Interdisciplinary strategies to enable data-driven plant breeding in a changing climate
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54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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FAIR for AI: An interdisciplinary and international community building perspective
A foundational set of findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) principles were proposed in 2016 as prerequisites for proper data management and stewardship, with the goal of enabling the reusability of scholarly data. The principles were also meant to apply to other digital assets, at a high level, and over time, the FAIR guiding principles have been re-interpreted or extended to include the software, tools, algorithms, and workflows that produce data. FAIR principles are now being adapted in the context of AI models and datasets. Here, we present the perspectives, vision, and experiences of researchers from different countries, disciplines, and backgrounds who are leading the definition and adoption of FAIR principles in their communities of practice, and discuss outcomes that may result from pursuing and incentivizing FAIR AI research. The material for this report builds on the FAIR for AI Workshop held at Argonne National Laboratory on June 7, 2022.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Negative Ions for Emerging Interdisciplinary Applications
In many applications related to ion beam-materials interactions negative ions are particularly desirable due to its merit to yield a very low surface charge-up voltage, {approx} a few volts, for both electrically isolated surfaces and insulators. Some important applications pertaining to ion beam-material interactions include surface analysis by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), voltage-contrast microscopy for semiconductor device inspection, materials processing, and ion beam lithography. These applications primarily require vacuum environments. On the other hand, a distinct area of activities constitutes formation of ions and ion transport in ambient environmental conditions, i.e., at atmospheric pressures. In this context, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is an important analytical device that uses negative ions and operates at ambient conditions. IMS is widely used in both physical and biological sciences including monitoring environmental conditions, security screening and disease detection. This article highlights several critical issues related to the ionization sources and ion transport in IMS. Additionally, the critical issues related to ion sources, transport and focusing are discussed in the context of SIMS with sub-micrometer spatial resolution.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Editorial: The pre-history of Chaos—An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science
No abstract prepared.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Interdisciplinary Study of Egyptian Mummies from the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts Collection at the National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”
Nine ancient Egyptian mummies (dated preliminarily to the period from the 1st mill. BCE to the first centuries CE) from the collection of the State Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts have been studied at the National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute” (NRC KI) on the base of the complex of NBICS technologies. Tomographic scanning is performed using a magneto-resonance tomograph (3 T) and a hybrid positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) scanner. Three-dimensional reconstructions of mummies and their anthropological measurements are carried out. Some medical conclusions are drawn based on the tomographic data. In addition, the embalming composition and tissue of one of the mummies are preliminarily analyzed.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Interactive Web Mapping Tools And Custom Subsurface Cross-sections For Interdisciplinary Geologic Investigation
This code allows for a geologic cross-sectional profile to be obtained from a user-drawn profile line within a web map application.
Gardner, TessicaA↗
Interdisciplinary Dialogue for Education, Collaboration, and Innovation: Intelligent Biology and Medicine In and Beyond 2013
The 2013 International Conference on Intelligent Biology and Medicine (ICIBM 2013) was held on August 11-13, 2013 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA. The conference included six scientific sessions, two tutorial sessions, one workshop, two poster sessions, and four keynote presentations that covered cutting-edge research topics in bioinformatics, systems biology, computational medicine, and intelligent computing. Here, we present a summary of the conference and an editorial report of the supplements to BMC Genomics and BMC Systems Biology that include 19 research papers selected from ICIBM 2013.
bioinformatics↗
Preoperative Pazopanib in High-Risk Soft Tissue Sarcoma: Phase II Window-of Opportunity Study of the German Interdisciplinary Sarcoma Group (NOPASS/GISG-04)
Background: Preoperative devascularization might improve local control and thus the outcome of patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS). The multikinase inhibitor pazopanib has antiangiogenic effects and is approved for treating metastatic STS. We conducted a trial of preoperative pazopanib therapy in high-risk STS. Methods: This single-arm, phase II trial included patients with resectable, non-metastatic, treatment-naïve, high-risk STS. Patients received pazopanib 800 mg daily while waiting for surgery (21-day ‘window of opportunity’). The primary endpoint was metabolic response rate (MRR; proportion of patients with ≥ 50% reduction of mean standardized uptake value [SUV{sub mean}] in post- vs. pretreatment fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography/computed tomography [FDG-PET-CT]). Planned sample size was 35 patients (type I error, 5%; type II error, 20%). A translational substudy explored associations between response and concentration of circulating angiogenic factors. Results: Futility analysis was performed after 21 patients (11 female, mean age 67 years; liposarcoma n = 15); 17/21 patients were evaluable for the primary endpoint. The MRR was 1/17 (5.9%, 95% confidence interval < 0.01–0.29). Mean change in SUV{sub mean} of post- versus pretreatment PET was a 6% decrease (range 65% decrease to 34% increase); 7/21 (33.3%) patients had 12 grade 3/4 toxicities, and 19/21 (95.2%) patients were resected (all R0). One (4.8%) patient suffered a grade 4 postoperative complication (anastomotic leakage). Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, soluble vascular endothelial growth factor, and angiopoietin-2 concentrations showed no relevant changes during treatment. Conclusions: Although this study showed that preoperative pazopanib is not effective for unselected high-risk STS patients, relevant treatment effects were observed in a single patient. Future research needs to better define subgroups potentially benefiting from preoperative pazopanib treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01543802.
62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
Annual Report FY2013-- A Kinematically Complete, Interdisciplinary, and Co-Institutional Measurement of the 19F(α,n) Cross-section for Nuclear Safeguards Science
The goal of this proposal is to enable neutron detection for precision Non-Destructive Assays (NDAs) of actinide-fluoride samples. Neutrons are continuously generated from a UFx matrix in a container or sample as a result of the interaction of alpha particles from uranium-decay α particles with fluorine nuclei in the matrix. Neutrons from 19F(α,n)22Na were once considered a poorly characterized background for assays of UFx samples via 238U spontaneous fission neutron detection [SMI2010B]. However, the yield of decay-α-driven neutrons is critical for 234,235U LEU and HEU assays, as it can used to determine both the total amount of uranium and the enrichment [BER2010]. This approach can be extremely valuable in a variety of safeguard applications, such as cylinder monitoring in underground uranium storage facilities, nuclear criticality safety studies, nuclear materials accounting, and other nonproliferation applications. The success of neutron-based assays critically depends on an accurate knowledge of the cross section of the (α,n) reaction that generates the neutrons. The 40% uncertainty in the 19F(α,n)22Na cross section currently limits the precision of such assays, and has been identified as a key factor in preventing accurate enrichment determinations [CRO2003]. The need for higher quality cross section data for (α,n) reactions has been a recurring conclusion in reviews of the nuclear data needs to support safeguards. The overarching goal of this project is to enable neutron detection to be used for precision Non- Destructive Assays (NDAs) of actinide-fluoride samples. This will significantly advance safeguards verification at existing declared facilities, nuclear materials accounting, process control, nuclear criticality safety monitoring, and a variety of other nonproliferation applications. To reach this goal, Idaho National Laboratory (INL), in partnership with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Rutgers University (RU), and the University of Notre Dame (UND), will focus on three specific items: (1) making a precision (better than 10 %) determination of the absolute cross section of the 19F(α,n)22Na reaction as a function of energy; (2) determining the spectrum of neutrons and γ-rays emitted from 19F(α,n)22Na over an energy range pertinent to NDA; and (3) performing simulations with this new cross section to extract the neutron yield (neutrons/gram/second) and resulting neutron- and gamma ray-spectra when α particles interact with fluorine nuclei in actinide samples, to aid in the design and reduce uncertainty of future NDA measurements and simulations.
VANDLE, HPGe gamma-ray detector, liquid neutron de↗
Final Technical Report. Reactivity of Iron-Bearing Minerals and CO 2 Sequestration and Surface Chemistry of Pyrite. An Interdisciplinary Approach
Over the course of the scientific program, two areas of research were pursued: reactions of iron oxides with supercritical CO 2 and sulfide and surface reactivity of pyrite. The latter area of interest was to understand the chemistry that results when supercritical CO 2 (scCO 2 ) with H 2 S and/or SO 2 in deep saline formations (DFS) contacts iron bearing minerals. Understanding the complexities the sulfur co-injectants introduce is a critical step in developing CO 2 sequestration as a climate-mitigating strategy. The research strategy was to understand macroscopic observations of this chemistry with an atomic/molecular level view using surface analytical techniques. Research showed that the exposure of iron (oxyhdr)oxides (which included ferrihydrite, goethite, and hematite) to scCO 2 in the presence of sulfide led to reactions that formed siderite (FeCO 3 ). The results have important implications for the sequestration of CO 2 via carbonation reactions in the Earth’s subsurface. An earlier area of focus in the project was to understand pyrite oxidation in microscopic detail. This understanding was used to understand macroscopic observations of pyrite reactivity. Results obtained from this research led to a better understanding how pyrite reacts in a range of chemical environments. Geochemical and modern surface science techniques were used to understand the chemistry of pyrite in important environmental conditions. The program relied on a strong integration the results of these techniques to provide a fundamental understanding to the macroscopic chemistry exhibited by pyrite in the environment. Major achievements during these studies included developing an understanding of the surface sites on pyrite that controlled its reactivity under oxidizing conditions. In particular sulfur anion vacancies and/or ferric sites were sites of reactivity. Studies also showed that the adsorption of phospholipid on the surface to selectively suppress the reactivity of these sites could of potential importance for suppressing acid mine drainage in the environment (a problem common to coal-mining sites). Biotic studies showed that microbial activity that promotes the oxidation of pyrite to produce AMD could also be suppressed by the adsorption of phospholipid.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
A kinematically complete, interdisciplinary, and co-institutional measurement of the 19 F(α,n) cross section for nuclear safeguards science
Alpha particles emitted from the decay of uranium in a UF 6 matrix can interact with fluorine and generate neutrons via the 19 F(α,n) 22 Na reaction. These neutrons can be used to determine the uranium content in a UF 6 storage cylinder. The accuracy of this self-interrogating, non-destructive assay (NDA) technique is, however, limited by the uncertainty of the 19 F(α,n) 22 Na cross section. We have performed complementary measurements of the 19 F(α,n) 22 Na reaction with both 4 He and 19 F beams to improve the precision of the 19 F(α,n) 22 Na cross section over the alpha energy range that encompasses common actinide alpha decay needed for NDA studies. We have determined an absolute cross section for the 19 F(α,n) 22 Na reaction to an average precision of 7.6% over the alpha energy range of 3.9 – 6.7 MeV. We utilized this cross section in a simulation of a 100 g spherical UF 6 assembly and obtained a change in neutron emission rate values of approximately 10-12%, and a significant (factor of 3.6) decrease in the neutron emission rate uncertainty (from 50-51% to 13-14%), compared to simulations using the old cross section. Our new absolute cross section enables improved interpretations of NDAs of containers of arbitrary size and configuration.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
A Fire Community Observatory: Interdisciplinary, AI-informed Post-Fire Rapid Response for Improved Water Cycle Science at Watershed Scale
Wildfire is an ecological disturbance that disrupts the hydrological cycle. In the past few years, a record number of multiple-and-compounding fires have occurred across urban-wildland gradients in the Western United States. Changes to watershed hydrological partitioning in response to fires (infiltration, runoff, evapotranspiration) presents unprecedented challenges to “Water-in-the-West” through negative impacts to water supply and its quality, and is a direct threat to downstream communities, groundwater, and drinking water supply infrastructure. While much work is being done to advance Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI/ML) use during fires for emergency response (i.e. predict fire movement, direct evacuations), significant potential exists to use AI/ML to address three scientific grand challenges that are rarely addressed in a convergent science context: 1) how to enhance the potential resiliency of a landscape before fire(s), 2) how to cost-effectively and optimally monitor watershed changes after fires, and 3) how to predict future hydrological and biogeochemical trajectories in fire-impacted watershed given climate change. This whitepaper addresses DOE Focal Area 1: Data acquisition and assimilation enabled by machine learning, AI, and advanced methods.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
Development of Integrated Education, Training and Research Program with Interdisciplinary Applications
Plasma models have been formulated including realistic spatial profiles of both flow and radio frequency induced ponderomotive force. With these inclusions the picture of stability of various plasma and fluid instabilities, as expected, changed drastically with ground-breaking consequences. The inhomogeneous parallel flow and the radio frequency waves can actually shown to stabilize turbulence. This is different from the prevalent notion that both parallel flow shear and radio frequency waves are responsible for the excitation (destabilization) of plasma turbulence. This has several ground-breaking consequences:- (1) the stabilization by parallel flow clearly goes against the conventional notion of the origin of ionospheric oscillation which invokes parallel flow destabilization as the origin, (2) the stabilization by parallel flow opens us a new avenue for improved mode formation in fusion devices - which mostly rely on the perpendicular flow shear stabilization for improved mode formation but the perpendicular flow is damped in a tokamak - so the improved mode formed by the parallel flow can sustain longer and has more prospect for ignition, (3) the complete stabilization of the ITG mode (and consequent suppression of transport) not only explain many unknown phenomena in the space physics but it also raises a prospect for transport barrier formation by the RF waves but not by the RF induced flow (as most works suggest) which is never observed in a tokamak of that magnitude to create a barrier. These are indeed ground-breaking consequences.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Developing an Integrated, Interdisciplinary RSE Department at Sandia National Laboratories.
Abstract not provided.
Milewicz, Reed↗
Risks of Reductionism: Comparing Climate & Equity Methodologies for Interdisciplinary Energy Justice Research [Slides]
Abstract not provided.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Development of Integrated Education, Training and Research Program with Interdisciplinary Applications II
Plasma models have been formulated including realistic spatial profiles of both flow and radio frequency induced ponderomotive force. With these inclusions the picture of stability of various plasma and fluid instabilities, as expected, changed drastically with ground-breaking consequences. The inhomogeneous parallel flow and the radio frequency waves can actually shown to stabilize turbulence. This is different from the prevalent notion that both parallel flow shear and radio frequency waves are responsible for the excitation (destabilization) of plasma turbulence. This has several ground-breaking consequences:- (1) the stabilization by parallel flow clearly goes against the conventional notion of the origin of ionospheric oscillation which invokes parallel flow destabilization as the origin, (2) the stabilization by parallel flow opens us a new avenue for improved mode formation in fusion devices - which mostly rely on the perpendicular flow shear stabilization for improved mode formation but the perpendicular flow is damped in a tokamak - so the improved mode formed by the parallel flow can sustain longer and has more prospect for ignition, (3) the complete stabilization of the ITG mode (and consequent suppression of transport) not only explain many unknown phenomena in the space physics but it also raises a prospect for transport barrier formation by the RF waves but not by the RF induced flow (as most works suggest) which is never observed in a tokamak of that magnitude to create a barrier. These are indeed ground-breaking consequences.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗