SEARCH · Search NASA
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Similar calculation of hypersonic laminar boundary layer characteristics in presence of pressure gradient, specifically heat transfer, skin friction and boundary layer thickness
Relations were analytically obtained for the prediction of radial distributions of velocity and temperature for fully developed laminar flow of gases and of liquid metals in tubes with fluid properties variable along the radius. The relations are applicable to both heating and cooling of the fluid. By use of the relations for velocity and temperature distributions, relations were obtained among Nusselt number, friction parameter, and ratio of wall to bulk temperature. The Nusselt number and friction parameter were found to be independent of Reynolds number and Prandtl number. The effects of ratio of wall to bulk temperature on Nusselt number and friction parameter could be eliminated by evaluating the fluid properties at specified temperatures in the fluid.
A survey of integral methods in laminar-boundary-layer analysis is first given. A simple and sufficiently accurate method for practical purposes of calculating the properties (including stability) of the laminar compressible boundary layer in an axial pressure gradient with heat transfer at the wall is presented. For flow over a flat plate, the method is applicable for an arbitrarily prescribed distribution of temperature along the surface and for any given constant Prandtl number close to unity. For flow in a pressure gradient, the method is based on a Prandtl number of unity and a uniform wall temperature. A simple and accurate method of determining the separation point in a compressible flow with an adverse pressure gradient over a surface at a given uniform wall temperature is developed. The analysis is based on an extension of the Karman-Pohlhausen method to the momentum and the thermal energy equations in conjunction with fourth- and especially higher degree velocity and stagnation-enthalpy profiles.
Laminarization of turbulent boundary layer observed from heat transfer and boundary layer measurements in conical nozzles
Use of surface pressures, heat-transfer rates, and flow-visualization photographs to define the flowfields for simulated infinite cylinders. Four cylindrical cross sections were studied in the experimental program, which was conducted at free-stream Mach numbers of 5 to 15, free-stream unit Reynolds numbers from 2 to 20 million per foot, and angles of attack from 30 to 90 deg. Although swept-cylinder theory provides a reasonable correlation of the measured laminar heat-transfer rates in the plane of symmetry, improved correlation with the measurements is obtained if the three-dimensional nature of the flow is taken into account. In cases where the boundary layer on the windward forebody was turbulent, the large velocity gradients near the chines produced relaminarization of the boundary layer prior to separation. The average heat-transfer-rate in the separated region, which is weakly dependent on the free-stream conditions, was found to be a linear function of the angle of attack. For a given flow condition the effect of the leeward geometry on heat transfer can be correlated by a single geometric parameter which is dependent on the location of separation.
Turbulent impinging jets have been proposed to cool high heat flux plasma-facing components such as the solid tungsten target plates of the divertor in long-pulse magnetic fusion energy reactors. In particular, the T-tube modular divertor, originally developed by the ARIES Team, consists of two concentric cylindrical tubes where helium flows through a slot in the inner tube, forming an approximately planar jet that impinges upon and cools the inner surface of the pressure boundary (namely, the outer tube) and the ~15-cm 2 plasma-facing W target. The objective of this work is to demonstrate that large eddy simulations (LESs) accurately simulate the thermal transport in canonical flows that comprise the cooling flow in the T-tube, as well as validate temperatures from LES with experimental measurements in a simplified T-tube geometry. Wall‑resolved LESs, validated by experimental data and verified by direct numerical simulations (DNSs), provide benchmark data for two canonical flows in the T‑tube, namely, planar impinging and wall jets, for Reynolds numbers Re B = 4 × 10 3 to 2 × 10 4 . Our LES results are within 4% to 12% root-mean-square error (RMSE) of surface Nusselt number distributions (Nu) from experiments and DNSs. The validated LES results are then used as the ground truth to evaluate four Reynolds‑averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence closures, namely, the k‑ω SST, realizable k‑ε, GEKO, and γ‑SST models. The k‑ω SST model has the best overall performance in terms of heat transfer, giving surface Nu within 12% RMSE of the LES results for high‑ReB impinging jets and reduced overprediction in the wall‑jet region. The GEKO model with default constants has the next best performance, providing slightly better Nu predictions for low ReB impinging jets (versus k-ω SST) but worse overall performance over the full range of ReB studied here. The realizable k‑ε turbulence model significantly overestimates turbulence near the stagnation point, while the γ‑SST model suppresses near‑wall production, biasing the simulations toward simulating laminar surface heat transfer. Simulations of the simplified T‑tube show that LES and RANS simulations with the k‑ω SST model give nearly identical average heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) over the impingement surface. The realizable k‑ε model predicts significantly lower wall temperatures due to overestimation of HTC in the outlet flow.
An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the heat-transfer rates at the apex of two 60 degree sweptback delta wings (panel semi-apex angle of 30 degrees) having cylindrical leading edges and 0 degrees and 45 degree positive dihedral. The models tested might correspond to the first several feet of a hypersonic reentry vehicle. The tests were conducted at a Mach number of 4.95 and a stagnation temperature of 400 F. nominal test-section unit Reynolds numbers varied from 2 x 10(exp 6) to 12 x 10(exp 6) per foot. The results of the investigation indicated that the laminar heat-transfer distributions (ratio of local to stagnation-line heating rate) about the models normal to the leading edges were in close agreement with two-dimensional blunt-body theory. The three-dimensional stagnation point heat-transfer rate on the 0 degree dihedral model was in excellent agreement with theory and the stagnation-line heat transfer on the straight portion of the leading edge of both models approached a constant level 12 percent above the theoretical stagnation-line level on an isolated swept infinite cylinder. When the heating rates on the 45 degree dihedral model (planform sweep of 69.3 degree) were compared with those on the 0 degree dihedral model (planform sweep of 60 degrees) at equal angles of attack and equal lifts greater than zero, the stagnation-line heating rates on the 45 degrees dihedral model were, in general, considerably lower as a result of the difference in effective sweeps of the leading edges. On the wing panels inboard from the stagnation lines, the differences in heating were very small. The stagnation-line heat-transfer variation with angle of attack, the shift in stagnation-line location, and the reduction in stagnation-line heat transfer resulting from the increase in effective sweep when positive dihedral is incorporated into a constant-panel 0 degree dihedral wing, all agreed with the results of a theoretical study made of highly swept delta wings with large positive dihedral.
Heat transfer and flow resistance in inlet section of flat channel during laminar viscous flow
Blade-to-coolant convective heat-transfer coefficients were obtained on a forced-convection water-cooled single-stage turbine over a large laminar flow range and over a portion of the transition range between laminar and turbulent flow. The convective coefficients were correlated by the general relation for forced-convection heat transfer with laminar flow. Natural-convection heat transfer was negligible for this turbine over the Grashof number range investigated. Comparison of turbine data with stationary tube data for the laminar flow of heated liquids showed good agreement. Calculated average midspan blade temperatures using theoretical gas-to-blade coefficients and blade-to-coolant coefficients from stationary-tube data resulted in close agreement with experimental data.
This report documents the results of an experimental study on the influence of high level turbulence on vane film cooling and the influence of film cooling on vane heat transfer. Three different cooling configurations were investigated which included one row of film cooling on both pressure and suction surfaces, two staggered rows of film cooling on both suction and pressure surfaces, and a shower-head cooling array. The turbulence had a strong influence on film cooling effectiveness, particularly on the pressure surface where local turbulence levels were the highest. For the single row of holes, the spanwise mixing quickly reduced centerline effectiveness levels while mixing in the normal direction was more gradual. The film cooling had a strong influence on the heat transfer in the laminar regions of the vane. The effect of film cooling on heat transfer was noticeable in the turbulent regions but augmentation ratios were significantly lower. In addition to heat transfer and film cooling, velocity profiles were taken downstream of the film cooling rows at three spanwise locations. These profile comparisons documented the strong spanwise mixing due to the high turbulence. Total pressure exit measurements were also documented for the three configurations.
Wall temperature distribution for laminar forced convection in rectangular channels with unequal heat addition on adjacent sides
Temperature and velocity profiles for laminar free convective heat transfer from sphere
Mars atmospheric composition and laminar convective heating and ablation studied to predict performance of heat protection systems during entry
Mars atmospheric composition and laminar convective heating and ablation studied to predict performance of heat protection systems during entry
Flow resistance and convective heat transfer for laminar flow of viscous incompressible liquids
Hypersonic shock tunnel and free piston shock tube studies of sixty degree half-angle cones to determine validity of theories of laminar convective heat transfer in planetary gases
Heat transfer in laminar channel flow with random velocity variations, using Monte Carlo technique
Test results of a low-temperature space radiator model are presented. Radiator performance is evaluated with a low-thermal-conductivity fluid in laminar flow in D-shaped cross-section tubes. The test covered a Reynolds number range from 50 to 4500 and a fluid temperature range from 294 to 414 K (70 to 286 F). For low-temperature radiators, the fluid-to-surface temperature differential was predominately influenced by fluid temperature in laminar flow. Heat transfer and pressure drop for the radiator tube could be predicted within engineering accuracy from existing correlations.