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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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DOE OSTI2024

Data and scripts associated with the manuscript "Estimating soil moisture and salinity response to simulated coastal flooding using time-lapse electrical resistivity and induced polarization monitoring”

This package contains geophysics datasets generated during the simulated ecosystem-flooding experiment – TEMPEST (Terrestrial Ecosystem Manipulation to Probe the Effects of Storm Treatment). These geophysics data consist of Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) and Induced Polarization (IP) datasets collected to estimate the soil moisture and salinity response to the simulated coastal flooding experiment. In addition to using geophysics datasets to estimate soil moisture and salinity response, petrophysical relationship between the measured resistivity and moisture content and salinity using the multisalinity. This package consists of two folders: “MultiSalinity Experiment” folder and “TEMPEST Experiment and petrophysical conversion” folders. The “MultiSalinity Experiment” folder contains the datasets generated from the multisalinity experiment used to develop the petrophysical reslationship. The “TEMPEST Experiment and petrophysical conversion” folder contains ERI, IP, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) datasets collected during the TEMPEST experiment. This study shows the ability to used geophysical datasets in estimating moisture content and salinity at scale will be useful in calibrating Earth System Models.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Beam-Beam Related Design Parameter Optimization for the Electron-Ion Collider

The design luminosity goal for the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is 1e34 cm⁻²s⁻¹. To achieve such a high luminosity, the EIC design adopts high bunch intensities, flat beams at the interaction point (IP) with a small vertical β^{*}-function, and a high collision frequency, together with crab cavities to compensate the geometrical luminosity loss due to the large crossing angle of 25mrad. In this article, we present our strategies and approaches to obtain the design luminosity by optimizing some key beam-beam related design parameters. Through our extensive strong-strong and weak-strong beam-beam simulations, we found that beam flatness, electron and proton beam size matching at the IP, electron and proton working points, and synchro-betatron resonances arising from the crossing angle collision play a crucial role in proton beam size growth and luminosity degradation. After optimizing those parameters, we found a set of beam-beam related design parameters to reach the design luminosity with an acceptable beam-beam performance.

Luo, Y.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Impact of Coherent Beam-Beam Interaction on the Collisionless Damping of the Transverse Coupled-Bunch Instability

In the EIC design, at high average-current operation, the transverse coupled-bunch instability (TCBI) induced by the long-range transverse resistive-wall wakefield in the electron storage ring (eSR) has a fast growth rate and requires efficient mitigation. A natural mitigation mechanism is provided by the beam-beam interaction at the interaction point (IP), which gives a strong Landau damping for the TCBI in the eSR. In this study, using a simplified simulation model, we investigate how this Landau damping from the beam-beam interaction behaves when the coherent beam-beam interaction at IP is considered. Our method and results will be presented in this paper.

Li, R.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Simulation Studies of Intra-Train, Bunch-by-Bunch Feedback Systems at the International Linear Collider

The International Linear Collider (ILC) is a proposed electron-positron collider targeting collision energies from 250 GeV to 1 TeV. With design luminosities of order 10³⁴ cm²s⁻¹, a beam-based, intra-train feedback system would be required near the Interaction Point (IP) to provide nanometre-level stabilisation of the beam overlap in the collisions. Here we present results from beam-tracking simulations of the 500 GeV ILC, including the impact of beam-trajectory imperfections on the luminosity, and the capability of the IP feedback system to compensate for them. Effects investigated include the position jitter introduced by the damping ring extraction kicker, short-range and long-range wakefields, and ground motion. The feedback system was shown to be able to correct for beam-beam offsets of up to 200 nm and stabilise the collision overlap to the nanometre level, within a few bunch crossings.

Ramjiawan, R. L.↗
DOE OSTI2020

2020 LLNL Nuclear Science and Security Summer Internship Program

The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Nuclear Science and Security Summer Internship Program (NS 3 IP) is designed to give graduate students an opportunity to come to LLNL for 8–10 weeks of hands-on research. Students conduct research under the supervision of a staff scientist, attend a weekly lecture series, interact with other students, and present their work in poster format at the end of the program. Students also have the opportunity to meet staff scientists one-on-one, participate in LLNL facility tours (e.g., the National Ignition Facility and Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry), and gain a better understanding of the various science programs at LLNL. Due to the travel and access restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 NS 3 IP was organized as an “all-virtual” internship program. With LLNL’s extensive institutional support, students accessed the laboratory’s cyberinfrastructure through a secure virtual desktop environment and all seminars, mentor interactions, summer presentations, and laboratory tours were performed remotely. While this virtual internship format did not allow for hands-on laboratory research projects, both the interns and their mentors constructed creative research projects that maximized student exposure to nuclear science research that is relevant to DTRA and LLNL interests in nuclear security.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

2021 LLNL Nuclear Science and Security Summer Internship Program

The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Nuclear Science and Security Summer Internship Program (NS 3 IP) is designed to give graduate students an opportunity to come to LLNL for 8–10 weeks of hands-on research. Students conduct research under the supervision of a staff scientist, attend a weekly lecture series, interact with other students, and present their work in poster format at the end of the program. Students also have the opportunity to meet staff scientists one-on-one, participate in LLNL facility tours (e.g., the National Ignition Facility and Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry), and gain a better understanding of the various science programs at LLNL. Due to the travel and access restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2021 NS 3 IP was organized as an “all-virtual” internship program. With LLNL’s extensive institutional support, students accessed the laboratory’s cyberinfrastructure through a secure virtual desktop environment and all seminars, mentor interactions, summer presentations, and laboratory tours were performed remotely. While this virtual internship format did not allow for hands-on laboratory research projects, both the interns and their mentors constructed creative research projects that maximized student exposure to nuclear science research that is relevant to DTRA and LLNL interests in nuclear security. We anticipate a return to an in-person internship format for the summer of 2022.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Artificial Intelligence for Isotopes: Report on the 2022 Workshop on Artificial Intelligence for Isotope R&D and Production

The Department of Energy Isotope Program (DOE IP) hosted a virtual workshop on Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Isotope R&D and Production on March 17 and April 14, 2022. The purpose of the workshop was for DOE IP to further its understanding of the potential roles for and subsequent opportunities to incorporate AI into its activities. The workshop brought over 80 participants together from both the AI and isotope science communities. Participants contributed ideas through plenary talks, lightning talks, and breakout discussion sessions. The primary focus of all discussions was related to isotope production and processing. However, isotope enrichment, workforce development, and supply chain management were also discussed. This report documents the information presented and discussed at the workshop.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Low-Cost, Easy-To-Integrate and Reliable Grid Energy Storage System with 2 nd Life Lithium Batteries

Batteries retired from electric vehicles have the potential to extend their service as low-cost stationary energy storage systems. However, disperse battery state of health (SOH) and nonuniform battery characters often lead to compromised battery performance and reliability, which greatly hinder their adoption. A Heterogenous Unifying Battery (HUB) system is proposed to stage 2 nd life battery bricks for a period, and enable them to attain improved SOH uniformity, performance, and reliability before being sold for 2 nd life applications, while simultaneously providing grid services. It may offer a technically and economically advantageous solution for the broad utilization of 2 nd use batteries. The goal of this project was to develop the hardware and software that enables the key functions of the HUB system. The first achievement of the project was the development of a 1kW scale proof-of-concept (POC) system, which comprises (i) a modular plug-n-play DC-DC power converter matrix with isolated series output connections to achieve fully independent control of energy flow to each of the connected battery units at low voltage; (ii) enhanced model based control that drives each batteries’ SOH towards uniformity while collectively providing grid energy storage services; and (iii) comprehensive procedures to perform battery diagnostics and prognostics. The second achievement was the development of a 100kW scale HUB system and demonstrated its performance of re-establishing battery SOH uniformity through a period of battery cycling operation. The final HUB system incorporates six DC-DC power converter matrices paired with six battery bricks. Hot swapping of a single battery brick while maintaining consistent system power was demonstrated and system operation was validated to be capable of implementing the approved grid duty cycle and of balancing and conditioning the battery bricks. Through the course of the project, the team optimized the building-block design, form-factors, and adjusted life balancing control. An up-sized 250kW Scale was developed and deployed in October 2022 with pack-level battery form factors, see photo in Figure 1 The third achievement of the project was to perform a techno-economic analysis in order to better understand the cost and revenue potentials in this new “recondition-then-resell" value proposition. The final TEA quantified the economics of new Li-ion batteries as well as second-life batteries processed via reconditioning and traditional binning. Results showed the reconditioned second-life batteries in this project to be economically favorable and viable in grid energy storage markets. The TEA results were published in the Applied Energy journal. The fourth achievement of the project was to deliver a tech-to-market plan for the HUB system that includes funding, IP, and manufacturing strategies. The final T2M plan outlines a business strategy in which the HUB provides a B2B service to EV companies as an alternative to battery recycling that can prepare batteries for 2nd life applications. A company named Smartville Inc. was founded to carry on the commercialization, funding, and technical IP licensing activities of the OPEN project.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Maximizing RHIC Deliverable Luminosity with Dynamic Telescopic Beta* Squeeze

To benefit fully from the exceptional performance of the Relativistic Heavy Ions Collider (RHIC) Stochastic Cooling system during heavy ions physics store, the betatron amplitude β ∗ at a given col lision point (IP) can be squeezed from its design value by using the available space in the quadrupole triplets from smaller beam emittances. This should allow reaching new heights in deliverable lumi nosity for both STAR and PHENIX experiments. Prior to 2014, RHIC lattice designs only squeezed the interaction regions (IR’s) down to β ∗ = 0.70 m. To get past this limitation, one can use a telescopic scheme where the non-experimental insertions surrounding STAR and PHENIX are used to generate and close a β-beat wave contributing to the final squeeze in the two IP’s of interest. The following presents the various steps of the implementation in RHIC of this telescopic scheme and the corresponding changes in collision rates and specific luminosity. A full feasibility study with a review of hardware and beam dynamics limitations is also included.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

TCF Base Commercialization Enabling Final Report: Lab Making Advanced Technology Commercialization Harmonized (MATCH) Prize

The Lab MATCH prize, funded by the Office of Technology Commercialization through the Technology Commercialization Fund, was designed to accelerate the commercialization of national laboratory intellectual property (IP) by incentivizing for-profit companies and startups to license lab IP aiming to enable more affordable, available, reliable and secure energy solutions. The Lab MATCH prize program offers both technical and commercial benefits, aligning with the Department of Energy's (DOE) mission to advance energy solutions through innovation, commercialization, and market-ready deployment. In summary, the Lab MATCH Prize promotes DOE's objectives by marrying technical innovation with commercialization expertise, resulting in scalable, market-ready solutions that strengthen the U.S. economy, advance energy technologies, and reaffirm U.S. leadership in energy innovation.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Expeditious Coordination-Driven Construction of Hierarchically Nanoporous Barium Salts

Organic moieties-derived salts with permanent porosity and polarized channels have shown unique features and attractive performance in the field of adsorption, separation, and conduction. However, state-of-the-art organic salts generally rely on ionic interaction and hydrogen bonding formation to maintain the porous channels. The synthesis of organic moiety-derived salts with permanent accessible pores even after removal of the trapped guest molecules, and without the constraint of hydrogen bonding formation still remains a great challenge. Herein, we present an expeditious construction pathway to generate hierarchically nanoporous barium salts without hydrogen bonding formation. The strong ionic interaction of the barium cation and sulfonate anions led to rapid reaction equilibrium (~2 min), affording diverse barium-derived ionic polymer (Ba-IP) with permanent porosity and highly polarized channels. The produced Ba-IP materials with abundant cations and anions displayed high CO 2 /N 2 and CO 2 /CH 4 separation performance, with the selectivities reaching up to 89.5 and 280, respectively, at 273 K, surpassing most of the organic polymers functionalized by ionic moieties.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Genomics Characterization of an Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum in Bioreactor Cultivation Under Ionic Liquid Stress

Corynebacterium glutamicum is an ideal microbial chassis for production of valuable bioproducts including amino acids and next generation biofuels. Here we resequence engineered isopentenol (IP) producing C. glutamicum BRC-JBEI 1.1.2 strain and assess differential transcriptional profiles using RNA sequencing under industrially relevant conditions including scale transition and compare the presence vs absence of an ionic liquid, cholinium lysinate ([Ch][Lys]). Analysis of the scale transition from shake flask to bioreactor with transcriptomics identified a distinct pattern of metabolic and regulatory responses needed for growth in this industrial format. These differential changes in gene expression corroborate altered accumulation of organic acids and bioproducts, including succinate, acetate, and acetoin that occur when cells are grown in the presence of 50 mM [Ch][Lys] in the stirred-tank reactor. This new genome assembly and differential expression analysis of cells grown in a stirred tank bioreactor clarify the cell response of an C. glutamicum strain engineered to produce IP.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Context-dependent coordination of TOR and SnRK1 signaling under carbon and nitrogen perturbations

Target of rapamycin (TOR) and sucrose non-fermenting 1–related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) are conserved regulators of plant growth and metabolism and are often portrayed as functionally antagonistic under nutrient limitation. However, how this relationship operates across different nutrient contexts remains poorly defined. Here, we generated an Arabidopsis dual-reporter line that enables simultaneous monitoring of TOR and SnRK1 activities and profiled their dynamics under carbon and nitrogen perturbations. We found that TOR and SnRK1 activities overall exhibit a negative relationship during the transition from carbon starvation to carbon abundance; however, their temporal dynamics during that transition do not support a strictly inverse correlation. Under dark conditions, TOR activity is gradually repressed, while SnRK1 is initially repressed in the early hours and subsequently activated during extended darkness. During nitrogen starvation, TOR activity is progressively repressed, whereas SnRK1 is activated during early hours and then becomes repressed. In vitro , recombinant SnRK1α1 directly inhibits the activity of immunoprecipitated TOR (IP-TOR), whereas IP-TOR does not directly affect SnRK1α1 activity. Together, these results support a nutrient-dependent model in which TOR and SnRK1 are coordinated primarily by cellular metabolic status.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Ionic Liquid-Mediated Interfacial Polymerization for Fabrication of Reverse Osmosis Membranes

This study revealed the effects of incorporating ionic liquid (IL) molecules: 1-ethyl, 1-butyl, and 1-octyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chlorides with different alkyl chain lengths, in interfacial polymerization (IP) on the structure and property (i.e., permeate-flux and salt rejection ratio) relationships of resulting RO membranes. The IL additive was added in the aqueous meta-phenylene diamine (MPD; 0.1% w/v) phase, which was subsequently reacted with trimesoyl chloride (TMC; 0.004% w/v) in the hexane phase to produce polyamide (PA) barrier layer. The structure of resulting free-standing PA thin films was characterized by grazing incidence wide-angle X-rays scattering (GIWAXS), which results were correlated with the performance of thin-film composite RO membranes having PA barrier layers prepared under the same IP conditions. Additionally, the membrane surface properties were characterized by zeta potential and water contact angle measurements. It was found that the membrane prepared by the longer chain IL molecule generally showed lower salt rejection ratio and higher permeation flux, possibly due to the inclusion of IL molecules in the PA scaffold. This hypothesis was supported by the GIWAXS results, where a self-assembled surfactant-like structure formed by IL with the longest aliphatic chain length was detected.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Electron Energy Partition across Interplanetary Shocks. III. Analysis

An analysis of model fit results of 15,210 electron velocity distribution functions (VDFs), observed within ±2 hr of 52 interplanetary (IP) shocks by the Wind spacecraft near 1 au, is presented as the third and final part on electron VDFs near IP shocks. The core electrons and protons dominate in the magnitude and change in the partialto-total thermal pressure ratio, with the core electrons often gaining as much or more than the protons. Only a moderate positive correlation is observed between the electron temperature and the kinetic energy change across the shock, while weaker, if any, correlations were found with any other macroscopic shock parameter. No VDF parameter correlated with the shock normal angle. The electron VDF evolves from a narrowly peaked core with flaring suprathermal tails in the upstream to either a slightly hotter core with steeper tails or much hotter flattop core with even steeper tails downstream of the weaker and strongest shocks, respectively. Both quasi-static and fluctuating fields are examined as possible mechanisms modifying the VDF, but neither is sufficient alone. For instance, flattop VDFs can be generated by nonlinear ion acoustic wave stochastic acceleration (i.e., inelastic collisions), while other work suggested they result from the combination of quasi-static and fluctuating fields. This three-part study shows that not only are these systems not thermodynamic in nature; even kinetic models may require modification to include things like inelastic collision operators to properly model electron VDF evolution across shocks or in the solar wind.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

BOTTLE 7 - Industry Projects & Engagement

One of BOTTLE's primary goals is to work with industry to catalyze new technologies towards our overall vision and mission using a centralized industry engagement plan which aims to 1) solve real-world problems in plastics upcycling via targeted, company-funded projects; 2) promote industrial engagement via streamlined access to BOTTLE partners and technologies; and 3) collaborate with companies to scale and deploy BOTTLE technologies into the economy. Our approach follows a 5-stage model: prospecting, initial engagement, knowledge sharing, proposal and contracting, and opportunity won. Since FY21, BOTTLE has onboarded a full-time Chief Technology Officer to spearhead industry engagement and lead industrially-funded research projects. To date, BOTTLE has engaged with >150 companies, executed 6 industrial funds-in CRADAs, completed 2 industry projects successfully, extended 2 CRADAs with follow-on funds, and submitted over 30 patent applications. Industry projects span the Deconstruction, Upcycling, and Redesign tasks, harness the capabilities of the cross-cutting tasks, and take advantage of the broad IP portfolio developed through DOE funding. BOTTLE partners have an inventory of innovations that can inform the design of industry-specific collaborative projects with the highest probability of producing novel IP. Engaging with a diverse set of companies has also directly informed our R&D portfolio towards maximizing impact and utility of BOTTLE innovations.

BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Application of Interparticle Spacing Model to Maximize Filler Content in Cementitious Pastes

One of the most impactful ways to reduce embodied carbon of concrete in the near term is by partially replacing Portland cement with supplementary cementitious materials and/or fillers. This article describes an approach to reduce cement content in concrete through the development of high filler, low water (HFLW) cementitious pastes. Pastes with cement content as low as 50% (% weight of fines) were designed by applying models that maximize the packing density of the granular system and that consider the characteristics of the materials to calculate interparticle spacing (IPS), thereby allowing to obtain pastes with higher solids concentration and lower water demand. Strong correlations were found between IPS, the consistency index of the Herschel-Bulkley rheological model, and cement hydration kinetic parameters of binary and ternary pastes containing a Portland limestone cement and up to two different types of ground limestone. The approach showed to be feasible for the design of HFLW concrete paste fraction.

Antunes da Silva, Denise↗
DOE OSTI2023

Klipper Firmware Tools

Tools for building containers to ease building Klipper and CanBoot for multiple targets. Note: This is being submitted to DOECODE as per instructions received after providing notification of creation of IP outside of work as part of a site-specific IP assignment agreement. This work was not funded by, nor was any work performed under any DOE contract.

Haun, AaronB. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL↗