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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Evaluation of different inertial control methods for variable-speed wind turbines simulated by fatigue, aerodynamic, structures and turbulence (FAST)

To mitigate the degraded power system inertia and undesirable primary frequency response caused by large-scale wind power integration, the frequency support capabilities of variable-speed wind turbines is studied in this work. This is made possible by controlled inertial response, which is demonstrated on a research turbine - controls advanced research turbine, 3-bladed (CART3). Two distinct inertial control (IC) methods are analysed in terms of their impacts on the grids and the response of the turbine itself. The released kinetic energy in the IC methods are determined by the frequency measurement or shaped active power reference in the turbine speed-power plane. The wind turbine model is based on the high-fidelity turbine simulator fatigue, aerodynamic, structures and turbulence, which constitutes the aggregated wind power plant model with the simplified power converter model. The IC methods are implemented over the baseline CART3 controller, evaluated in the modified 9-bus and 14-bus testing power grids considering different wind speeds and different wind power penetration levels. The simulation results provide various insights on designing such kinds of ICs. The authors calculate the short-term dynamic equivalent loads and give a discussion about the turbine structural loadings related to the inertial response.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Utilization of Additive Manufacturing for the Rapid Prototyping of C-Band Radiofrequency Loads

Additive manufacturing is a versatile technique that shows promise in providing quick and dynamic manufacturing for complex engineering problems. Research has been ongoing into the use of additive manufacturing for potential applications in radiofrequency (RF) component technologies. Here, we present a method for developing an effective prototype load produced from 316L stainless steel on a direct metal laser sintering machine. The model was tested using simulation software to verify the validity of the design. The load structure was manufactured by an online digital manufacturing company, showing the viability of using easily accessible tools to manufacture RF structures. The produced load was able to produce an S11 value of −22.8 dB at a C-band frequency of 5.712 GHz while under a vacuum. In a high-power test, the load was able to terminate a peak power of 8.1 MW. The discussion includes future applications of the present method and how it will help to improve the implementation of future accelerator concepts.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Advanced Grid Support Functionality Testing for Florida Power and Light

This report describes the results of laboratory testing of advanced photovoltaic (PV) inverter testing undertaken by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) on behalf of the Florida Power and Light Company (FPL). FPL recently commissioned a 1.1 MW-AC PV installation on a solar carport at the Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida. In addition to providing a source of clean energy production, the site serves as a live test bed with 36 different PV inverters from eight different manufacturers. Each inverter type has varied support for advanced grid support functions (GSFs) that are becoming increasingly commonplace, and are being required through revised interconnection standards such as UL1741, IEEE1547, and California (CA) Rule 21. FPL is interested in evaluating the trade-offs between different GSFs, their compliance to emerging standards, and their effects on efficiency and reliability. NREL has provided a controlled laboratory environment to undertake such a study. This work covered nine different classes of tests to compare inverter capabilities and performance for four different inverters that were selected by FPL. The test inverters were all three-phase models rated between 24-36 kW, and containing multiple PV input power point trackers. Advanced grid support functions were tested for functional behavior, and included fixed power factor operation, voltage-ride through, frequency ride-through, volt-var control, and frequency-Watt control. Response to abnormal grid conditions with GSFs enabled was studied through anti-islanding, fault, and load rejection overvoltage tests. Finally, efficiency was evaluated across a range of operating conditions that included power factor, output power, and input voltage variations. Test procedures were derived from requirements of a draft revision of UL741, CA Rule 21, and/or previous studies at NREL. This reports summarizes the results of each test case, providing a comparative performance analysis between the four test inverters. Inverters were mostly able to meet the requirements of their stated GSF capabilities, with deviations from expected results discussed throughout the report. There were mixed results across the range of abnormal tests, and results were often dependent on the capability of each test inverter to deploy the GSFs of interest. Detailed test data has been provided to FPL to support future decision making with respect to inverter selection and GSF deployment in the field.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Influence of Calendering on the Electrochemical Performance of LiNi 0.9 Mn 0.05 Al 0.05 O 2 Cathodes in Lithium-Ion Cells

Electrode calendering is a necessary process used in industry to improve the volumetric capacity of lithium-ion batteries. However, calendering high-nickel cathodes leads to electrode particle pulverization, raising concerns of a reduced cycle life due to parasitic side reactions. We present here an investigation of the impact of calendering on the morphology and electrochemical performance of the cobalt-free layered oxide cathode LiNi 0.9 Mn 0.05 Al 0.05 O 2 (NMA-90). We find that secondary particle pulverization and fusion simultaneously occur at sufficiently high pressures. The initial surface area of the cathode is shown to increase with the degree of calendering, despite the higher likelihood of secondary particle fusion. Long-term cycling of full coin cells assembled with the NMA-90 cathode and the graphite anode indicates that cells with higher degrees of cathode calendering exhibit lower capacity fade compared to uncalendered cathodes. Hybrid pulse-power tests demonstrate that the usable capacity range of cells with calendered cathodes far exceeds those with uncalendered cells after long-term cycling. The improved capacity retention and pulse-power performance are attributed to the enhanced mechanical properties of the electrode after calendering that prevents loss of the primary particle contact during long-term cycling. As a result, we find that calendering high-nickel NMA-90 to industrially relevant densities does not have a detrimental effect on capacity fade, marking an important step toward commercial adoption.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Early-stage Testing of Thermal Power Dispatch Simulator for Subjective Mental Workload and Evolution Time

The excess thermal energy produced by nuclear power plants (NPPs) during low electricity demands can be utilized in industrial processes, such as hydrogen production, through a thermal power dispatch (TPD) system. Initial testing of the first iteration of a single-train TPD design with a manual control mode at the Idaho National Lab (INL) revealed a high operator workload and degraded control capability. The current study evaluated the impact of an enhanced dual-train TPD design on operators’ subjective mental workload and evolution task-time while completing two operating scenarios in manual and automatic control modes. The results showed no statistically significant difference between participants’ mental workload using both control modes. Evolution time in automatic control mode took a shorter time than in manual control, with participants completing all evolutions in less than the 10-min set as the design specification limit. The shorter evolution time is discussed within the context of plant safety and operational efficiency.

Gideon, Olugbenga↗
DOE OSTI2024

Excerpt from Oxygen Monitor Clean Testing Report Performed in 2010

The Rosemount X-STREAM Series X2GP is a paramagnetic oxygen analyzer with a 0-25% oxygen measurement range. It claims a drift less than 2% of span (0.10% volume oxygen) per week, and a response time of less than 5 seconds (for the analyzer to report 90% of a step change). Our test equipment was set-up such that the same gas was running through each oxygen analyzer at the same time. This allowed Calibration Error, Calibration Drift, and Loss of Power Testing to be run on all monitors at the same time, eliminating any variability between the analyzers from tolerances in the gas cylinder, ambient temperature, ambient pressure, test duration, etc. An APTech pressure regulator was placed on the gas cylinder manifold and a 23 psia Paroscientific pressure transducer measured the regulator’s outlet pressure. This did not give the inlet pressure on any one analyzer but outlet pressure from the manifold before the stream was split. The APTech pressure regulator was used to keep operating conditions consistent. A DWYER rotameter was installed on each oxygen monitor’s outlet piping. With the exception of Variation of Flow Rate Testing, the rotameter was left fully open for all testing. The flow rate through each oxygen monitor was controlled by a Swagelok needle valve that was installed on each analyzer’s inlet piping. Additionally, a filter was installed in the each monitor’s inlet piping to keep particles from the measurement cells and a Swagelok ball valve was installed on each monitor’s outlet piping to isolate each monitor between tests. No pumps were installed. Each of the cylinders used was at a pressure greater than ambient room barometric pressure. This pressure differential was used to move gas through the testing equipment. The flow rate through each analyzer was controlled by the Swagelok needle valve installed on each analyzer’s inlet piping. Finally, for all tests, a Paroscientific Digiquartz Barometer was used to measure ambient room barometric pressure and a Fluke Thermo-hygrometer was used to measure ambient room temperature.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2025

OEDI—Solar Grid Integration Data and Analytics Library

As a part of the Open Energy Data Initiative, this effort aims to develop and demonstrate novel distribution state estimation, control optimization, and transient analysis as well as provide access to data, data integration, and mapping information. More specifically, the focus of the effort will be on physics-based distribution system state estimation, hybrid (physics-based and machine learning) distribution optimal power flow, and event detection/analysis for solar integration and analytics. This work will enable reproducible, robust, replicable, and generalizable R&D in simulation and emulation of solar system integration. These test models and datasets will provide an integrated library for developing and testing power system operation technologies. To make the library user-friendly, this project will provide data curation tools such as data translators, mapping scripts and APIs, database schemas and metadata, interfaces and user dashboard, source code for the reference algorithms, description of the use-cases/scenarios, and comprehensive information on all the assumptions.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

How to understand limitations of generative networks

Well-trained classifiers and their complete weight distributions provide us with a well-motivated and practicable method to test generative networks in particle physics. We illustrate their benefits for distribution-shifted jets, calorimeter showers, and reconstruction-level events. In all cases, the classifier weights make for a powerful test of the generative network, identify potential problems in the density estimation, relate them to the underlying physics, and tie in with a comprehensive precision and uncertainty treatment for generative networks.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2014

High Gradient Accelerator Cavities Using Atomic Layer Deposition

In the Phase I program, Calabazas Creek Research, Inc. (CCR), in collaboration with North Carolina State University (NCSU), fabricated copper accelerator cavities and used Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) to apply thin metal coatings of tungsten and platinum. It was hypothesized that a tungsten coating would provide a robust surface more resistant to arcing and arc damage. The platinum coating was predicted to reduce processing time by inhibiting oxides that form on copper surfaces soon after machining. Two sets of cavity parts were fabricated. One was coated with 35 nm of tungsten, and the other with approximately 10 nm of platinum. Only the platinum cavity parts could be high power tested during the Phase I program due to schedule and funding constraints. The platinum coated cavity exhibit poor performance when compared with pure copper cavities. Not only did arcing occur at lower power levels, but the processing time was actually longer. There were several issues that contributed to the poor performance. First, machining of the base copper cavity parts failed to achieve the quality and cleanliness standards specified to SLAC National Accelerator Center. Secondly, the ALD facilities were not configured to provide the high levels of cleanliness required. Finally, the nanometer coating applied was likely far too thin to provide the performance required. The coating was ablated or peeled from the surface in regions of high fields. It was concluded that the current ALD process could not provide improved performance over cavities produced at national laboratories using dedicated facilities.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Experience With LCLS-II Cryomodule Testing at Fermilab

The Cryomodule Test Stand (CMTS1) at Fermilab has been engaged with testing 8-cavity 1.3 GHz cryomodules designed and assembled for the LCLS-II project at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory since 2016. Over these three years twenty cryomodules have been cooled to 2K and power tested in continuous wave mode on a roughly once per month cycle. Test stand layout and testing procedures are presented together with results from the cryomodules tested to date. Lessons learned and future plans will also be shared.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2017

I. Final Report for DOE SBIR Phase I Project DE-SC0013795 Final Report for DOE SBIR Phase I Project DE-SC0013795 Microtron-based Compact, Portable Gamma-Ray Source

Microtron-based Compact, Portable Gamma-Ray Source. The objective of Phase I of this project was to produce a conceptual design of a prototype compact microtron electron accelerator, which could be designed, built, and demonstrated in Phase II of the project. The conceptual design study included an analysis of the parameters of the microtron and its components, and the expected performance of the prototype microtron as a source of x-rays and/or RF neutrons in the MeV energy range. The major components of the microtron are the magnet, the accelerating system, the power system, the vacuum system, the control system, the beam extraction system and the targets to produce x-rays (and/or neutrons). Our objectives for the design of the prototype were for it to be compact, cost-effective, capable of producing high intensity x-ray (an/or neutron) fluxes. In addition, the prototype was to be easily assembled and disassembled so that components could be easily replaced. The main parameters for the prototype are the following: the range of electron kinetic energies, the output power, the RF frequency band (X-band, C-band, or S-Band), the type of injection (Type I or Type II), the magnet type, i.e. permanent magnet, electromagnet, or a hybrid combination of permanent and electromagnet. The results of the Phase I study and analysis for a prototype microtron are the following: The electron energy range can be varied from below 6 MeV to 9 MeV, the optimal frequency range is S-Band (2-4 GHz) RF frequency, Type II injection (described below), and the magnet type is the hybrid version. The prototype version will be capable of producing gamma ray doses of ~1800 R/min-m and neutron fluxes of up to ~6 x 10 10 n/s with appropriate targets. The results of the Phase I study and analysis are provided below. The proposed Phase II plan was to demonstrate the prototype at low beam power. In the subsequent Phase III, high power tests would be performed, and the design of commercial versions of microtrons with various energies, sizes and types would be produced and marketed, including a more compact and more portable 6 MeV battery-powered model that more closely meets the requirements in the original FOA topic description. In the course of the Phase I study, we also identified another microtron version, one that was larger (not compact) and more powerful than that of the Phase II prototype, which could serve as an intense source of photo- neutrons, up to 4 x 10 12 n/s for use in nuclear medicine, short-lived isotope production, or other applications. In addition, it could produce gamma dose rates up to 130 kR/min-m with a heavy metal bremsstrahlung target. The results and specifications of this were submitted to IPAC16 (Reference [12]) the paper is included in Addendum B. Because this version was beyond the scope of the Phase I project, there is no additional description in the Final Report.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Uranium and cesium diffusion in fuel cladding of electrogenerating channel

The results of reactor tests of a carbonitride fuel in a single-crystal cladding from a molybdenum-based alloy can be used in substantiating the operational reliability of fuels in developing a project of a megawatt space nuclear power plant. The results of experimental studies of uranium and cesium penetration into the single-crystal cladding of fuel elements with a carbonitride fuel are interpreted. Those fuel elements passed nuclear power tests in the Ya-82 pilot plant for 8300 h at a temperature of about 1500°C. It is shown that the diffusion coefficients for uranium diffusion into the cladding are virtually coincident with the diffusion coefficients measured earlier for uranium diffusion into polycrystalline molybdenum. It is found that the penetration of uranium into the cladding is likely to occur only in the case of a direct contact between the cladding and fuel. The experimentally observed nonmonotonic uranium-concentration profiles are explained in terms of predominant uranium diffusion along grain boundaries. It is shown that a substantially nonmonotonic behavior observed in our experiment for the uranium-concentration profile may be explained by the presence of a polycrystalline structure of the cladding in the surface region from its inner side. The diffusion coefficient is estimated for the grain-boundary diffusion of uranium. The diffusion coefficients for cesium are estimated on the basis of experimental data obtained in the present study.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2023

C1Po2D-04: Cryogenic Testing of the First HL-LHC Q1/Q3 Cryo-Assembly at

In early 2023, Fermilab is conducting horizontal cryogenic testing of the first Q1/Q3 Cryo-Assembly for the high-luminosity LHC upgrade (HL-LHC). The Cryo-Assembly was installed on the upgraded Fermilab horizontal test stand previously used for testing the LHC inner triplet quadrupoles. The cryogenic process requirements of this test include controlled cool-down and warm-up with a 100 K maximum temperature differential between the two ends of the cold mass, operation of a 1.3 bar, 1.9 K bath of subcooled superfluid helium during power testing and magnetic measurements, and operation at pressure up to 18 bar with full helium recovery after a quench.

Rabehl, R.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Cryogenic Testing of HL-LHC Q1/Q3 Cryo-Assemblies at Fermilab

Fermilab is conducting horizontal cryogenic testing of Q1/Q3 Cryo-Assemblies for the high-luminosity LHC upgrade (HL-LHC). Cryo-Assemblies are installed on the upgraded Fermilab horizontal test stand previously used for testing the LHC inner triplet quadrupoles. The cryogenic process requirements of these tests include controlled cool-down and warm-up with a 100 K maximum temperature differential between the two ends of the cold mass, operation of a 1.3 bar, 1.9 K bath of subcooled superfluid helium during power testing and magnetic measurements, and operation at pressures up to 18 bar with full helium recovery after a quench. This paper presents the operational experience gained from the first tests as well as improvements for subsequent tests.

Rabehl, R. [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2023

Cryogenic testing of the first HL-LHC Q1/Q3 cryo-assembly at Fermilab

In early 2023, Fermilab is conducting horizontal cryogenic testing of the first Q1/Q3 cryo-assembly for the high-luminosity LHC upgrade (HL-LHC). The cryo-assembly was installed on the upgraded Fermilab horizontal test stand previously used for testing the LHC inner triplet quadrupoles. The cryogenic process requirements of this test include controlled cool-down and warm-up with a 100 K maximum temperature differential between the two ends of the cold mass, operation of a 1.3 bar, 1.9 K bath of subcooled superfluid helium during power testing and magnetic measurements, and operation at pressure up to 18 bar with full helium recovery after a quench. This paper presents the operational experience gained from this first test.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Cryogenic testing of HL-LHC Q1/Q3 cryo-assemblies at Fermilab

Fermilab is conducting horizontal cryogenic testing of Q1/Q3 cryo-assemblies for the high-luminosity LHC upgrade (HL-LHC). Cryo-assemblies are installed on the upgraded Fermilab horizontal test stand previously used for testing the LHC inner triplet quadrupoles. The cryogenic process requirements of these tests include controlled cool-down and warm-up with a 100 K maximum temperature differential between the two ends of the cold mass, operation of a 1.3 bar, 1.9 K bath of subcooled superfluid helium during power testing and magnetic measurements, and operation at pressure up to 18 bar with full helium recovery after a quench. This paper presents the operational experience gained from the first tests as well as improvement for subsequent tests.

Rabehl, R. [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000311130030)↗