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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1973

Detection of water bodies in Saline County, Kansas

The author has identified the following significant results. A total of 2,272 water bodies were mapped in Saline County, Kansas in 1972 using ERTS-1 imagery. A topographic map of 1955 shows 1,056 water bodies in the county. The major increase took place in farm ponds. Preliminary comparison of image and maps indicates that water bodies larger than ten acres in area proved consistently detectable. Most water areas between four and ten acres are also detectable, although occasionally image context prevents detection. Water areas less than four acres in extent are sometimes detected, but the number varies greatly depending on image context and the individual interpretor.

Barr, B. G.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Comparison of Skylab and LANDSAT images for geologic mapping in Northern Arizona

The author has identified the following significant results. It was found that based on resolution, the Skylab S190A products were superior to LANDSAT images. Based on measurements of shoreline features in Lake Mead S190A images had 1.5 - 3 times greater resolution than LANDSAT. In general, the higher resolution of the Skylab data yielded better discrimination among rock units, but in the case of structural features, lower sun angle LANDSAT images (50 deg) were superior to higher sun angle Skylab images (77 deg). The most valuable advantage of the Skylab over the LANDSAT image products is the capability of producing stereo images. Field spectral reflectance measurements on the Coconino Plateau were made in an effort to determine the best spectral band for discrimination of the six geologic units in question, and these bands were 1.3, 1.2, 1.0, and 0.5 microns. The EREP multispectral scanner yielded data with a low signal to noise ratio which limited its usefulness for image enhancement work. Sites that were studied in Arizona were Shivwits Plateau, Verde Valley, Coconino Plateau, and Red Lake. Thematic maps produced by the three classification algorithms analyzed were not as accurate as the maps produced by photointerpretation of composites of enhanced images.

Goetz, A. F. H.↗
NASA NTRS1977

A comparison of digitally simulated holographic images with actual holographic images

In making digitally generated holograms the digital computer and its associated plotting equipment degrade the quality of the hologram. It is necessary then to study the computer generated hologram in terms of these degradations. A computer simulated optical processor allows the results to be observed via computer simulated images. This research reports a method for optimizing the computer image reconstruction and compares these images with optically produced holographic images. The versatility of the simulated optical processor is illustrated by several spatial filtering and hologram reconstructions.

Calhoun, M. D.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Spaceborne SAR sensor architecture

Spaceborne imaging radars for the decade of the '90s will be called upon to provide increased illumination parameter flexibility, polar orbital coverage, and to operate from the same platform with other advanced sensors such as multilinear arrays. The potential information content in accurately merged microwave infrared, or microwave visible images is enormous by comparison to either radar images alone or visible/infrared images alone, since microwave images are principally responsive to surface geometry whereas visible/infrared images are highly sensitive to surface chemistry. A strawman system concept in which a SAR and multilinear array (MLA) are flown on a polar orbiting free flyer at 800 km altitude is discussed. Data would be relayed to ground via the TDRSS (or equivalent).

Carver, K. R.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Circumpolar hoods and clouds and their relation to the Martian H2O cycle

Water exists in both vapor and solid phases in the Martian atmosphere. The polar hoods are shrouds of condensate clouds which obscure both polar regions at times during their respective fall and winter seasons. The hemispheric asymmetries in the polar hood clouds are reviewed and their significance to the seasonal water cycle is discussed. Comparisons of images acquired using short wavelength filters, which provide maximum cloud contrast, and long wavelength filters, which are sensitive to surface features including the surface cap, provide correlations between cloud formation and large scale planetary dynamics.

James, Philip B.↗
NASA NTRS1990

The commercial use of satellite data to monitor the potato crop in the Columbia Basin

The imaging of potato crops with satellites is described and evaluated in terms of the commercial application of the remotely sensed data. The identification and analysis of the crops is accomplished with multiple images acquired from the Landsat MSS and TM systems. The data are processed on a PC with image-procesing software which produces images of the seven 1024 x 1024 pixel windows which are subdivided into 21 512 x 512 pixel windows. Maximization of imaged data throughout the year aids in the identification of crop types by IR reflectance. The classification techniques involve the use of six or seven spectral classes for particular image dates. Comparisons with ground-truth data show good agreement; for example, potato fields are identified correctly 90 percent of the time. Acreage estimates and crop-condition assessments can be made from satellite data and used for corrective agricultural action.

Waddington, George R., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Stress analysis of Tellus Regio, Venus, based on gravity and topography - Comparison with Venera 15/16 radar images

The tectonics of the Tellus Region highland on Venus is examined using the altimetry and gravity data collected by Pioneer Venus, which were incorporated into a thin elastic shell model to calculate both the global (long-wavelength) and the regional (short-wavelength) stresses for various assumed values of crust, lithosphere, and mantle thickness and modes of compensation. The resultant stress fields were compared to the surface morphology observed in the Venera 15/16 radar images and interpreted in terms of stress history of Tellus Regio. The best fitting parameters were found to be consistent with minor amounts of lithospheric flexure being necessary to produce the observed surface features of this region.

Williams, David R.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Comparison of special sensor microwave imager vector wind stress with model-derived and subjective products for the tropical Pacific

An assessment of a new source of vector wind stress data relative to existing analyses of the surface wind field is presented. The large-scale variability of vector wind stress generated by Atlas et al. (1991) and based on the special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) remotely sensed observations of surface wind speed is compared with five operational and subjectively analyzed wind products across the tropical Pacific basin for the first year of SSM/I, July 1987 through June 1988. The spatial and temporal variability of the zonal component, meridional component, and curl of the wind stress are examined relative to their future use in wind-driven ocean model studies of tropical Pacific Ocean circulation.

Busalacchi, Antonio J.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Comparison of ring-focus image profile with predictions for the AXAF VETA-I test

The X-ray test of the largest pair of nearly cylindrical mirrors for the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) was completed in October 1991 at Marshall Space Flight Center. The test assembly was named the Verification Engineering Test Article I (VETA-I). The ring-focus portion of the test measured the imaging quality of azimuthal sections of VETA-I. This gives information about the core of the on-orbit image. The finite source distance, VETA-I mirror spacing, and VETA-I structural deformation caused the core of the image to be spread over a diameter of nearly 4 arc seconds at the VETA-I overall focus. The results of a preliminary analysis of the ring-focus data and the implications for the on-orbit image of the telescope are discussed. An upper limit for the on-orbit encircled-energy fraction at 1 arc second diameter was determined to be 0.82 at 0.277 keV X-ray energy. This assumes that the bottoms of the mirrors in the VETA-I arrangement are representative of the mirror surfaces and that the on-orbit system would be aligned using a combination of preliminary measurements and predictions for the mirror surface shapes.

Zissa, David E.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Detection of rotational modulation in the coronal extreme-ultraviolet emission from V711 Tauri?

The RS CVn binary V711 Tauri was observed by the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer satellite (EUVE) twice during the latter half of 1992, for periods lasting several days. Light curves for the waveband 60-180 A derived from the all-sky survey scanning in August and from a pointed calibration observation made in October both exhibit a modulation of about 40%. The modulation in both data sets is very similar, with minimum flux occurring near orbital phase phi = 0.5. Analysis using a two-temperature optically thin plasma emission model reveals that most of the detected extreme ultraviolet (EUV) flux emanates from hot (approximately 10(exp 7) K) coronal plasma. The modulation is probably mostly due to either flare-like activity or to rotational occultation of a long-lived, compact, and especially bright coronal structure on the more active star of the system. The phased data support the latter hypothesis. This coronal structure is then likely to be associated with the presistent spot patterns seen on V711 Tau when using Doppler and photometric surface imaging techniques. Comparison with contemporaneous Stroemgren b-band photometry indicates that the optical minimum light leads the EUV maximum light by 90 deg in phase.

Drake, Jeremy J.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Measurement of high-degree solar oscillation frequencies

We present m-averaged solar p- and f-mode oscillation frequencies over the frequency range nu greater than 1.8 and less than 5.0 mHz and the spherical harmonic degree range l greater than or equal to 100 and less than or equal to 1200 from full-disk, 1000 x 1024 pixel, Ca II intensity images collected 1993 June 22-25 with a temporal cadence of 60 s. We itemize the sources and magnitudes of statistical and systematic uncertainties and of small frequency corrections, and we show that our frequencies represent an improvement in accuracy and coverage over previous measurements. Our frequencies agree at the 2 micro Hz level with Mount Wilson frequencies determined for l less than or equal to 600 from full-disk images, and we find systematic offsets of 10-20 micro Hz with respect to frequencies measured from Big Bear and La Palma observations. We give evidence that these latter offsets are indicative of spatial scaling uncertainties associated with the analysis of partial-disk images. In comparison with theory, our p-mode frequencies agree within 10 micro Hz of frequencies predicted by the Los Alamos model but are as much as 100 micro Hz smaller than frequencies predicted by the Denmark and Yale models at degrees near 1000. We also find systematic differences between our n = 0 frequencies and the frequencies closely agreed upon by all three models.

Bachmann, K. T.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Submarine Analogs to Venusian Pancake Domes

The morphology and dimensions of the large diameter, steep-sided, flat-topped "pancake domes" on Venus make them unlike any type of terrestrial subaerial volcano. Comparisons between images of Hawaiian seamounts and pancake domes show similarities in shapes and secondary features. The morphometry of pancake domes is closer to that of Pacific seamounts than subaerial lava domes. Considering both morphology and morphometry, seamounts seem a better analog to the pancake domes. The control of volatile exsolution by pressure on Venus and the seafloor can cause lavas to have similar viscosities and densities, although the latter will be counteracted by high buoyancy underwater. However, analogous effects of the Venusian and seafloor alone are probably not sufficient to produce similar volcanoes. Rather, Venusian lavas of various compositions may behave like basalt on the seafloor if appropriate rates and modes of extrusion and planetary thermal structure are also considered.

Bridges, Nathan T.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Rendering Three-Dimensional Solar Coronal Structures of Active Region 8227

Coronal X-ray and EUV synthesized images are constructed of Active Region 8227 (May-June 1996) and are compared with Yohkoh/SXT, SOHO/EIT, and TRACE observations. Using the rendering technique of Gary (1997) and Alexander, Gary, and Thompson (1998), specific geometric and physical models are used to integrated the plasma emission along the line of sight to obtain a rendered image. The specific instrumental profiles are convolved in the integration process as well as specific heating functions. We analyze coronal X-ray and EUV structures by constructing synthesized image and comparison with observations provide test of specific physical models. We investigate how different pressure distributions within the active region loop system affect the emission characteristics and compare the various results with coronal observations. We investigate how the different heating functions in the active region are reflected in the effect of overall structure of the region. Specific heating rates are tested.

Gary, G. A.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Microwave Sensing of Ocean Winds Including the Use of SAR Imagery

This paper presents aircraft measurements of near-surface atmospheric boundary layer wind roll signatures and radar-derived sea surface roughness. These data are completely coincident in space and time and this unique feature supports attempts to definitively link SAR backscatter signatures to boundary layer roll impacts. The open-ocean data were collected at an altitude of 20 m from NOAA's Long-EZ aircraft using its turbulence probe and down-looking Ka-band radar scatterometer. Several flight legs of 20-30 km were flown with a heading across the wind direction, which is also roughly perpendicular to the roll vortices. We find remarkable correlation between measured modulations in the along-wind component of wind speed and radar backscatter for the spatial scale of 1 to 1.5 km. Close agreement between normalized modulation amplitudes suggests the radar-inferred surface slope variance is changing linearly with wind speed. These data were collected within 30 minutes of a RADARSAT SAR overpass where apparent boundary layer impacts of the same orientation and spatial dimension are prevalent in the SAR backscatter image. Quantitative comparison between modulations in the aircraft and satellite radar data will be discussed.

Vandemark, Douglas↗
NASA NTRS2000

Measured Correlation Between Roll-Vortex Signatures and Radar-Inferred Sea Surface Roughness

This paper presents aircraft measurements of near-surface atmospheric boundary layer roll signatures and radar-derived sea surface roughness. These data are completely coincident in space and time and this unique feature supports attempts to definitively link SAR backscatter signatures to boundary layer roll impacts. The open-ocean data were collected at an altitude of 20 in from NOAA's Long-EZ aircraft using its turbulence probe and down-looking Ka-band radar scatterometer, Several flight legs of 20-30 km were flown with a heading across the wind direction, which is also roughly perpendicular to the roll vortices. We find remarkable correlation between measured modulations in the along-wind component of wind speed and radar backscatter for the spatial scale of I to 1.5 kin. Close agreement between normalized modulation amplitudes suggests the radar-inferred surface slope variance is changing linearly with wind speed. These data were collected within 30 minutes of a RADARSAT SAR overpass where apparent boundary layer impacts of the same orientation and spatial dimension are prevalent in the SAR backscatter image. Quantitative comparison between modulations in the aircraft and satellite radar data will be discussed.

Vandemark, Douglas↗
NASA NTRS2001

Kuiper Belt Mapping Radar

Since their initial discovery in 1992, to date only a relatively small number of Kuiper Belt Objects (KBO's) have been discovered. Current detection techniques rely on frame-to-frame comparisons of images collected by optical telescopes such as Hubble, to detect KBO's as they move against the background stellar field. Another technique involving studies of KBO's through occultation of known stars has been proposed. Such techniques are serendipitous, not systematic, and may lead to an inadequate understanding of the size, range, and distribution of KBO's. In this paper, a future Kuiper Belt Mapping Radar is proposed as a solution to the problem of mapping the size distribution, extent, and range of KBO's. This approach can also be used to recover radar albedo and object rotation rates. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.

Freeman, A.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Localization, Localization, Localization

Localization of the two Mars Exploration Rovers involved three independent approaches to place the landers with respect to the surface of Mars and to refine the location of those points on the surface with the Mars control net: 1) Track the spacecraft through entry, descent, and landing, then refine the final roll stop position by radio tracking and comparison to images taken during descent; 2) Locate features on the horizon imaged by the two rovers and compare them to the MOC and THEMIS VIS images, and the DIMES images on the two MER landers; and 3) 'Check' and refine locations by acquisition of MOC 1.5 meter and 50 cm/pixel images.

Parker, T.↗