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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Product Consistency Test Results for the LAW Phase 5 Glasses

This report provides the results of the Vapor Hydration Test solutions and the Product Consistency Test leachates from the Low-Activity Waste Phase 5 glasses, a series of simulated nuclear waste glasses fabricated at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The series included quenched and canister-centerline cooled versions of the glasses. These data will be used in the development of enhanced property/composition models for waste glass vitrification at Hanford. Several of the blanks had detectable amounts of sodium and/or silicon. The measured concentrations (mg/L) of boron, sodium, and silicon for the low-activity test reference material glass included with the Product Consistency Tests were much lower than the expected low-activity test reference material test results. A review of the Product Consistency Test data indicated that there was generally little difference between the normalized values based on targeted or measured glass composition. Heat treatment had various impacts on the normalized concentration values. Most of the glasses had NC B , NC Na , and NC Si values that were greater than the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant low-activity waste constraint of 4 g/L. The release rates for boron, sodium, and silicon were highly correlated for the study glasses.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2022

Product Consistency Test Results for the Environmental Management Headquarters (EMHQ) Low-Activity Waste (LAW) Glasses

This report provides the results of the Product Consistency Test leachates from the Environmental Management Headquarters Low-Activity Waste glasses, a series of simulated nuclear waste glasses designed and fabricated at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The series included quenched versions of the glasses. These data will be used in the development, validation, and implementation of enhanced property/composition models for waste glass vitrification at Hanford. The measured concentrations of the analytes in the test blank samples were below detection limits. The measured concentrations of B, Li, Na, and Si in the Approved Reference Material-1 samples included with the Product Consistency Tests fell within control chart values indicating proper test performance. The measured glass compositions for the study glasses were close to target values: therefore, little difference was seen when evaluating the normalized values using the targeted or measured glass compositions. The $NC_B$, $NC_{Na}$, and $NC_{Si}$ values were less than the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant low-activity waste constraint of 4 g/L for all glasses.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
NASA NTRS1987

A space debris simulation facility for spacecraft materials evaluation

A facility to simulate the effects of space debris striking an orbiting spacecraft is described. This facility was purchased in 1965 to be used as a micrometeoroid simulation facility. Conversion to a Space Debris Simulation Facility began in July 1984 and it was placed in operation in February 1985. The facility consists of a light gas gun with a 12.7-mm launch tube capable of launching 2.5-12.7 mm projectiles with a mass of 4-300 mg and velocities of 2-8 km/sec, and three target tanks of 0.067 m, 0.53 a m and 28.5 a m. Projectile velocity measurements are accomplished via pulsed X-ray, laser diode detectors, and a Hall photographic station. This facility is being used to test development structural configurations and candidate materials for long duration orbital spacecraft. A summary of test results are also described.

Taylor, Roy A.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Quantifying and Improving International Space Station Survivability Following Orbital Debris Penetration

The increase of the orbital debris environment in low-earth orbit has prompted NASA to develop analytical tools for quantifying and lowering the likelihood of crew loss following orbital debris penetration of the International Space Station (ISS). NASA uses the Manned Spacecraft and Crew Survivability (MSCSurv) computer program to simulate the events that may cause crew loss following orbital debris penetration of ISS manned modules, including: (1) critical cracking (explosive decompression) of the module; (2) critical external equipment penetration (such as hydrazine and high pressure tanks); (3) critical internal system penetration (guidance, control, and other vital components); (4) hazardous payload penetration (furnaces, pressure bottles, and toxic substances); (5) crew injury (from fragments, overpressure, light flash, and temperature rise); (6) hypoxia from loss of cabin pressure; and (7) thrust from module hole causing high angular velocity (occurring only when key Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GN&C) equipment is damaged) and, thus, preventing safe escape vehicle (EV) departure. MSCSurv is also capable of quantifying the 'end effects' of orbital debris penetration, such as the likelihood of crew escape, the probability of each module depressurizing, and late loss of station control. By quantifying these effects (and their associated uncertainties), NASA is able to improve the likelihood of crew survivability following orbital debris penetration due to improved crew operations and internal designs.

Williamsen, Joel↗
DOE OSTI2022

Detailed Laboratory Evaluation of Electric Demand Load Shifting Potential of Controlled Heat Pump Water Heaters

The demand profile management of electric end uses is vital research for utilities and policymakers planning greenhouse gas emission reductions. In this study, detailed laboratory research was conducted on the load shifting potential of 4 grid-connected HPWHs and one electric resistance water heaters (ERWH). The testing applied different CTA-2045 shed and critical peak command designs under three water draw profiles. Highly-controlled laboratory experiments were conducted in Florida. One of the four HPWHs was a prototype incorporating the new CTA-2045-B protocol feature allowing ‘advanced’ load-up above tank setpoint. A three-hour morning (6 – 9 AM) and four-hour evening curtailment (4 – 8 PM) were defined as the shed or critical peak periods reflecting high-value control periods for utility coincident load for system-wide electric demand reductions. Tests were performed under baseline conditions (no load shift) and under varied load-shifting schemes, including load up and advanced load up, ahead of shed and critical peak commands. Data were collected from December 2020 – February 2022 in the laboratory and compared with field experiments in Florida and the Pacific Northwest. Grid-connected HPWHs were found to reduce peak demand by up to 0.47 kW compared to uncontrolled HPWH units, depending on time of day, control scheme, draw profile, and temperature cluster. The load up strategy demonstrated the ability of all units to utilize heat pump mode for extended periods ahead of peak events. Demand reductions for the HPWHs were much larger when compared with the ERWH— up to 1.64 kW with large hot water draws in winter.

Fenaughty, Karen↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Validated Finite Element Modeling Tool for Hydrodynamic Loading and Structural Analysis of Ocean Deployed Macroalgae Farms

The objective of this project was to develop and validate a fine-tuned, 3D computational modeling tool for high-fidelity simulations of macroalgae cultivation and harvest systems. To develop this tool, a full understanding of the geometric, material and hydrodynamic properties associated with farming kelp in exposed environments was necessary. Experiments and numerical modeling were done at increasing scales from 1) tank tests with a 1 m model, 2) to field tests with a 61 m culture line at a sheltered site, 3) to field tests with a 122 m culture line at an exposed site and to 4) a 5- line array at the exposed site with 186 m of culture length. The results of the experimental tank tests yielded a set of hydrodynamic drag-area coefficients for a 1 m aggregate based on densely grown kelp at 16 kg/m with a length up to 3 m as described in Fredriksson et al. This work provided the basis to model kelp as a 1 m aggregate based on in-situ geometric and material properties to include measurements of kelp blade length and width, number of blades, yield per m, material mass density and cantilever tests to obtain modulus of elasticity.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Product Consistency Test Results for the High-Chromium Matrix Glasses

This report provides chemical analysis of a series of Product Consistency Test (PCT) leachates from simulated nuclear waste glasses. The resulting data will be used in the development of improved property/composition models. For some of the glass leachates, minor scatter among the triplicate values of some analytes was observed. For other leachates, there were more significant differences among the triplicate values. A review of the PCT data noted that there was little difference between the normalized values on the basis of targeted or measured glass composition. Several of the study glasses, both quenched and canister centerline cooled, have NC i values that are greater than the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant immobilized low-activity waste constraint of 4 g/L for B, Na, and Si. For many of the study glasses, heat treatment had only a marginal impact on the NC i values. The samples of the Environmental Assessment (EA) reference glass included with each PCT set had inconsistent NC i values, although some degree of variation in NC i values for the EA glass is typical. The release rates for boron and sodium were highly correlated for the study glasses, while for the other analytes, less correlation was observed.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Product Consistency Test Results for the LXC-Series Glasses

This report provides chemical analysis of a series of Product Consistency Test (PCT) leachates from simulated nuclear waste glasses. The resulting data will be used in the development of improved property/composition models. For some of the glass leachates, minor scatter among the triplicate values of some analytes was observed. For other leachates, there were more significant differences among the triplicate values. A review of the PCT data noted that there was little difference between the normalized values on the basis of targeted or measured glass composition. Several of the canister centerline cooled study glasses have NC i values that are greater than the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant immobilized low-activity waste constraint of 4 g/L for B and Na. The results of these glasses will help ensure the ability of advanced glass performance models to appropriately predict acceptable compositions. For many of the study glasses, heat treatment had only a marginal impact on the NC i values. The samples of the Environmental Assessment (EA) reference glass included with each PCT set had generally consistent NC i values. The release rates for boron and sodium, and for sodium and silicon were highly correlated for the study glasses, while for the other analytes, less correlation was observed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1985

Summary Presentation of the Transportation Panel

Space mission scenarios are presented in which tethering is utilized. The technical and cost benefits are considered along with practicality and operational requirements. The mission scenarios considered include: (1) space shuttle delivery of payloads to higher orbits; (2) the downward release of the external tank from a shuttle; (3) space station altitude reboost using shuttle angular momentum; (4) shuttle docking to space station tether; (5) using shuttle based tether to assist launch of upper stage to higher energy orbits; (6) using space station tether to deploy payloads to higher orbits with momentum accumulator; (7) using tethers to discard first stages or apogee motors; and (8) planetary applications of tethers.

Hunter, M. W.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Advanced NDE research in electromagnetic, thermal, and coherent optics

A new inspection technology called magneto-optic/eddy current imaging was investigated. The magneto-optic imager makes readily visible irregularities and inconsistencies in airframe components. Other research observed in electromagnetics included (1) disbond detection via resonant modal analysis; (2) AC magnetic field frequency dependence of magnetoacoustic emission; and (3) multi-view magneto-optic imaging. Research observed in the thermal group included (1) thermographic detection and characterization of corrosion in aircraft aluminum; (2) a multipurpose infrared imaging system for thermoelastic stress detection; (3) thermal diffusivity imaging of stress induced damage in composites; and (4) detection and measurement of ice formation on the space shuttle main fuel tank. Research observed in the optics group included advancements in optical nondestructive evaluation (NDE).

Skinner, S. Ballou↗
NASA NTRS1998

Implementation of Precision Verification Solvents on the External Tank

This paper presents the Implementation of Precision Verification Solvents on the External Tank. The topics include: 1) Background; 2) Solvent Usages; 3) TCE (Trichloroethylene) Reduction; 4) Solvent Replacement Studies; 5) Implementation; 6) Problems Occuring During Implementation; and 7) Future Work. This paper is presented in viewgraph form.

Campbell, M.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

CFD Model Development of a Cryogenic Storage Tank Self-Pressurization in Normal Gravity and Validation against SHIIVER Experiment

Two-phase flow and heat transfer simulations with interfacial phase change of the Structural Heat Intercept, Insulation, and Vibration Evaluation Rig (SHIIVER) self-pressurization experiment were conducted using storage tank CFD model in the framework of the ANSYS Fluent CFD code. The simulations were performed for the 70% fill level case with MLI on domes and no vapor cooling. All the phase change calculations in these simulations were generated by in-house Schrage-based evaporation-condensation model. The calculations were performed using both the Volume of Fluid (VOF) and Sharp Interface multiphase 2D axisymmetric models. A number of parametric and sensitivity studies were performed to check the various aspects of the CFD model. These studies helped to understand the effects of varying several parameters on the tank pressure and temperature during self-pressurization. Turbulence modeling; turbulence damping at the interface; and using constant vs. temperature dependent fluid properties were shown to have the most profound influence on predicted tank pressures and temperatures. Current study indicates that including phase change at the interface into the computational model is crucial for accurate prediction of the tank self-pressurization process. The effect of accommodation coefficient was also studied. Tank pressure values predicted by the VOF, and Sharp Interface models are within 4% of the experimental ones.

Computational Fluid Dynamics↗
NASA NTRS2012

Measuring Air Leaks into the Vacuum Space of Large Liquid Hydrogen Tanks

Large cryogenic liquid hydrogen tanks are composed of inner and outer shells. The outer shell is exposed to the ambient environment while the inner shell holds the liquid hydrogen. The region between these two shells is evacuated and typically filled with a powderlike insulation to minimize radiative coupling between the two shells. A technique was developed for detecting the presence of an air leak from the outside environment into this evacuated region. These tanks are roughly 70 ft (approx. equal 21 m) in diameter (outer shell) and the inner shell is roughly 62 ft (approx. equal 19 m) in diameter, so the evacuated region is about 4 ft (approx. equal 1 m) wide. A small leak's primary effect is to increase the boil-off of the tank. It was preferable to install a more accurate fill level sensor than to implement a boil-off meter. The fill level sensor would be composed of an accurate pair of pressure transducers that would essentially weigh the remaining liquid hydrogen. This upgrade, allowing boil-off data to be obtained weekly instead of over several months, is ongoing, and will then provide a relatively rapid indication of the presence of a leak.

Youngquist, Robert↗
DOE OSTI2025

Determination of 2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) in Simulated Radioactive Waste by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

The River Protection Project (RPP) at Hanford, Washington is evaluating an alternative treatment method for low activity tank waste (LAW) disposition. Specifically, grout solidification/immobilization for LAW needs to demonstrate adequate treatment for Land Disposal Restricted (LDR) Organic chemicals. LDR organic chemical pretreatment, such as evaporations testing and oxidation decomposition, are under assessment to reduce the LDR organic chemicals concentration in the LDR waste. 2,4-dinitrophenol was spiked into LAW simulated waste and monitored in these studies using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The development and implementation of this HPLC method is discussed in this presentation.

Dekarske, John R. [Savannah River National Laborat↗
NASA NTRS1972

Space shuttle: A comparison of wind tunnel facility data on the Grumman H-33 delta winged orbiter

A comparison of longitudinal and lateral directional stability and control characteristics of the Phase B Grumman H-33 orbiter configuration obtained from 6 tests conducted in 4 different facilities is presented. The H-33 orbiter configuration does not include drop tanks. Slope data are used as the medium for comparison. The slope data were computed using the SADSAC system and have been reduced to a common reference system. Data used for comparison were selected based on common configurations wherever possible. Where direct configuration comparisons were not possible, the parameters selected for comparison are regarded as insensitive to the noted differences. Factors considered in comparing the various data were scaling effects, balance operating ranges, balance sensitivities and control deflection accuracies. All factors considered, the comparison among data obtained from the various facilities is excellent. The minor differences in stability and control characteristics are well within the accuracy band of preliminary design model construction specifications.

Gyorfi, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Transonic analysis of the F-16A with under-wing fuel tanks - An application of the TranAir full-potential code

Initial results obtained using the TranAir transonic full-potential code are presented for a fully configured F-16A geometry, including two 370-gal under-wing fuel tanks, at freestream Mach numbers of 0.6 and 0.9 and angle of attack of 4 deg. The geometry is modeled using surface panels, and the flow field is defined by a rectangular array of flow-field grid points. The paneled geometry is embedded within this rectangular flow field. By avoiding the use of surface-conforming flow-field grids, the modeling generality afforded by surface panels can be utilized to analyze very complex configurations in the transonic flow regime.

Madson, Michael D.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Analytical study of He II flow characteristics in the SHOOT transfer line

Pressure and temperature profiles for He II flow in the transfer line for the Superfluid Helium On-Orbit Transfer (SHOOT) experiment are determined using a finite difference method to solve the one-dimensional two-fluid conservation equations. For practical purposes, forced flow of He II with Re greater than 10 to the 6th can be treated as a classical turbulent flow For a maximum SHOOT transfer rate of 800 cu dm/h, the temperature rise between the pump outlet and the receiver tank is about 80 mk with a 7-W heat load imposed on the 4-m-long transfer line. A pump outlet pressure of 160 torr is required to sustain the 800 cu dm/h flow without causing vapor formation within the transfer line.

Lee, J. H.↗
DOE OSTI2025

FY24 Task 5: Leachate Disposition

Directly feeding sludge solids to the high-level waste (HLW) Waste Treatment Plant represents an alternative flowsheet seeking to initiate sludge processing as soon as possible. Key processing functions previously captured during baseline pretreatment operations include leaching and washing prior to solids concentration. These operations should be considered in the potential direct feed flowsheets to maximize waste feed loading, minimize HLW volume, and mitigate corrosion challenges associated with vitrification of high phosphate and fluoride concentrations. Additionally, single-shell tank (SST) retrievals and waste transfers to double-shell tanks (DSTs) in a direct feed flowsheet would likely also benefit from some level of leaching, washing, and solids concentration in order to reduce DST space and mission duration. These operations could occur in a new facility or potentially in available DSTs. If washing and leaching are utilized, an effective disposition pathway for the wash water and leachate solutions are needed. Three target species that benefit significantly from leaching and washing are phosphate, fluoride and aluminum. Phosphate (PO 4 3- ) and fluoride (F - ) can contribute substantially to the amount of carrier fluid needed for dissolution, and the resulting volume of liquid generated. Disposition of this retrieval solution should be evaluated in order to prevent crystallization of these anions throughout system processing. Since there is a high probability that any retrieval solutions will be at or near their PO 4 3- and F - solubility limits, evaporation or blending with a high Na supernate (>3.5 M) is not recommended for the wash water streams without a method to remove precipitants prior to solution disposal. Additionally, aluminum present in the southeast quadrant of the Hanford site represents roughly 60% of the waste solids in the initial processing tanks. These aluminum solids are in the form of gibbsite (Al(OH) 3 ) and can pose significant challenges for processing due to the fast-settling times and high solids loading associated with these materials. Easily remediated by caustic addition to the solids, these wash solutions could be processed through crystalline silicotitanate (CST) ion exchange columns to prepare the supernate solutions for disposition. The current target for feed conditions to the Low Activity Waste (LAW) melter are waste streams that contain nominally 5-6 M Na. Fractions within the tanks contain upwards of 0.2 M phosphate and fluoride in solution at 3.5 M Na. Concentrating these solutions above 5 M Na would result in an exceedance of the solubility limits, and potential for uncontrolled precipitation of the phosphate and fluoride crystal material. The resulting crystalline salt material is typically sodium fluoride phosphate, also referred to as natrophosphate (Na 7 FPO 4 ·19H 2 O). Salt phases are of importance in tank waste due to their chemical reactivity, which can result in precipitation, dissolution, or transformation, impacting any downstream processes (Bolling et al. 2020, Russell, Snow, and Peterson 2010). Salt generation and precipitation could pose challenges by causing system plugging and melter corrosion if left in the supernate stream, or limit sodium molarity of the supernate that would be accepted without incident in waste operations. To understand the impact of this salt generation, the crystallization of natrophosphate in multiple simulant feed matrices was studied to understand the implications of various tank waste supernate chemistries. Three matrices were examined: high PO 4 3- /low F - , low PO 4 3- /high F - , and an average matrix. Subsequent testing was performed with the average matrix with the inclusion of CsNO 3 , and a final run with the average matrix including CsNO 3 and a 137 Cs spike for tracer purposes.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗