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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1981

The effect of inflow velocity profiles on the performance of supersonic ejector nozzles

The design of supersonic nozzles is becoming increasingly complex as conflicting requirements for low noise, higher efficiency, and wider operating range are driving the designer toward more variable geometry and multiple stream flows. Analysis techniques must be modified and expanded to take into account these additional complexities and still retain the rapid computational rate necessary for optimization and design studies. A nozzle analysis must handle more flow streams, more complex geometries, and more highly distorted initial profiles. This paper discusses some modifications to a method for calculating the performance characteristics of supersonic ejector nozzles and demonstrates the improvement in results the modifications provide.

Bishop, A. R.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Performance characteristics of wind profiling radars

Doppler radars used to measure winds in the troposphere and lower stratosphere for weather analysis and forecasting are lower-sensitivity versions of mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere radars widely used for research. The term wind profiler is used to denote these radars because measurements of vertical profiles of horizontal and vertical wind are their primary function. It is clear that wind profilers will be in widespread use within five years: procurement of a network of 30 wind profilers is underway. The Wave Propagation Laboratory (WPL) has operated a small research network of radar wind profilers in Colorado for about two and one-half years. The transmitted power and antenna aperture for these radars is given. Data archiving procedures have been in place for about one year, and this data base is used to evaluate the performance of the radars. One of the prime concerns of potential wind profilers users is how often and how long wind measurements are lacking at a given height. Since these outages constitute an important part of the performance of the wind profilers, they are calculated at three radar frequencies, 50-, 405-, and 915-MHz, (wavelengths of 6-, 0.74-, and 0.33-m) at monthly intervals to determine both the number of outages at each frequency and annual variations in outages.

Strauch, R. G.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Life Cycle Analysis of Natural Gas Extraction and Power Generation: U.S. 2020 Emissions Profile

This analysis expands upon previous life cycle analyses (LCAs) of natural gas systems performed by the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). It provides a complete inventory of emissions to air and water, water consumption, and land use change. These environmental burdens are detailed for all supply chain steps from natural gas production through natural gas distribution. This package includes the report, the NETL Natural Gas Model, and appendices that include several Excel workbooks and a python script to provide transparent access to the calculations and resulting data.<p>To access the NETL Natural Gas Lifecycle model, visit https://doi.org/10.18141/2476250.</p><p>To access the 2020 Report Appendices, visit https://doi.org/10.18141/2438472.</p>

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Life Cycle Analysis of Natural Gas Extraction and Power Generation: U.S. 2020 Emissions Profile

This analysis expands upon previous life cycle analyses (LCAs) of natural gas systems performed by the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). It provides a complete inventory of emissions to air and water, water consumption, and land use change. These environmental burdens are detailed for all supply chain steps from natural gas production through natural gas distribution. This package includes the report, the NETL Natural Gas Model, and appendices that include several Excel workbooks and a python script to provide transparent access to the calculations and resulting data. This is revision 1 of the 2024 study (published December 17, 2024 and updated on January 24, 2025) and corrects a modeling error in natural gas composition. See the errata on page 2 for more information.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Development and Clustering of Rate-Oriented Load Metrics for Customer Price-Plan Analysis

One of the few methods electric utilities can use to motivate and change customer energy consumption is through retail rate structures. Utilities are increasingly moving toward more dynamic rate plans to encourage energy conservation, utilization of onsite renewable generation, peak demand reduction and flattening of demand profiles. This paper creates a set of rate-oriented load metrics that are the determinants of customers' bills under four unique rate plans. These metrics are not only indicative of which rate structure can provide customer bill reductions based on their load profile characteristics, but also convey useful information about load consumption behavior. With these metrics, utilities can analyze their customers and identify classes that are rewarded under each rate plan. This can help inform utilities whether the customers rewarded under each rate plans are meeting their original objectives. To develop these customer classes, we calculate these rate-oriented load metrics for each customer and perform k-means clustering. The analysis is conducted on a set of 300 customer profiles, examining four different rate plans, different numbers of clusters, customer bills and cluster load profile characteristics.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2018

Quantifying Analysis of Uncertainty in Medical Reporting: Creation of User and Context-Specific Uncertainty Profiles

While uncertainty is ubiquitous in medical practice, minimal work to date has been performed to analyze the cause and effect relationship between uncertainty and patient outcomes. In medical imaging practice, uncertainty in the radiology report has been well documented to be a source of clinician dissatisfaction. Before one can effectively create intervention strategies aimed at reducing uncertainty, it must first be better understood through context- and user-specific analysis. One strategy for accomplishing this task is to characterize the source of uncertainty and create user-specific uncertainty profiles which take into account a number of provider-specific variables which may contribute to report uncertainty. The resulting data can in turn be used to create real-time report uncertainty metrics aimed at providing uncertainty analytics at the point of care, for the combined purposes of decision support, improved communication, and enhanced clinical/economic outcomes.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
NASA NTRS1995

Computing Stresses In Spur Gears

Dynamic Analysis of Spur Gear Transmissions (DANST) developed as easy-to-use program for static and dynamic analysis of spur-gear systems. Used for parametric studies to predict effects of operating speed, torque, stiffness, damping, inertia, and tooth profile on dynamic loads and tooth-bending stresses in spur gears. Performs geometric modeling and dynamic analysis for low- or high-contact-ratio spur gears. Simulates gear systems with contact ratios ranging from one to three. Written in FORTRAN 77.

Oswald, F. B.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Laser‐ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with ion mobility separation reveals metabolites in the symbiotic interactions of soybean roots and rhizobia

Summary Technologies enabling in situ metabolic profiling of living plant systems are invaluable for understanding physiological processes and could be used for rapid phenotypic screening (e.g., to produce plants with superior biological nitrogen‐fixing ability). The symbiotic interaction between legumes and nitrogen‐fixing soil bacteria results in a specialized plant organ (i.e., root nodule) where the exchange of nutrients between host and endosymbiont occurs. Laser‐ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ( LAESI ‐ MS ) is a method that can be performed under ambient conditions requiring minimal sample preparation. Here, we employed LAESI ‐ MS to explore the well characterized symbiosis between soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) and its compatible symbiont, Bradyrhizobium japonicum . The utilization of ion mobility separation ( IMS ) improved the molecular coverage, selectivity, and identification of the detected biomolecules. Specifically, incorporation of IMS resulted in an increase of 153 differentially abundant spectral features in the nodule samples. The data presented demonstrate the advantages of using LAESI – IMS – MS for the rapid analysis of intact root nodules, uninfected root segments, and free‐living rhizobia. Untargeted pathway analysis revealed several metabolic processes within the nodule (e.g., zeatin, riboflavin, and purine synthesis). Compounds specific to the uninfected root and bacteria were also detected. Lastly, we performed depth profiling of intact nodules to reveal the location of metabolites to the cortex and inside the infected region, and lateral profiling of sectioned nodules confirmed these molecular distributions. Our results established the feasibility of LAESI – IMS – MS for the analysis and spatial mapping of plant tissues, with its specific demonstration to improve our understanding of the soybean‐rhizobial symbiosis.

Stopka, Sylwia A.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Effects of low earth orbit on the optical performance of multi-layer enhanced high reflectance mirrors

Two mirror designs developed for space applications were flown along with a standard mid-infrared design on the leading and trailing edges of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF). Preliminary observations of induced changes in optical performance of ZnS-coated mirrors and impact-related microstructural and microchemical effects are described in the proceedings of the First LDEF Post-Retrieval Symposium. In this paper, effects of the induced environment and meteoroid/debris impacts on mirror performance are described in more detail. Also, an analysis of reflectance spectra using the results of Auger and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) profiling measurements are used to identify an optical-degradation mechanism for the ZnS-coated mirrors. Structural damage associated with a high-velocity impact on a (Si/Al2O3)-coated mirror was imaged optically and with scanning electron and atomic force microscopy (SEM and AFM). Scanning Auger and SIMS analysis provided chemical mapping of selected impact sites. The impact data suggest design and fabrication modifications for obtaining improved mechanical performance using a design variation identified in preflight laboratory simulations. Auger surface profile and SIMS imaging data verified the conclusion that secondary impacts are the source of contamination associated with the dendrites grown on the leading-edge ZnS-coated test samples. It was also found that dendrites can be grown in the laboratory by irradiating contaminated sites on a trailing-edge ZnS-coated sample with a rastered electron beam. These results suggest a mechanism for dendrite growth.

Donovan, Terence↗
NASA NTRS1994

Performance Measurement, Visualization and Modeling of Parallel and Distributed Programs

This paper presents a methodology for debugging the performance of message-passing programs on both tightly coupled and loosely coupled distributed-memory machines. The AIMS (Automated Instrumentation and Monitoring System) toolkit, a suite of software tools for measurement and analysis of performance, is introduced and its application illustrated using several benchmark programs drawn from the field of computational fluid dynamics. AIMS includes (i) Xinstrument, a powerful source-code instrumentor, which supports both Fortran77 and C as well as a number of different message-passing libraries including Intel's NX Thinking Machines' CMMD, and PVM; (ii) Monitor, a library of timestamping and trace -collection routines that run on supercomputers (such as Intel's iPSC/860, Delta, and Paragon and Thinking Machines' CM5) as well as on networks of workstations (including Convex Cluster and SparcStations connected by a LAN); (iii) Visualization Kernel, a trace-animation facility that supports source-code clickback, simultaneous visualization of computation and communication patterns, as well as analysis of data movements; (iv) Statistics Kernel, an advanced profiling facility, that associates a variety of performance data with various syntactic components of a parallel program; (v) Index Kernel, a diagnostic tool that helps pinpoint performance bottlenecks through the use of abstract indices; (vi) Modeling Kernel, a facility for automated modeling of message-passing programs that supports both simulation -based and analytical approaches to performance prediction and scalability analysis; (vii) Intrusion Compensator, a utility for recovering true performance from observed performance by removing the overheads of monitoring and their effects on the communication pattern of the program; and (viii) Compatibility Tools, that convert AIMS-generated traces into formats used by other performance-visualization tools, such as ParaGraph, Pablo, and certain AVS/Explorer modules.

Yan, Jerry C.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Reducing Communication Overhead in Federated Learning for Network Anomaly Detection with Adaptive Client Selection

Communication overhead in federated learning (FL) poses a significant challenge for network anomaly detection systems, where the myriad of client configurations and network conditions can severely impact system efficiency and detection accuracy. While existing approaches attempt to address this through individual optimization techniques, they often fail to maintain the delicate balance between reduced overhead and detection performance. This paper presents an adaptive FL framework that dynamically combines batch size optimization, client selection, and asynchronous updates to achieve efficient anomaly detection. Through extensive profiling and experimental analysis on two distinct datasets-UNSW-NBIS for general network traffic and ROAD for automotive networks-our framework reduces communication overhead by 97.6%; (from 700.0s to 16.8s) compared to synchronous baseline approaches while maintaining comparable detection accuracy (95.10%; vs. 95.12%;). Statistical validation using Mann-Whitney U test confirms significant improvements (p < 0.05) over existing FL approaches across both datasets, demonstrating the framework's adaptability to different network security contexts. Detailed profiling analysis reveals the efficiency gains through dramatic reductions in GPU operations and memory transfers while maintaining robust detection performance under varying client conditions.

Marfo, William [University of Texas at El Paso]↗
DOE OSTI2019

Novel Environmentally Friendly Superabsorbent Hydrogel Hybrids from Synthesized Star-Shaped Bio-based Monomers and Acrylic Acid

During the past decades, production and applications of petroleum-based superabsorbents have grown dramatically; currently, superabsorbents are produced from acrylic acid, which consequently increase the environmental concerns. The high consumption rate of superabsorbent on the one hand, and their persistence in the environment from the other hand would make the waste of this material a potential hazard for the environment. These materials are not biodegradable, and if degraded hazardous derivatives would be released into soil and water. The current work presents the synthesis and the performance of a novel superabsorbent hydrogel, based on star-shaped bio-based compartments and acrylic acid. Herein, the synthesis of two bio-based star-shaped monomers will be reported based on the condensation reaction between hydroxyl and carboxylic acid end groups of a bio-acid and a bio-alcohol. The first monomer was synthesized from glycerin, succinic acid, lactic acid, itaconic acid, and acrylic acid. The second monomer was synthesized from glycerin, lactic acid, and methacrylic acid. The monomers structures were characterized via FT-IR and {sup 1}HNMR spectroscopies. The different portions of biobased monomers (10, 30, 50, and 70 wt%) were used in combination with the acrylic acid monomer to form hybrid superabsorbents. The swelling properties and the absorbency under load (AUL) of superabsorbents were investigated in turn. The maximum absorption capacities (398.49 and 90.10 g g{sup −1} in water and saline solution, respectively) were observed when 30 wt% of acrylic acid backbone of the superabsorbent was replaced with the bio-based monomer. Moreover, economic and environmental profiles of the hybrid SAPs have been evaluated. The comparative environmental assessment performed using life cycle analysis method, based on the material and energy balances obtained from the available literature. While the economy of the hybrid SAPs production still suffers from the high price of the employed raw biomaterials during manufacturing, the better environmental profiles obtained for the hybrid SAPs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Optical and electronic properties of sub-surface conducting layers in diamond created by MeV B-implantation at elevated temperatures

Boron implantation with in-situ dynamic annealing is used to produce highly conductive sub-surface layers in type IIa (100) diamond plates for the search of a superconducting phase transition. Here, we demonstrate that high-fluence MeV ion-implantation, at elevated temperatures avoids graphitization and can be used to achieve doping densities of 6 at. %. In order to quantify the diamond crystal damage associated with implantation Raman spectroscopy was performed, demonstrating high temperature annealing recovers the lattice. Additionally, low-temperature electronic transport measurements show evidence of charge carrier densities close to the metal-insulator-transition. After electronic characterization, secondary ion mass spectrometry was performed to map out the ion profile of the implanted plates. The analysis shows close agreement with the simulated ion-profile assuming scaling factors that take into account an average change in diamond density due to device fabrication. Finally, the data show that boron diffusion is negligible during the high temperature annealing process.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

SU-G-TeP2-07: Dosimetric Characterization of a New HDR Multi-Channel Esophageal Applicator for Brachytherapy

Purpose: To characterize the dose distribution of a new multi-channel esophageal applicator for brachytherapy HDR treatment, and particularly the effect of the presence of air or water in the applicator’s expansion balloon. Methods: A new multi-channel (6) inflatable applicator for esophageal HDR has been developed in house and tested in a simple water phantom. CT image sets were obtained under several balloon expansions (80ml of air, 50 cc of water), and channel loadings and used with the Oncentra (Elekta) planning system based on TG43 formalism. 400 cGy was prescribed to a plane 1cm away from the applicator. Planar dose distributions were measured for that plane and one next to the applicator using Gafchromic EBT3 film and scanned by a Vidar VXR-12 film digitizer. Film and TPS generated dose distributions of film were sent to OmniPro I’mRT (iba DOSIMETRY) for analysis. 2D dose profiles in both X and Y directions were compared and gamma analysis performed. Results: Film dose measurement of the air-inflated applicator is lower than the TPS calculated dose by as much as 60%. Only 80.8% of the pixels passed the gamma criteria (3%/3mm). For the water-inflated applicator, the measured film dose is fairly close to the TPS calculated dose (typically within <3%). 99.84% of the pixels passed the gamma criteria (3%/3mm). Conclusion: TG43 based calculations worked well when water was used in the expansion balloon. However, when air is present in that balloon, the neglect of heterogeneity corrections in the TG43 calculation results in large differences between calculated and measured doses. This could result in severe underdosing when used in a patient. This study illustrates the need for a TPS with an advanced algorithm which can account for heterogeneity. Supported by Innovations Department, Cleveland Clinic.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Vortex Structure of Head Bubble in Convective Cloud Starting Plume

Abstract A developing cumulus cloud (Cu) was modeled, and dynamic, thermodynamic, and microphysical properties of an ascending head bubble reproducing the upper part of a developing Cu were investigated. The data for analysis are taken from 10-m-resolution LES of trade wind Cu under BOMEX conditions. The detection of a rising bubble is carried out using wavelet filtering of the velocity fields and microphysical fields, while a low-frequency signal of the filtering is associated with the convective-scale structure of cloud. We substantiate and discuss the representation of the bubble as a vortex ring, and estimate the parameters of this vortex ring. The simplest Hill’s vortex was chosen as a model of a vortex ring inside cloud. Analytical approximations of the radial profiles of the vertical velocity and of conservative quantities (such as total water mixing ratio and liquid water potential temperature inside and outside the bubble) are obtained. The spatial structure of these quantities is investigated using analytical expressions. Analytical models for spatial distributions of liquid water content (LWC) and adiabatic fraction (AF) are also designed and analyzed. The results demonstrate the existence of a cloud core with high values of LWC and AF up to the height of 1800 m. The horizontally averaged value of the adiabatic fraction, calculated analytically using the Hill’s vortex concept, is evaluated as 0.39, which is the typical AF value in the upper parts of such Cu. The vertical profiles of different important quantities characterizing cloud structure are presented. The analysis performed in this study allows us to conclude that a rising vortex ring plays the dominating role in formation of the thermodynamic and microphysical structure of developing Cu. Significance Statement 1) Dynamic and thermodynamic fields of a developing cumulus cloud simulated by high-resolution LES with spectral bin microphysics are separated into convective and turbulent components by means of the wavelet technique. 2) The analysis of convective component of the cloud revealed the existence of a vortex ring at the developing stage of the cloud and evaluate its parameters. 3) The analysis performed in this study allows us to conclude that a rising vortex ring plays the important role in formation of the thermodynamic and microphysical structure of developing Cu. 4) The study provides a novel insight into the cloud–environment interaction. 5) The approximating equations describing the vortex ring can be usefully applied for developing new schemes of convective parameterization.

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences↗
NASA NTRS1985

Electric/Hybrid Vehicle Simulation

ELVEC computer program provides vehicle designer with simulation tool for detailed studies of electric and hybrid vehicle performance and cost. ELVEC simulates performance of user-specified electric or hybrid vehicle under user specified driving schedule profile or operating schedule. ELVEC performs vehicle design and life cycle cost analysis.

Slusser, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Vertical resolution and accuracy of atmospheric infrared sounding spectrometers

A theoretical analysis is performed to evaluate the accuracy and vertical resolution of atmospheric profiles obtained with the HIRS/2, GOES I/M, and HIS instruments. In addition, a linear simultaneous retrieval algorithm is used with aircraft observations to validate the theoretical predictions. Both theoretical and observational results clearly indicate that the accuracy and vertical resolution of the retrieval profile would be improved by high spectral resolution and broad spectral coverage of infrared radiance measurements. The HIS is found to possess the equivalent of 11 pieces of temperature- and 9 pieces of water vapor-independent precise measurements. The characteristics for temperature include a vertical resolution of 1-6 km with an accuracy of 1 K and for water vapor a vertical resolution of 0.5-3.0 km with an accuracy of 3 K in dewpoint temperature. The HIS is a factor of 2-3 times better in vertical resolution and a factor of 2 times better in accuracy than the GOES I/M and HIRS/2 filter radiometers.

Huang, Hung-Lung↗
NASA NTRS1997

FE Line Diagnostics of Multiply Shocked Stellar Atmospheres: The Mira S. Carinae

Extensive LWP-HI spectra were obtained of the Mira S Car at a rapid time cadence as compared with the shock cycle time of S Car. These spectra were obtained in an attempt to understand the velocity structures in the shocked wind using the fluoresced iron lines. Data analysis of the IUE observations, which included the primary calibration of all of the IUE spectra obtained of S Car, was carried out. In addition, line identifications, flux calculations, background subtractions, and line profile analysis as a function of S Car's pulsational phase were performed. The database incorporated all line identifications as a function of pulsation phase for all IUE LWP-HI observations to date of S Car. At least 45 separate iron line features are identified in the S Car spectrum at one or more phases of the shock cycle, including those due to Fe II (UV 161) which is pumped by three different iron lines; Fe I(UV 44) which is pumped by the Mg II k line. Other strong multiplets that have been identified include UV(1), UV(2), UV(5), UV(32), UV(60), UV(63), UV(161), UV(207), and UV(399). Over 300 weaker lines have also been tentatively identified with Fe line transitions.

Bookbinder, Jay↗