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NASA NTRS1988

Dynamical criterion for a marginally unstable, quasi-linear behavior in a two-layer model

A two-layer quasi-geostrophic flow forced by meridional variations in heating can be in regimes ranging from radiative equilibrium to forced geostrophic turbulence. Between these extremes is a regime where the time-mean (zonal) flow is marginally unstable. Using scaling arguments, it is concluded that such a marginally unstable state should occur when a certain parameter, measuring the strength of wave-wave interactions relative to the beta effect and advection by the thermal wind, is small. Numerical simulations support this proposal. A transition from the marginally unstable regime to a more nonlinear regime is then examined through numerical simulations with different radiative forcings. It is found that transition is not caused by secondary instability of waves in the marginally unstable regime. Instead, the time-mean flow can support a number of marginally unstable normal modes. These normal modes interact with each other, and if they are of sufficient amplitude, the flow enters a more nonlinear regime.

Ebisuzaki, W.↗

NASA NTRS1998

A Search for Giant Convection Cells on the Sun

Giant convection cells (slow, long-lived cellular flows in the Sun's convection zone with typical diameters greater than about 100,000 km) have been the subject of many searches over the last 30 years. If such flows exist, they should play a key role in structuring the Sun's large scale magnetic field and in driving the large scale axisymmetric flows: the differential rotation and meridional circulation. Detailed observations of the flows in these cells may also allow us to better predict future magnetic field configurations and the solar activity associated with them. Line-of-sight velocity data from the Michelson Doppler Interferometer on the ESA/NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory provides us with new opportunities to search for giant cells. This data is free of any atmospheric distortion and has been obtained continuously without any day/night gaps for more than two months at a time. These two-month datasets are important because giant cells are expected to have lifetimes somewhat longer that the Sun's 27 day rotation period. Any reappearance of a flow pattern after 27 days would be an important confirmation of the existence of these cells. The approach taken in this search is to separate the giant cell velocity signal from the other, stronger velocity signals by using a spherical harmonic representation of the spatial structures and a fourier decomposition of the temporal behavior. Any giant cell signal should be characterized by low spatial wavenumbers with temporal frequencies appropriate to the solar rotation of these patterns.

Hathaway, David H.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Titan's atmosphere - Temperature and dynamics

In the lower atmosphere of Titan IR brightness temperatures exhibit meridional contrast less than approximately 3 K. Seasonal variations are absent because of the large radiative time constant. In the upper stratosphere meridional contrasts are approximately 20 K, consistent with 100 m/s cyclostrophic zonal winds, and the radiative time constant is short, implying a large seasonal variation in the temperature and wind field. The absence of longitudinal thermal structure implies that zonally symmetric flows effect the meridional transport of heat. A simple model yields meridional velocities approximately 0.04 cm/s and vertical eddy viscosities approximately 1,000 sq cm/s in the lower troposphere, and meridional velocities approximately 5 cm/s in the upper stratosphere.

Flasar, F. M.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Characteristics of southern hemisphere 200-mbar flow as determined from satellite data

Characteristics of southern hemisphere (SH) 200-mbar flow are examined by using geopotential height fields constructed with the aid of a satellite-based thermal structure. Similar northern hemisphere (NH) satellite-based fields are developed in order to make interhemispheric comparisons. Results indicate that both zonal and meridional components of the SH eddy kinetic energy are as large as their NH counterparts. The SH flow is in general more dependent on transient eddies, especially with regard to the meridional flow. In winter the difference in standing eddy magnitude is apparent only in the north-south component. In summer both zonal and meridional components have smaller standing eddy contributions in the SH. The meridional spectra show a preference for intermediate size (k = 4, 5) transient waves. Ratios of zonal to meridional energies indicate that, especially at intermediate wavelengths, the SH waves are 'more meridional' than those in the NH.

Adler, R. F.↗

NASA NTRS2001

Solar Dynamo Driven by Periodic Flow Oscillation

We have proposed that the periodicity of the solar magnetic cycle is determined by wave mean flow interactions analogous to those driving the Quasi Biennial Oscillation in the Earth's atmosphere. Upward propagating gravity waves would produce oscillating flows near the top of the radiation zone that in turn would drive a kinematic dynamo to generate the 22-year solar magnetic cycle. The dynamo we propose is built on a given time independent magnetic field B, which allows us to estimate the time dependent, oscillating components of the magnetic field, (Delta)B. The toroidal magnetic field (Delta)B(sub phi) is directly driven by zonal flow and is relatively large in the source region, (Delta)(sub phi)/B(sub Theta) much greater than 1. Consistent with observations, this field peaks at low latitudes and has opposite polarities in both hemispheres. The oscillating poloidal magnetic field component, (Delta)B(sub Theta), is driven by the meridional circulation, which is difficult to assess without a numerical model that properly accounts for the solar atmosphere dynamics. Scale-analysis suggests that (Delta)B(sub Theta) is small compared to B(sub Theta) in the dynamo region. Relative to B(sub Theta), however, the oscillating magnetic field perturbations are expected to be transported more rapidly upwards in the convection zone to the solar surface. As a result, (Delta)B(sub Theta) (and (Delta)B(sub phi)) should grow relative to B(sub Theta), so that the magnetic fields reverse at the surface as observed. Since the meridional and zonai flow oscillations are out of phase, the poloidal magnetic field peaks during times when the toroidal field reverses direction, which is observed. With the proposed wave driven flow oscillation, the magnitude of the oscillating poloidal magnetic field increases with the mean rotation rate of the fluid. This is consistent with the Bode-Blackett empirical scaling law, which reveals that in massive astrophysical bodies the magnetic moment tends to increase with the angular momentum of the fluid.

Mayr, Hans G.↗

NASA NTRS2024

Three-Dimensional Atmospheric Dynamics of Jupiter from Ground-Based Doppler Imaging Spectroscopy in the Visible

We present three-dimensional (3D) maps of Jupiter’s atmospheric circulation at cloud-top level from Doppler-imaging data obtained in the visible domain with JIVE, the second node of the JOVIAL network, which is mounted on the Dunn Solar Telescope at Sunspot, New Mexico. We report on 12 nights of observations between May 4 and May 30, 2018, representing a total of about 80 hours. Firstly, the average zonal wind profile derived from our data is compatible with that derived from cloud-tracking measurements performed on Hubble Space Telescope images obtained in April 2018 from the Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program. Secondly, we present the first ever two-dimensional maps of Jupiter’s atmospheric circulation from Doppler measurements. The zonal velocity map highlights well-known atmospheric features, such as the equatorial hot spots and the Great Red Spot (GRS). In addition to zonal winds, we derive meridional and vertical velocity fields from the Doppler data. The motions attributed to vertical flows are mainly located at the boundary between the equatorial belts and tropical zones, which could indicate active motion in these regions. Qualitatively, these results compare well to recent Juno data that have unveiled the three-dimensional structure of Jupiter’s wind field. To the contrary, the motions attributed to meridional circulation are very different from what is obtained by cloud tracking, except at the GRS. Because of limitations with data resolution and processing techniques, we acknowledge that our measurement of vertical or meridional flows of Jupiter are still to be confirmed.

Francois-Xavier Schmider↗

NASA NTRS1995

Off-design computer code for calculating the aerodynamic performance of axial-flow fans and compressors

An off-design axial-flow compressor code is presented and is available from COSMIC for predicting the aerodynamic performance maps of fans and compressors. Steady axisymmetric flow is assumed and the aerodynamic solution reduces to solving the two-dimensional flow field in the meridional plane. A streamline curvature method is used for calculating this flow-field outside the blade rows. This code allows for bleed flows and the first five stators can be reset for each rotational speed, capabilities which are necessary for large multistage compressors. The accuracy of the off-design performance predictions depend upon the validity of the flow loss and deviation correlation models. These empirical correlations for the flow loss and deviation are used to model the real flow effects and the off-design code will compute through small reverse flow regions. The input to this off-design code is fully described and a user's example case for a two-stage fan is included with complete input and output data sets. Also, a comparison of the off-design code predictions with experimental data is included which generally shows good agreement.

Schmidt, James F.↗

NASA NTRS1998

An Approximate Axisymmetric Viscous Shock Layer Aeroheating Method for Three-Dimensional Bodies

A technique is implemented for computing hypersonic aeroheating, shear stress, and other flow properties on the windward side of a three-dimensional (3D) blunt body. The technique uses a 2D/axisymmetric flow solver modified by scale factors for a, corresponding equivalent axisymmetric body. Examples are given in which a 2D solver is used to calculate the flow at selected meridional planes on elliptic paraboloids in reentry flight. The report describes the equations and the codes used to convert the body surface parameters into input used to scale the 2D viscous shock layer equations in the axisymmetric viscous shock layer code. Very good agreement is obtained with solutions to finite rate chemistry 3D thin viscous shock layer equations for a finite rate catalytic body.

Brykina, Irina G.↗

NASA NTRS1997

Analysis, Repair, and Management of the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer Database

In the ensuing period we were able to demonstrate that the origin of these filamentous patterns resulted from the action of synoptic-scale vortical velocity field on the global-scale background gradient of ozone concentration in the meridional direction. Hyperbolic flow patterns between long-lived atmospheric vortices bring together air parcels from different latitudes, thus creating large gradients along the separatrices leaving the hyperbolic (stagnation) point. This result is further confirmed by the KL analysis of the ozone field in the equatorial region, where the background concentration gradient vanishes. The spectral slope in this region has been found to lie close to -1, in agreement with Batchelor's prediction. Another outcome of this result is that it at least provides indirect evidence about the kinetic energy spectrum of the atmospheric turbulence in the range of scales approximately 200 to 2000 km. Namely, Batchelor's analysis is based on the assumption that the velocity field is large-scale, that is the kinetic energy spectrum decays as O(k(sup -3)) or steeper. Since the scalar spectrum is confirmed, this also supports this form of the kinetic energy spectrum. The study of equatorial regions of TOMS data revealed the efficiency of the KL method is in detecting and separating a wave-like measurement artifact inherently present in the dataset due to the non-perfect correction for cross-track bias. Just two to three eigenfunctions represent the error, which makes it possible to enhance the data by reconstituting it from the data by eliminating the subspace of artifactual eigenfunctions. This represents a highly efficient means for achieving an improved rendering of the data. This has been implemented on the database. A wide range of techniques and algorithms have been developed for the repair and extension of the TOMS database.

Sirovich, Lawrence↗

NASA NTRS1982

Velocity gradient method for calulating velocities in an axisymmetric annular duct

The velocity distribution along an arbitrary line between the inner and outer walls of an annular duct with axisymmetric swirling flow is calculated. The velocity gradient equation is used with an assumed variation of meridional streamline curvature. Upstream flow conditions can vary between the inner and outer walls, and an assumed total pressure distribution can be specified.

Katsanis, T.↗

NASA NTRS2004

Recent Progress in Understanding the Sun's Magnetic Dynamo

100 years ago we thought that the Sun and stars shone as a result of slow gravitational contraction over a few tens of millions of years - putting astronomers at odds with geologists who claimed that the Earth was much, much older. That mystery was solved in the 1920s and 30s with the discovery of nuclear energy (proving that the geologists had it right all along). Other scientific mysteries concerning the Sun have come and gone but three major mysteries remain: 1) How does the Sun produce sunspots with an 11-year cycle? 2) What produces the huge explosions that result in solar flares, prominence eruptions, and coronal mass ejections? and 3) Why is the Sun's outer atmosphere, the corona, so darned hot? Recent progress in solar astronomy reveals a single key to understanding all three of these mysteries.The 11-year time scale for the sunspot cycle indicates the presence of a magnetic dynamo within the Sun. For decades this dynamo was though to operate within the Sun's convection zone - the outmost 30% of the Sun where convective currents transport heat and advect magnetic lines of force. The two leading theories for the dynamo had very different models for the dynamics of the convection zone. Actual measurements of the dynamics using the techniques of helioseismology showed that both of these models had to be wrong some 20 years ago. A thin layer of strongly sheared flow at the base of the convection zone (now called the tachocline) was then taken to be the seat of the dynamo. Over the last 10 years it has become apparent that a weak meridional circulation within the convection zone also plays a key role in the dynamo. This meridional circulation has plasma rising up from the tachocline in the equatorial regions, spreading out toward the poles at a top speed of about 10-20 m/s at the surface, sinking back down to the tachocline in the polar regions, and then flowing back toward the equator at a top speed of about 1-2 m/s in the tachocline itself. Recent dynamo models that include this meridional flow now appear to have some power for predicting the size of future sunspot cycles.

Hathaway, David. H.↗

NASA NTRS1991

The turbomachine blading design using S2-S1 approach

The boundary conditions corresponding to the design problem when the blades being simulated by the bound vorticity distribution are presented. The 3D flow is analyzed by the two steps S2 - S1 approach. In the first step, the number of blades is supposed to be infinite, the vortex distribution is transformed into an axisymmetric one, so that the flow field can be analyzed in a meridional plane. The thickness distribution of the blade producing the flow channel striction is taken into account by the modification of metric tensor in the continuity equation. Using the meridional stream function to define the flow field, the mass conservation is satisfied automatically. The governing equation is deduced from the relation between the azimuthal component of the vorticity and the meridional velocity. The value of the azimuthal component of the vorticity is provided by the hub to shroud equilibrium condition. This step leads to the determination of the axisymmetric stream sheets as well as the approximate camber surface of the blade. In the second step, the finite number of blades is taken into account, the inverse problem corresponding to the blade to blade flow confined in each stream sheet is analyzed. The momentum equation implies that the free vortex of the absolute velocity must be tangential to the stream sheet. The governing equation for the blade to blade flow stream function is deduced from this condition. At the beginning, the upper and the lower surfaces of the blades are created from the camber surface obtained from the first step with the assigned thickness distribution. The bound vorticity distribution and the penetrating flux conservation applied on the presumed blade surface constitute the boundary conditions of the inverse problem. The detection of this flux leads to the rectification of the geometry of the blades.

Luu, T. S.↗

NASA NTRS2019

Large-Scale Transport into the Arctic: The Roles of the Midlatitude Jet and the Hadley Cell

Transport from the Northern Hemisphere (NH) midlatitudes to the Arctic plays a crucial role in determining the abundance of trace gases and aerosols that are important to Arctic climate via impacts on radiation and chemistry. Here we examine this transport using an idealized tracer with a fixed lifetime and predominantly midlatitude land-based sources in models participating in the Chemistry Climate Model Initiative (CCMI). We show that there is a 25%-45% difference in the Arctic concentrations of this tracer among the models. This spread is correlated with the spread in the location of the Pacific jet, as well as the spread in the location of the Hadley Cell (HC) edge, which varies consistently with jet latitude. Our results suggest that it is likely that the HC-related zonal-mean meridional transport rather than the jet-related eddy mixing is the major contributor to the inter-model spread in the transport of land-based tracers into the Arctic. Specifically, in models with a more northern jet, the HC generally extends further north and the tracer source region is mostly covered by surface southward flow associated with the lower branch of the HC, resulting in less efficient transport poleward to the Arctic. During boreal summer, there are poleward biases in jet location in free-running models, and these models likely underestimate the rate of transport into the Arctic. Models using specified dynamics do not have biases in the jet location, but do have biases in the surface meridional flow, which may result in differences in transport into the Arctic. In addition to the land-based tracer, the midlatitude-to-Arctic transport is further examined by another idealized tracer with zonally uniform sources. With equal sources from both land and ocean, the inter-model spread of this zonally uniform tracer is more related to variations in parameterized convection over oceans rather than variations in HC extent, particularly during boreal winter. This suggests that transport of land-based and oceanic tracers or aerosols towards the Arctic differs in pathways and therefore their corresponding inter-model variabilities result from different physical processes.

chemistry climate models↗

NASA NTRS1975

Time-dependent transonic flow solutions for axial turbomachinery

Three-dimensional unsteady transonic flow through an axial turbomachine stage is described in terms of a pair of two-dimensional formulations pertaining to orthogonal surfaces, namely, a blade-to-blade surface and a hub-to-casing surface. The resulting systems of nonlinear, inviscid, compressible equations of motion are solved by an explicit finite-difference technique. The blade-to-blade program includes the periodic interaction between rotor and stator blade rows. Treatment of the boundary conditions and of the blade slipstream motion by a characteristic type procedure is discussed in detail. Harmonic analysis of the acoustic far field produced by the blade row interaction, including an arbitrary initial transient, is outlined. Results from the blade-to-blade program are compared with experimental measurements of the rotating pressure field at the tip of a high-speed fan. The hub-to-casing program determines circumferentially averaged flow properties on a meridional plane. Blade row interactions are neglected in this formulation, but the force distributions over the entire blade surface for both the rotor and stator are obtained. Results from the hub-to-casing program are compared with a relaxation method solution for a subsonic rotor. Results are also presented for a quiet fan stage which includes transonic flow in both the rotor and stator and a normal shock in the stator.

Erdos, J.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Computer solutions of Wu's equations for compressible flow through turbomachines

Two computers programs, known as Matrix Through-Flow and Matrix Blade-To-Blade, for analyzing the meridional and blade-to-blade flow patterns are described. The numerical solutions are obtained by finite difference approximations to the governing Poisson-type differential equations for the stream function. Solutions for several turbomachines, giving flow patterns and velocity distributions, are included.

Smith, D. J. L.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Mesoscale waves as a probe of Jupiter's deep atmosphere

Images from the Voyager north/south mapping sequences were searched for waves. A remarkable class of mesoscale waves was identified, with the following features: (1) the wavetrains are usually aligned zonally, i.e., wavecrests are north-south; (2) the average wavelength is 300 km with a standard deviation of only 20%; (3) the wavetrains are long; (4) the waves occur within 25 degrees of the equator, the bulk being at the equator itself; (5) the waves are centered at the extrema (in latitude) of the zonal flow; and (6) the meridional extent of the waves is typically 1 degree of latitude. These observations are interpreted as evidence of gravity waves propagating vertically within a leaky duct. A three-level model is assumed composed of a stable duct which extends up to the base of the NH3 cloud deck near 600 mb. Above this is a thin wave-trapping region characterized by a Richardson number Ri less than 1/4 and containing a critical level, where the local value of the zonal flow velocity equals the phase speed of the wave. This in turn is overlain by a stable region, representing the tropopause region and stratosphere.

Flaser, F. M.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Pioneer 9 and OGO 5 observations of an interplanetary multiple shock ensemble on February 2, 1969

A multiple shock system was observed upstream (0.13 AU) of the earth by Pioneer 9 on February 2, 1969. The same system was observed at earth by Ogo 5 and was reported separately in the literature. This paper compares the two sets of observations in still further detail. Both magnetic-field and plasma data are used in a least-squares best-fit method to compute the characteristics of the fast forward shock wave (Pioneer 9 only) and two fast reverse shock waves. Nearly all major features (shock, piston, and tangential discontinuity) retained their characteristics during the transit of the shock ensemble from Pioneer 9 to Ogo 5. The genesis of the ensemble is believed to be due to a complex stream-stream interaction. A substantial density increase (including a large rise of alpha/proton abundance) at Ogo 5, but unobserved at Pioneer 9, is explained by a sudden meridional shift to a flow from below the ecliptic plane while the streams were en route to earth. This study demonstrates a spatial and temporal plasma inhomogeneity which is superimposed on the persistent major features.

Dryer, M.↗

NASA NTRS1990

A heliospheric vortex street?

This paper presents the hypothesis that the periodic meridional (north-south) flow observed by Voyager 2 in the neighborhood of 20-25 AU were produced by a heliospheric vortex street. The separation of the vortices was approximately 6 AU in the radial direction, and the vortices were carried away from the sun at a speed of approximately 425 km/s. This hypothesis can account for the observed + or - 5 degree deflections in the flow with a period of 25.5 days, and it predicts small amplitude fluctuations in the bulk speed with two maxima per solar rotation, which is consistent with observations in 1986.

Burlaga, L. F.↗