Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Nucleation and Growth of Blue Phase 3D Cubic Structure Under Continuously Changing Curved Boundary Conditions

The blue phase of liquid crystals (BPLCs) with a cubic lattice of disclination lines and 3D nanostructure enables the modulation of photonic bandgap thus casting them in the category of photonic crystals. Its unique nature promises applications in display technologies, electro‐optics, and sensors. To integrate these ordered materials into wearable devices a fundamental understanding of curvature, and spatial confinement is necessary. Although continuous confinement in flat geometries have been studied, confining curvature has shown to induce strong destabilization effects on the cubic structure and formation of topological defects, thereby deteriorating their optical performance. Moreover, limitations in controlling the curvature of droplets further hinder studies of nucleation and growth of BPLCs. Here, to address these challenges, micro‐scale patterned surfaces of concentric cylinders are exploited to systematically control curvatures. The impact of curvature on the confined BPLCs is revealed in terms of phase transition temperature, nucleation and growth, morphology, as well as phase transformation. This research offers valuable insights into the stability, and structural characteristics of BPLCs in adaptive photonic devices, paving the way for future advancements in flexible displays, sensors, and other technologies leveraging liquid crystal (LC) materials.

3D Cubic Structure↗
DOE OSTI2020

Selection of Components for the Remote, Canister-Monitoring System

This report documents the selection of components as part of the efforts initiated to develop a remote, canister-monitoring system (RCMS) for determining and monitoring environmental conditions within dry fuel storage canisters containing aluminum clad spent nuclear fuel (ASNF) at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). These efforts are in support of Department of Energy Office of Environmental Management (DOE-EM) investigations into technical issues associated with extended dry storage (50+ years) of ASNF. The capability to establish and monitor the performance of ASNF in situ provides the opportunity to (1) evaluate the appropriate technologies for monitoring, (2) collect canister environment conditions as soon as possible, (3) verify and validate current laboratory-based study results and analytic modeling approaches, and (4) potentially identify additional dry storage options for ASNF at the INL site. The improved understanding of ASNF behavior gained by performing this work would also contribute to the safety basis for extended dry storage in current and future configurations as well as to provide information for future transportation, conditioning, and disposal of ASNF. The parameters to be monitored by the RCMS include temperature, relative humidity, hydrogen gas concentration and radiation environment (dose). Components are selected based on the expected environmental conditions within the canister and fuel storage area, and the desired performance of the RCMS. Several of these components have been purchased and received. Future activities include component testing and calibration, software development for operation of the integrated sensor module and fabrication of a representative test volume. The results of these tests and changes to desired performance characteristics will inform subsequent activities.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2025

The Mu2e Calorimeter

The EM CsI crystals and SiPM readout calorimeter of the Mu2e experiment is fully assembled, with all components completed and tested; the mechanical structure is fully built, with a complete integration and test of all the analog sensors and electronics. The digital electronics is being produced and installed. We summarise the Calorimeter characteristics and the assembly status, as well as the move, installation and commissioning plans of the final disks in the Mu2e hall.

Borrel, L. [Caltech]↗
DOE OSTI2024

OPEN-Augmented Reality GUI for Bioenergy Crop Phenotyping and Precision Agriculture (Donald Danforth Plant Science Center Final Scientific Technical Report)

The project led by the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, in collaboration with Arizona State University, George Washington University, and Saint Louis University, has made significant strides in advancing the phenotypic analysis of bioenergy crops through the development of an innovative AI processing pipeline. This initiative was primarily funded by ARPA-E, with additional cost-sharing provided by the participating institutions. The project successfully utilized a variety of sensors—3D scanners, thermal, RGB, and hyperspectral—to refine algorithms for data-driven trait signature identification and improve the classification and visualization of plant traits. The developed AI processing pipeline is capable of handling the complex, multidimensional data characteristic of dynamic agricultural environments. 1) Contributions to understanding: The research has advanced the field of plant phenomics by showcasing the synergistic use of various sensor data to enhance the precision of trait analysis in bioenergy crops. Through the integration of 3D scanners, thermal, RGB, and hyperspectral sensors, the project has developed robust data-driven trait signature algorithms and visualization techniques. These innovations have facilitated detailed monitoring and management of plant traits, providing vital insights into plant growth dynamics and stress responses. Further, the project has broadened our understanding of how machine learning can be effectively applied in multi-sensor environments to refine trait analysis. By leveraging diverse datasets, the research has not only improved the accuracy of phenotypic assessments but also established a versatile methodological framework that can be extended beyond agriculture to other fields requiring detailed phenotypic analysis. 2) Technical effectiveness and economic feasibility: The AI processing pipeline developed in this project demonstrated significant technical effectiveness, achieving high throughput analysis of extensive phenotypic data and meeting targeted accuracies. This system exemplified the capability of advanced machine learning technologies to efficiently manage and analyze large, complex datasets. Economically, the implementation of the project-developed pipelines may offer substantial cost savings across multiple sectors. It enhances data analysis processes and significantly reduces the need for manual data interpretation, thereby decreasing both the time and resources required. 3) Public benefit: The project has significantly broadened the scope of agricultural methodologies to enhance phenotypic analysis, with potential applications in various sectors beyond agriculture. Additionally, the initiative fostered an enriching educational and collaborative environment, significantly enhancing the technical skills of participants. It also made substantial contributions to the scientific community by providing open-access data sets and tools, encouraging ongoing research and development across various disciplines. Overall, the project not only met its scientific goals but also showcased the extensive utility of integrating advanced machine learning and sensor data analysis technologies. These advancements have proven instrumental in driving forward both theoretical research and practical applications, setting a strong foundation for future explorations and innovations in data-driven science.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

First survey of centimeter-scale AC-LGAD strip sensors with a 120 GeV proton beam

We present the first beam test results with centimeter-scale AC-LGAD strip sensors, using the Fermilab Test Beam Facility and sensors manufactured by the Brookhaven National Laboratory. Sensors of this type are envisioned for applications that require large-area precision 4D tracking coverage with economical channel counts, including timing layers for the Electron Ion Collider (EIC), and space-based particle experiments. A survey of sensor designs is presented, with the aim of optimizing the electrode geometry for spatial resolution and timing performance. Several design considerations are discussed towards maintaining desirable signal characteristics with increasingly larger electrodes. The resolutions obtained with several prototypes are presented, reaching simultaneous 18 μm and 32 ps resolutions from strips of 1 cm length and 500 μm pitch. With only slight modifications, these sensors would be ideal candidates for a 4D timing layer at the EIC.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

First survey of centimeter-scale AC-LGAD strip sensors with a 120 GeV proton beam

We present the first beam test results with centimeter-scale AC-LGAD strip sensors, using the Fermilab Test Beam Facility and sensors manufactured by the Brookhaven National Laboratory. Sensors of this type are envisioned for applications that require large-area precision 4D tracking coverage with economical channel counts, including timing layers for the Electron Ion Collider (EIC), and space-based particle experiments. A survey of sensor designs is presented, with the aim of optimizing the electrode geometry for spatial resolution and timing performance. Several design considerations are discussed towards maintaining desirable signal characteristics with increasingly larger electrodes. The resolutions obtained with several prototypes are presented, reaching simultaneous 18 micron and 32 ps resolutions from strips of 1 cm length and 500 micron pitch. With only slight modifications, these sensors would be ideal candidates for a 4D timing layer at the EIC.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Synergistic Integration of Chemo-Resistive and SERS Sensing for Label-Free Multiplex Gas Detection

Practical sensing applications such as real-time safety alerts and clinical diagnoses require sensor devices to differentiate between various target molecules with high sensitivity and selectivity, yet conventional devices such as oxide-based chemo-resistive sensors and metal-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensors usually do not satisfy such requirements. In this report a label-free, chemo-resistive/SERS multimodal sensor based on a systematically assembled 3D cross-point multifunctional nanoarchitecture (3D-CMA), which has unusually strong enhancements in both “chemo-resistive” and “SERS” sensing characteristics is introduced. 3D-CMA combines several sensing mechanisms and sensing elements via 3D integration of semiconducting SnO 2 nanowire frameworks and dual-functioning Au metallic nanoparticles. It is shown that the multimodal sensor can successfully estimate mixed-gas compositions selectively and quantitatively at the sub-100 ppm level, even for mixtures of gaseous aromatic compounds (nitrobenzene and toluene) with very similar molecular structures. This is enabled by combined chemo-resistive and SERS multimodal sensing providing complementary information.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Development of a Low-Cost, Sensitivity-Optimized Fluorescence Sensor for Visible Spectrum Analysis

This paper presents an economically viable, sensitivity-optimized fluorescence sensor for detecting low concentrations of fluorophores in the visible spectrum range. The sensor employs a deep ultraviolet (DUV) 275-nm LED and a dichroic mirror to establish a co-axial optical path for excitation and emission. Instead of utilizing a general-purposed spectrometer optimized for high spectral resolution, the sensor strikes a balance between resolution and sensitivity by using an appropriate aperture size and optimized optical design tailored for the spectral characteristics of fluorophores. Here, the manuscript demonstrates measurements of ppb-level rare earth element (REE) samples containing terbium (Tb), europium (Eu), dysprosium (Dy), and samarium (Sm) in aqueous solutions. Through balanced design that optimizes collection of fluorescence emission without losing spectral information, this work shows the feasibility of developing a low-cost, compact, and highly sensitive fluorescence sensors with improved detection sensitivity when compared to bench-top commercial spectrofluorometers at far higher costs.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Review of the gas breakdown physics and nanomaterial-based ionization gas sensors and their applications

Ionization gas sensors are ubiquitous tools that can monitor desired gases or detect abnormalities in real time to protect the environment of living organisms or to maintain clean and/or safe environment in industries. The sensors’ working principle is based on the fingerprinting of the breakdown voltage of one or more target gases using nanostructured materials. Fundamentally, nanomaterial-based ionization-gas sensors operate within a large framework of gas breakdown physics; signifying that an overall understanding of the gas breakdown mechanism is a crucial factor in the technological development of ionization gas sensors. Moreover, many studies have revealed that physical properties of nanomaterials play decisive roles in the gas breakdown physics and the performance of plasma-based gas sensors. Based on this insight, this review provides a comprehensive description of the foundation of both the gas breakdown physics and the nanomaterial-based ionization-gas-sensor technology, as well as introduces research trends on nanomaterial-based ionization gas sensors. The gas breakdown is reviewed, including the classical Townsend discharge theory and modified Paschen curves; and nanomaterial-based-electrodes proposed to improve the performance of ionization gas sensors are introduced. The secondary electron emission at the electrode surface is the key plasma–surface process that affects the performance of ionization gas sensors. Finally, we present our perspectives on possible future directions.

nanomaterial-based gas breakdown characteristics↗
DOE OSTI2020

Surface-Mediated Interconnections of Nanoparticles in Cellulosic Fibrous Materials toward 3D Sensors

Fibrous materials serve as an intriguing class of 3D materials to meet the growing demands for flexible, foldable, biocompatible, biodegradable, dis- posable, inexpensive, and wearable sensors and the rising desires for higher sensitivity, greater miniaturization, lower cost, and better wearability. The use of such materials for the creation of a fibrous sensor substrate that interfaces with a sensing film in 3D with the transducing electronics is however difficult by conventional photolithographic methods. Here, a highly effective pathway featuring surface-mediated interconnection (SMI) of metal nanoclusters (NCs) and nanoparticles (NPs) in fibrous materials at ambient conditions is demon- strated for fabricating fibrous sensor substrates or platforms. Bimodally distrib- uted gold–copper alloy NCs and NPs are used as a model system to demonstrate the semiconductive-to-metallic conductivity transition, quantized capacitive charging, and anisotropic conductivity characteristics. Upon coupling SMI of NCs/NPs as electrically conductive microelectrodes and surface-mediated assembly (SMA) of the NCs/NPs as chemically sensitive interfaces, the resulting fibrous chemiresistors function as sensitive and selective sensors for gaseous and vaporous analytes. Finally, this new SMI–SMA strategy has significant implications for manufacturing high-performance fibrous platforms to meet the growing demands of the advanced multifunctional sensors and biosensors.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Quantized Constant-Q Gabor Atoms for Sparse Binary Representations of Cyber-Physical Signatures

Increased data acquisition by uncalibrated, heterogeneous digital sensor systems such as smartphones present new challenges. Binary metrics are proposed for the quantification of cyber-physical signal characteristics and features, and a standardized constant-Q variation of the Gabor atom is developed for use with wavelet transforms. Two different continuous wavelet transform (CWT) reconstruction formulas are presented and tested under different signal to noise ratio (SNR) conditions. A sparse superposition of Nth order Gabor atoms worked well against a synthetic blast transient using the wavelet entropy and an entropy-like parametrization of the SNR as the CWT coefficient-weighting functions. The proposed methods should be well suited for sparse feature extraction and dictionary-based machine learning across multiple sensor modalities.

46 - INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AN↗
DOE OSTI2023

AMR Magnetic Sensors in Flux Expulsion Studies

Magnetic flux expulsion properties of the superconducting material such as bulk niobium, widely used for the radio-frequency cavity fabrication, substantially affect the performance characteristics of the cavities. The quality factor of the SRF resonators can be significantly compromised due to the presence of the trapped flux vortices causing additional RF energy losses in the material. Large number of experiments have been carried out by different research groups to establish the correlation of the flux trapping in niobium cavities with the presence of impurities in niobium as well as various surface treatment methods. Majority of these experiments utilize commercially available cryogenic fluxgate magnetic sensors to measure the field before and after the niobium transition to the superconducting state to quantify the amount of flux trapped. One disadvantage of the typically used fluxgates is the size of the sensing volume. As an example, the Barting-ton F and G type cryogenic fluxgates have a sensing core length of about 30mm, which is comparable to the curvature radius of the cavity walls and hence the magnetic field lines curvature radius after the expulsion. Thus, the measured field value needs to be corrected to account for the sensor effective averaging over the sensing volume. In case of the sharper geometries, for instance if the flux expulsion to be measured on the edge of the rectangular niobium flat sheet with a thickness of ~5mm, the use of the fluxgate would be impractical.

Netepenko, A.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Feasibility of Lead Fast Reactor Heat Exchanger Tube Online Monitoring

Within virtually all reactor systems with heat exchangers, the thinnest barriers between primary and secondary fluids are the heat exchanger tubes. Consistent with light water reactor experience, the advanced reactor heat exchangers are the most susceptible regions for corrosion and leakage (NRC, 2019). Moreover, traditional inspections and repairs using robotics will be expensive or impractical. On-line structural health corrosion monitoring (OLSHM) is therefore desirable to detect tube degradation prior to leaks that may allow mixing of heat exchanger fluids. Rhetorically many molten salt reactor (MSR) designers plan for on-line monitoring of critical reactor components including heat exchangers but there are no proven OLSHM sensors or systems for MSR heat exchangers. Guided wave ultrasound from the tube-end or ID using conventional low-temperature piezoelectric sensors has been shown to be sensitive to pits and cracks less than 50% through-wall in long pipes and tubes (Narayanan M.M., 2019) . Mode and frequency selection are important for practical sensor design decisions and ultimate performance. The L-0 wave-mode is easily excited by L-mode transducers but they have surface normal wave motion that will be sensitive to and more attenuative because of fluid interaction with the tube surface (Rose J.L., 1994). Shear Horizontal (SH) wave modes have material motion parallel to the tube surface therefore are virtually unaffected by fluid interaction. For SH-0 to be nondispersive in steel, the frequency-thickness product (MHz-mm) must be less than approximately 1.5. SH mode transducers must be coupled by a material that can support shear stress; a thin layer of honey works well for temporary sensors and an adhesive or a brazed metallurgical bond for permanent sensors. If sensors are incorporated into the fabrication process, the same kinds of SH-0 waves can be generated from the stagnant flow area of the tube OD without compromising the heat-exchange tube function. Piezoelectric materials are also available that can withstand harsh temperatures of molten salt heat exchangers (Stevenson T., 2015) (Machura et al., 2008). Though they may not have as high-performance characteristics, their performance only needs to be good enough to detect flaws of interest. This project attempts to demonstrate feasibility to develop a sensor that can be sensitive to flaws of interest and perform long-term monitoring of a molten salt reactor heat exchanger. Benefits to the advanced reactor system include: • Minimizing the expense of a reactor shut down for periodic inspection—only shutdown for cause. • Reduce risk of unexpected tube rupture by detecting flaws before they grow to through-wall leaks. • Cost reduction by minimizing need to design for manual/robotic inspectability. Transducer design, characterization of the beam profile, wedges vs. direct application of piezoelectric sensors, and ultrasonic pulse-echo responses from a representative heat exchange tube with fabricated flaw types are discussed.

On-Line Tube Monitor, Guided Wave Ultrasound, SH-0↗
DOE OSTI2020

Progress Toward Molten Salt Reactor Heat Exchanger On-Line Monitoring

Within virtually all reactor systems with heat exchangers, the thinnest barriers between primary and secondary fluids are the heat exchanger tubes. Consistent with light water reactor experience, the advanced reactor heat exchangers are the most susceptible regions for corrosion and leakage (NRC, 2019). Moreover, traditional inspections and repairs using robotics will be expensive or impractical. On-line structural health corrosion monitoring (OLSHM) is therefore desirable to detect tube degradation prior to leaks that may allow mixing of heat exchanger fluids. Rhetorically many molten salt reactor (MSR) designers plan for on-line monitoring of critical reactor components including heat exchangers but there are no proven OLSHM sensors or systems for MSR heat exchangers. Guided wave ultrasound from the tube-end or ID using conventional low-temperature piezoelectric sensors has been shown to be sensitive to pits and cracks less than 50% through-wall in long pipes and tubes (Narayanan M.M., 2019) . Mode and frequency selection are important for practical sensor design decisions and ultimate performance. The L-0 wave-mode is easily excited by L-mode transducers but they have surface normal wave motion that will be sensitive to and more attenuative because of fluid interaction with the tube surface (Rose J.L., 1994). Shear Horizontal (SH) wave modes have material motion parallel to the tube surface therefore are virtually unaffected by fluid interaction. For SH-0 to be nondispersive in steel, the frequency-thickness product (MHz-mm) must be less than approximately 1.5. SH mode transducers must be coupled by a material that can support shear stress; a thin layer of honey works well for temporary sensors and an adhesive or a brazed metallurgical bond for permanent sensors. If sensors are incorporated into the fabrication process, the same kinds of SH-0 waves can be generated from the stagnant flow area of the tube OD without compromising the heat-exchange tube function. Piezoelectric materials are also available that can withstand harsh temperatures of molten salt heat exchangers (Stevenson T., 2015) (Machura et al., 2008). Though they may not have as high-performance characteristics, their performance only needs to be good enough to detect flaws of interest. This project attempts to demonstrate feasibility to develop a sensor that can be sensitive to flaws of interest and perform long-term monitoring of a molten salt reactor heat exchanger. Benefits to the advanced reactor system include: • Minimizing the expense of a reactor shut down for periodic inspection—only shutdown for cause. • Reduce risk of unexpected tube rupture by detecting flaws before they grow to through-wall leaks. • Cost reduction by minimizing need to design for manual/robotic inspectability. Transducer design, characterization of the beam profile, and ultrasonic pulse-echo responses from a representative heat exchange tube with fabricated flaw types are discussed.

On-Line Tube Monitor, Guided Wave Ultrasound, SH-0↗
DOE OSTI2023

A New Decade in Seismoacoustics (2010–2022)

Several sources of interest often generate both low‐frequency acoustic and seismic signals due to energy propagation through the atmosphere and the solid Earth. Seismic and acoustic observations are associated with a wide range of sources, including earthquakes, volcanoes, bolides, chemical and nuclear explosions, ocean noise, and others. The fusion of seismic and acoustic observations contributes to a better understanding of the source, both in terms of constraining source location and physics, as well as the seismic to acoustic coupling of energy. Here in this review, we summarize progress in seismoacoustic data processing, including recent developments in open‐source data availability, low‐cost seismic and acoustic sensors, and large‐scale deployments of collocated sensors from 2010 to 2022. Similarly, we outline the recent advancements in modeling efforts for both source characteristics and propagation dynamics. Finally, we highlight the advantages of fusing multiphenomenological signals, focusing on current and future techniques to improve source detection, localization, and characterization efforts. This review aims to serve as a reference for seismologists, acousticians, and others within the growing field of seismoacoustics and multiphenomenology research.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

The AtmoSOFAR Channel: First Direct Observations of an Elevated Acoustic Duct

The Sound Fixing and Ranging (SOFAR) channel in the ocean allows for low frequency sound to travel thousands of kilometers, making it particularly useful for detecting underwater nuclear explosions. Suggestions that an elevated SOFAR-like channel should exist in the stratosphere date back over half a century and imply that sources within this region can be reliably sensed at vast distances. However, this theory has not been supported with evidence of direct observations from sound within this channel. Here we show that an infrasound sensor on a solar hot air balloon recorded the first infrasound detection of a ground truth airborne source while within this acoustic channel, which we refer to as the AtmoSOFAR channel. Our results support the existence of the AtmoSOFAR channel, demonstrate that acoustic signals can be recorded within it, and provide insight into the characteristics of recorded signals. Results also show a lack of detections on ground-based stations, highlighting the advantages of using balloon-borne infrasound sensors to detect impulsive sources at altitude.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Spatial Study 2021: Sensor-Based Time Series of Surface Water Temperature, Specific Conductance, Total Dissolved Solids, pH, and Dissolved Oxygen from across Multiple Watersheds in the Yakima River Basin, Washington, USA (v3)

This dataset supports a broader study examining the drivers of spatial variability in sediment respiration rates in the Yakima River Basin. The dataset provides two-hour time series hydrological and water chemistry sensor data, manual chamber open channel respiration data, handheld sensor water chemistry data, river substrate grain size photos, general environmental context photos, and field metadata (including qualitative information on instream and river corridor characteristics) collected during the same two-week period at 47 sites within multiple rivers throughout the Yakima River Basin in Washington, USA. Grain size photos can be used to improve estimates of channel substrate D50 data. Related sample-based water chemistry data are published separately at https://data.ess-dive.lbl.gov/datasets/doi:10.15485/1898914.This dataset is comprised of four main folders, one containing three sensor-specific subfolders and the others containing photographs. The SFA_SpatialStudy_2021_SensorData main data folder includes file-level metadata (FLMD), data dictionary (dd), installation methods, field metadata, Ultrameter water chemistry data, field data collection protocols, international generic sample number (IGSN) mapping file, and a readme file. The “Sensor_Manual_Specifications” subfolder contains pdf files from the manufacturer of each sensor with details on the sensor specifications. Each sensor subfolder (BarotrollAtm, MantaRiver, and MinidotManualChamber) contains a sensor data subfolder for timeseries data and a subfolder for plots and summary statistics. The BarotrollAtm Data subfolder contains In Situ Rugged BaroTROLL pressure and temperature data. The MantaRiver Data subfolder contains Eureka Manta+ 35B multisonde temperature, specific conductance, and pH data. The MinidotManualChamber Data subfolder contains PME MiniDOT Logger dissolved oxygen (mg/L and percent saturation) and temperature data. The folder SFA_SpatialStudy_2021_EnvironmentalContextPhotos contains environmental context photographs and videos. The folders SFA_SpatialStudy_2021_SedimentQuadratPhotos_Part1 and SFA_SpatialStudy_2021_SedimentQuadratPhotos_Part2 contain sediment quadrat photographs. All files are .csv, .pdf, .R, .jpg, .jpeg, .mp4, or .mov. This data package was originally published September 2022. It was updated January 2023 (modified files) and June 2024 (new and modified files). See the change history in data package readme for more details.We acknowledge the Yakama Nation as owners and caretakers of the lands where we collected these data. We thank the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation Tribal Council and Yakama Nation Fisheries for working with us to facilitate sample collection and optimization of data usage according to their values and worldview.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗