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NASA NTRS1987

EX56a study of extended X-ray emission around isolated galaxies EX56b identification and spectra of bright X-ray sources at high galactic latitude

The EXOSAT observations confirmed the identification and extended nature of PKS 2345-35. It gave a good 2 to 10 keV X-ray spectrum and a detailed spatial profile indicating asymmetry of the structure. In the high galactic latitidue investigation, the BL Lac object identified with the HEAO-1 source 1430+423 was detected, and the first X-ray spectrum was obtained. Several simulataneous observations of H0323+022 were obtained over a broad range of electromagnetic spectrum. Studies of luminous active galactic nuclei have given significant information on the spectrum of the quasar PKS 0558-504. In a study of Southern sky cataclysmic variables, the EXOSAT was used to determine the X-ray spectrum and search for periodicities in two objects. Studies of complete identifications have revealed that X-ray sources in two high galactic latitude fields are stars, and therefore are to be excluded from the Piccinotti extragalactic sample. Only one Piccinotti source remains to be identified.

Schwartz, Daniel A.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Upper limits from hard X-ray observations of five BL Lacertae objects

Results are presented from hard X-ray observations of the five brightest X-ray BL Lacertae objects: PKS 0548-322, Mrk 421 (=1101+384), 2A 1219+305, Mrk 501 (=1652+398), and PKS 2155-304. The observations covered the energy range 15-165 keV from August 1977 to December 1978. The results are compared with previous studies.

Bezler, M.↗

NASA NTRS1992

The origin of the optical emission lines associated with extragalactic radio sources

The observed extended emission line regions (EELRs) associated with radio sources are investigated with the objective of determining the characteristics of the ionization mechanisms and the possible effect of star formation. The sources included in the sample are 3C 227, 3C 277.3, 3C 305, Cen A (NGC 5128), NGC 7385, PKS 0349-27, PKS 2152-69, and Minkowski's Object. It is shown that the emission-line ratios of the EELRs considered can be explained by models which account for the coupled effect of photoionization and shock acting at different degrees. It is also shown that the EELR ionization is not due to young stars. The main energy sources of the EELR are identified.

Viegas, S. M.↗

NASA NTRS2002

The Relationship Between X-Rays and Relativistic Jets

We present recent multiwaveband observations centered on X-ray monitoring of blazars and the radio galaxy 3C 120 with the RXTE satellite, In 3C 120, we observed four X-ray dips, each followed by ejections of superluminal radio knots down the jet. This behavior, similar to that of the microquasar GRS 1915+105, is interpreted as infall of a piece of the inner accretion disk causing ejection of energy into the relativistic jet. The X-ray emission from the quasars PKS 1510-089, 3C 279, and 3C 273 is highly variable on timescales as short as approximately 1 day. Over 2 years, X-ray flares in PKS 1510-089 occurred about 2 weeks after radio outbursts, which can be explained by light-travel delays. In 3C 279 the X-ray and optical variations are usually well correlated, with very little, if any, time delay. We conclude that the X-ray and optical emission from blazars occurs near the radio core rather than close to the black hole.

Marscher, A. P.↗

NASA NTRS2002

Optical Microvariability of Blazars

We present the results of optical differential photometry of five blazers [PKS0219+428 (3C66A), PKS 0235+164 (AO 0235+16), H0414+019, PKS 0851+202 (OJ 187) and QSO 1807+698 (3C 371)] that were observed on 7 nights between November 05, 1997 and December 29, 1998, using the B and the V band filters. We have detected microvariations in four blazers (3C66A, AO 0235+16, H0414+019, and OJ 287). In addition, the light curve of AO 0235+16 has displayed a mini-flare when the brightness of this source was decreasing. Night-to-night variations have also been detected in 3C66A, H0414+019, and OJ 287. The results of our observations are discussed in the framework of accretion disk phenomena (magnetic flares or hot spots in accretion disks) and jet phenomena (plasma instabilities in jets).

Ghosh, K. K.↗

NASA NTRS2005

Probing the Relativistic Jets of Active Galactic Nuclei with Multiwavelength Monitoring

The work completed includes the analysis of observations obtained during Cycle 7 (March 2002-February 2003) of the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE). The project was part of a longer-term, continuing program to study the X-ray emission process in blazars and radio galaxies in collaboration with Dr. Ian McHardy (U. of Southampton, UK) and Prof. Thomas Balonek (Colgate U.). The goals of the program are to study the X-ray emission mechanism in blazars and radio galaxies and the relation of the X-ray emission to changes in the relativistic jet. The program includes contemporaneous brightness and linear polarization monitoring at radio and optical wavelengths, total and polarized intensity imaging at at 43 GHz with a resolution of 0.1 milliarcseconds with the VLBA, and well-sampled X-ray light curves obtained from a series of approved RXTE programs. The objects studied in the time period covered by the grant were 3C 120, 3C 279, PKS 1510-089, and 3C 273, all with radio jets containing bright knots that appear to move at superluminal speeds. During RXTE Cycle 7, the project was awarded RXTE time to monitor PKS 1510-089 two times per week, 3C 273 and 3C 279 three times per week, and 3C 120 four times per week. In addition, 3C273 and 3C 279 were observed several times per day during a ten-day period in April 2002. The X-ray data, including those from earlier cycles, were compared with radio measurements obtained in the centimeter-wave band by the monitoring program of Drs. Margo and Hugh Aller at the University of Michigan Radio Astronomy Observatory, monthly imaging observations with the VLBA at 43 GHz, and optical observations obtained at several telescopes around the world.

Marscher, Alan P.↗

NASA NTRS1996

Jet Propulsion Laboratories in Space: The Production of Astrophysical Jets by Magnetic Accretion Disks, and a Super-Eddington Wind Model for the Early Stages of GROJ1455-40

Measurements of the properties of gravitational lenses have the power to tell us what sort of universe we live in. The brightest known radio Einstein ring/gravitational lens PKS 1830-211, whilst obscured by our galaxy at optical wavelengths, has recently provided a lensing galaxy redshift of 0.89 through the detection of a new absorption feature, most likely due to neutral hydrogen in a second redshift system at z=0.19.

PKS 1830-211↗

NASA NTRS2014

An Empirical Determination of the Intergalactic Background Light Using Near-Infrared Deep Galaxy Survey Data Out to 5 Micrometers and the Gamma-Ray Opacity of the Universe

We extend our previous model-independent determination of the intergalactic background light, based purely on galaxy survey data, out to a wavelength of 5 micrometers. Our approach enables us to constrain the range of photon densities, based on the uncertainties from observationally determined luminosity densities and colors. We further determine a 68% confidence upper and lower limit on the opacity of the universe to gamma-rays up to energies of 1.6/(1 + z) terraelectron volts. A comparison of our lower limit redshift-dependent opacity curves to the opacity limits derived from the results of both ground-based air Cerenkov telescope and Fermi-LAT observations of PKS 1424+240 allows us to place a new upper limit on the redshift of this source, independent of IBL modeling.

BL Lacertae↗

NASA NTRS1972

Photometry of compact galaxies.

Photometric histories of the N galaxies 3C 390.3 and PKS 0521-36. Four other compact galaxies, Markarian 9, I Zw 92, 2 Zw 136, and III Zw 77 showed no evidence of variability. The photometric histories were obtained from an exhaustive study of those plates of the Harvard collection taken with large aperture cameras. The images of all galaxies reported were indistinguishable from stars due to the camera f-ratios and low surface brightness of the outlying nebulosities of the galaxies. Standard techniques for the study of variable stars are therefore applicable.

Shen, B. S. P.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Optical observations of southern radio sources.

Spectrograms of a number of objects identified with southern radio sources have been obtained with the 60-inch telescope of the Inter-American Observatory at Cerro Tololo, Chile. Redshifts have been measured for 10 radio galaxies, and the spectroscopic features are listed. Direct photographs of some of the objects are described. Spectrograms of four stellar objects suggested as QSO identifications showed all objects to be galactic stars, including one recently suggested as an identification for PKS 1302-49 instead of NGC 4945.

Burbidge, E. M.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Spectroscopic observations of 22 quasi-stellar objects.

Spectroscopic observations of 22 QSOs are described, and redshifts of 20 are given. A corrected redshift for 3C 407 is included, and an error in that published for PKS 0226-038 is pointed out. The variability of the large-redshift 5C 2.56 is discussed. Lines of Si II have been found in OI 318.

Burbidge, E. M.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Physics of compact nonthermal sources. II Determination of physical parameters

A set of restrictions upon the magnetic field and visible angular size of a canonical nonthermal source (one whose emission is incoherent electron synchrotron) has been obtained in another paper. The degree of electron anisotropy and magnetic field disordering were left as free parameters. In the present paper these restrictions are applied to the variable compact radio sources 3C 84, 3C 120, 3C 273, 3C 279, 3C 454.3, CTA 102, 3C 446, PKS 2134 + 004, VRO 42.22.01, and OJ 287. The theoretically derived angular sizes for these sources are in reasonable agreement with published VLBI sizes, provided that the characteristic pitch angles are not extremely small. The magnetic field strengths determined from the degree of circular polarization are generally compatible with field strengths derived from the self-absorption and synchrotron self-Compton conditions, again provided that the pitch angles are not too small. It is argued that the self-absorption optical depth cannot be much less than unity near the low-frequency turnovers; otherwise, serious discrepancies with observation result.

Jones, T. W.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Physics of compact nonthermal sources. III - Energetic considerations

The energy content of the compact incoherent electron-synchrotron sources 3C 84, 3C 120, 3C 273, 3C 279, 3C 454.3, CTA 102, 3C 446, PKS 2134+004, VRO 42.22.01 and OJ 287 is calculated on the assumption that the low-frequency turnovers in the radio spectrum are due to self-absorption and that the electron distribution is isotropic. The dependence of the source parameters on various modifications of the standard assumptions is determined. These involve relativistic motions, alternate explanations for the low-frequency turnover, proton-synchrotron radiation, and distance to the source. The canonical interpretation is found to be accurate in many respects; some of the difficulties and ways of dealing with them are discussed in detail.

Burbidge, G. R.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Variable radio source structure on a scale of several minutes of arc

Results are reported for high-frequency (0.75, 1.40, 3.24, 6.63, and 10.63 GHz) flux-density measurements of about 100 radio sources exhibiting low-frequency cutoffs. At least three sources (4C 79.4, 4C 79.15, and PKS 2344+09) showed variable structure on a scale ranging from a fraction of an arcmin to as much as 15 arcmin which appears to change significantly on a time scale of several months. The visual fields of these sources and their companion components are searched for identifiable objects, and complete radio spectra as well as contour maps are presented for some of the sources. It is suggested that the variable structure may result from the existence of several emission centers that are highly variable in flux density but fixed in position.

Ross, H. N.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Plasma irregularities in the Comet's tail

The fluctuations in the intensity of radio source PKS 2025-15 during its occultation by Comet Kohoutek (1973f) on January 5, 1974, can be interpreted as scintillations due to the turbulent plasma in the Comet's tail. It was found that the rms fluctuation of the electron density in the Comet's tail is about 200 electrons/cu cm, the inner scale of the fluctuation is about 8 x 10 to the 7th power cm and the largest scale of fluctuation may reach 6 x 10 to the 10th power cm.

Lee, L. C.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Infrared observations of Monoceros R2

A cluster of compact infrared sources plus extended emission has been found at the peak of the molecular cloud in Mon R2. The extended emission is probably due to heated dust associated with PKS 0605-06, a compact H II region embedded in the molecular cloud. Several of the compact infrared sources have properties indicative of protostars. For one of these, the associated dust is apparently seen in projection against the H II region.

Beckwith, S.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Plasma irregularities in the comet's tail

Scintillation theory is invoked to explain fluctuations in radio intensity observed during occultation of the extragalactic radio source PKS 2025-15 by the plasma tail of comet 1973 XII on Jan. 5, 1975. Plasma irregularities and turbulence in the tail of the comet (Kohoutek 1973f) are fitted to a Gaussian spectrum and to a Kolmogorov power-law spectrum in analyzing the scintillation data. The rms fluctuation of electron density in the cometary tail is reported at 80 electrons per cu mm, the inner scale of the fluctuation at 800 km, and the largest scale of fluctuation at possibly 400,000 km. A hump in the comet power-law spectrum is noted. Use of the power spectrum of electron density fluctuations to predict the power spectrum of magnetic field fluctuations for irregularities associated with hydromagnetic turbulence is recommended.

Lee, L. C.↗

NASA NTRS1979

The hydrogen lines in the high-luminosity quasar B2 1225+31

The emission lines H-alpha, H-beta + forbidden O III, and L-alpha have been observed in the high-redshift quasar 1225+31. The ratios of line intensities in 1225+31 are found to be approximately 0.8 for L-alpha/H-alpha, about 4 for H-alpha/(H-beta + forbidden O III), and between 4 and 10 for H-alpha/H-beta. The observed value of L-alpha/H-alpha agrees well with the ratio derived by Baldwin (1977) on the basis of a composite quasar spectrum, as well as with direct determination of this ratio in 3C 273 and PKS 0237-23. The ratio H-alpha/H-beta is in the range of values found for a sample of low-redshift quasars by Baldwin (1975). The low value for the L-alpha/H-alpha ratio cannot be reasonably explained by foreground extinction between the sun and 1225+31.

Soifer, B. T.↗