.6 second recovery time when the beam is off. - Both single or mixed-beam field irradiations are possible including a full 33-beam GCRSim and 6-beam SimGCRSim. Biological experiment capabilities: Two labs for Cell/tissue culture procedures can be conducted in two lab spaces with a separate lab available for sample processing that contains two chemical fume hoods. Sixteen fully equipped cell culture laboratories are available in the NSRL’s Long Term Support area in the Medical Building. The current vivarium configuration can support approximately 8,000 rodents/year for animal-based experiments. The NSRL area animal husbandry system includes five caging racks with 48 spaces in each coupled to a ventilation/filtration system in largest room, and two smaller rooms with conventional caging systems. Schedule: The NSRL is nominally open for experiment scheduling during three runs per year; Spring (March – May), Summer (May - June), and Fall (Sept – Nov). NASA funding is not required for biological and electronic testing experiments at the NSRL.

Jason M Weeks↗

DOE OSTI2024

Study on ion current density of different species in laser produced plasma in a solenoid magnet

A solenoid magnetic field along the expanding laser-produced plasma is an essential technique of the laser ion source. The solenoid field can increase ion beam current at beam extraction point by a factor of 2 to over 100 by confining moving laser produced plasma in transverse direction. This technique is used everywhere from development lab to operational machine for user operation. However, the motion of ions in laser produced plasma is not fully understood. In this study, we experimentally investigated the motion of ions in a solenoid magnet (inner diameter 102 mm, coil length 1980 mm) for Al, Fe, and Ta targets. Using the following three conditions: full solenoid bore, a φ51 mm collimator on the solenoid axis, and a thin-wall φ51 mm tube at the bottom of the solenoid, we found that extracting ions at off-axis position (20~30 mm from the solenoid axis in this study) can enhance ion intensity by a factor of three or more. We continue to investigate ion motion in a solenoid field to develop better laser ion source design.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Membranes for Lithium Recovery From Conventional and Unconventional Sources

Lithium has been deemed a critical mineral of national importance that finds uses in a wide range of applications, and its demand has been rising significantly in recent years. The urgency of meeting this demand requires lithium extraction from various aqueous sources such as continental brines, geothermal brines, seawater, produced water, and battery waste. While direct lithium extraction (DLE) technologies such as adsorption, ion exchange, and solvent extraction have emerged as possible solutions, membrane technologies are also being investigated for various sources and at different stages of the recovery process. Here, we analyze the application of membranes for pretreatment of lithium source waters, bring management, lithium/magnesium separation, lithium/sodium separation, and lithium hydroxide conversion, and evaluate performance metrics for critical lithium separations from the literature. We explore the potential of membranes at every stage of the recovery process and describe their current status and future prospects. We describe hypothetical process trains with integrated membrane technologies for each source type and address their feasibility and challenges. The potential energy and water impacts of membrane-integrated and conventional DLE processes are also critically considered alongside performance and selectivity metrics, and this is illustrated using examples and calculated from published technical reports. This paper thus provides a comprehensive overview of the application of membranes along every stage of the lithium recovery process, emphasizing the versatility and potential of membrane technologies for critical mineral recovery.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS1974

A cosmic dust composition analyzed with a spark ion source

Simulated iron micrometeoroids were fired unto a capacitor-type micrometeoroid detector which responded to an impact with a spark. Large ion currents were extracted from the spark and analyzed in a crude ion time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The mass spectra show the elements of both detector and particle materials.

Auer, S.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Extracted Water Induces Concentration Fluctuations in Model Ternary Liquid–Liquid Extraction System

Organic phase aggregation and phase splitting are two important (and connected) phenomena in liquid–liquid extraction of metal ions. Previously, we demonstrated how structure in binary mixtures of extractant and diluent originates from concentration fluctuations associated with the so-called “third-phase formation” liquid–liquid phase instability. For more complex systems, we sought to understand how extracted aqueous components affect these concentration fluctuations. Here, in this study, we use small-angle X-ray scattering and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate organic phase structural changes upon contact with water in a model ternary system of water/alkane/extractant. Critical exponents were determined from scattering with temperature variation and were consistent with mean field values. Then, by controlling the water content in the organic phase through direct dissolution of fixed quantities at constant temperature, we relate the observed increase in the fluctuation length scale to changes to the spinodal temperature of the third-phase formation phase boundary. We find a roughly linear relationship between water concentration and the spinodal temperature and a similar slope in that relationship for different linear alkane diluents. This suggests that the mechanism by which water extraction impacts the organic phase structure is to enhance concentration fluctuations through the introduction of additional polar extractant-water complexes, which increases the spinodal temperature and thereby decreases the reduced temperature, i.e., the distance to the instability. This explanation for how solutes induce aggregation in liquid–liquid extraction organic phases may extend to more complex systems, explaining the large increases in correlation lengths reported under high acid and metal loading.

Bonnett, Brittany L. [Argonne National Laboratory ↗