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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Hierarchical Transactive Control of Flexible Building Loads Under Distribution LMP

With grid modernization efforts, future distribution networks, which consist of various distributed generators and flexible loads, will be more flexible and active. All new network components of distributed energy resources (DERs) drive and enable the transition towards a market-based distribution net-work that seeks the optimal allocation of all DERs. To address challenges associated with DERs, one promising solution is to utilize demand-side flexibility of building loads facilitated by demand response (DR) programs and provide ancillary grid services through distribution-level markets. Under this new paradigm, this paper proposes an efficient DR management strategy incorporating emerging price signals of distribution markets, i.e., distribution locational marginal price (DLMP), based on a hierarchical transactive control approach. The proposed approach establishes a two-layer decision-making framework; the upper layer formulates a bilevel model to obtain an optimal demand response (ODR) under DLMP, and the lower layer employs model-free control to dispatch the (aggregated) ODR to individual end users. Numerical case studies using a modified IEEE 33 test network are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach; load shifting and peak shaving for the distribution system operator and payments’ reduction for end users while maintaining their comfort.

Park, Byungkwon↗
DOE OSTI2022

Hierarchical Model-Free Transactive Control of Residential Building Loads: An Actual Deployment

The transformation of electricity systems into more sustainable configurations brought some new challenges. The uncertain, intermittent, and variable nature of renewable energy sources require a significant amount of load demand flexibility, in which grid-interactive buildings (GEBs) are important flexible assets for electricity systems. In this regard, many demand response (DR) tools have been developed to harness this demand flexibility. However, such tools are mostly simulation-based or deal with a single load, which may not be sufficient to demonstrate their effectiveness. Towards this end, this paper presents a real-world field implementation and testing of a hierarchical model-free transactive DR control approach on actual GEBs. The control implementation incorporates elements of virtual battery, game theory, and model-free control mechanisms. The proposed approach was tested using a total of five GEBs, each having three zones. The results show that the proposed approach can mostly achieve all intended objectives, including flexibility estimation, peak load reduction, power tracking, and controlling GEBs while maintaining occupants’ comfort.

Amasyali, Kadir↗
DOE OSTI2018

Online Verification of Transactive Control for Commercial Buildings

Commercial buildings account for a significant portion of electrical energy demand in the United States. Thus, they serve as an ideal target for energy efficiency improvements, which can reduce congestion on the electrical grid and result in lower payments for building owners. One of the proposed approaches to improving energy efficiency in commercial buildings is transactive control, which allows system components to negotiate for resources within a market. The market is designed so that the control objective is met when components consume their allocation of energy. In this paper, a method is proposed to verify that the consumption of market participants matches their allocation. The method regards energy allocations at the beginning of market periods as predictions. Using collected measurements, actual consumption is then estimated at the end of the market period. Agreement between the predicted and estimated use indicates that the system component is behaving as expected. Initial results from the deployment of this verification method in a commercial building are reported, demonstrating the practicality and utility of the method.

Follum, James D.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Agent-Based System for Transactive Control of Smart Residential Neighborhoods

Buildings consume 74% of the total electricity produced in the United States. A significant portion of the building electric load includes heating ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems and water heating (WH) systems. Enabling flexibility in the operations can improve overall electric grid efficiency. This paper describes a multi-agent system for supporting integration, learning, optimization, and control of HVAC and WH in supporting a future smart grid. The architecture supports a transactive-based negotiation strategy between homeowners and a microgrid controller to adjust consumption behavior and reduce electricity costs. The framework is deployed in a neighborhood and preliminary testing is underway. The agent architecture design is discussed along with the preliminary optimization results from the demonstration site.

Starke, Michael↗
DOE OSTI2019

Transactive Coordination of Flexible Loads with Energy Storage through Day-ahead Scheduling

We are motivated by the problem faced by the aggregator (market coordinator) to optimally schedule the day-ahead operation of flexible loads and energy storages through transactive coordination. The aggregator, which may be the ISO/DSO/LSE/Utility company/Microgrid controller depending on the system considered, aims to maximize social welfare of interconnected distributed energy resources (DERs) by determining the optimal hourly prices for the next operating day. Arbitrage and private objectives are incorporated to ensure participation of third-party energy storages. We show that the coordination problem can be mathematically formulated as a multi-period optimal control problem with global power flow constraints and local DER-level constraints, and propose an iterative hierarchical decentralized solution method which respects the privacy of DERs. Under proper convexity assumptions, the algorithm will converge to the optimal day-ahead market clearing prices. We illustrate the algorithm using a four-bus power system with DC power flow constraints. Results show that incorporating degradation cost decreases the energy storage's ability of peak shaving and that social welfare of the system increases when discharging and charging efficiencies increase.

Ma, Ke↗
DOE OSTI2019

Hierarchical Architecture for Transactive Wholesale-Retail Market Integration

Transactive control strategies for managing real-time energy consumption have been under study for a number of years. This work investigates a hierarchical control framework for such a system. This framework consist of two control layers to aggregate and reflect the flexibility of demand assets in the wholesale markets. Computation at each layer and communication across layers is designed to be minimal. The minimization of data exchange is done through demand curve approximation. To manage these two approximations, two intermediate layer dispatch strategies are compared: price-priority and quantity-priority. The price-priority dispatch results in significant differences between the wholesale cleared load and the actual retail load while the quantity-priority dispatch manages load much better at the cost of introducing uncertainty into the business cases of the intermediate layers.

Marinovici, Laurentiu D.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Data-Driven Approach to Transactive Energy Systems with Commercial Buildings

A microgrid with solar, storage, and responsive load resources has been implemented and tested on an urban academic campus. Through modeling and simulation, a consensus transactive energy mechanism has been implemented, with each resource participating as a virtual battery. Most owners of large buildings don't have the information and expertise to develop and validate suitable models of their buildings using available tools. To mitigate this adoption barrier, a data-driven building model has been implemented and validated. It uses 5-minute weather data, 3-second revenue meter data, energy audit information, and a load reduction test conducted by the building owner.

Buildings, data-driven modeling, deep learning, en↗
DOE OSTI2025

Techno-Economic Analysis of Data-Driven and Transactive Approaches for Resilience Enhancement

As extreme weather events lead to more frequent power outages, understanding and enhancing grid resilience is critical to mitigating economic losses and non-energy impacts from service disruptions. Here, this study introduces a novel techno-economic analysis framework for evaluating resilience enhancement mechanisms. The framework combines grid response modeling with a co-simulation approach and valuation methodology to provide a comprehensive assessment. We apply this framework to a realistic case study of the Texas grid during Winter Storm Uri in February 2021. Two advanced resilience strategies are analyzed: a data-driven rolling outage mechanism and a transactive energy (TE) based allocation scheme. The rolling outage scheme selectively serves customers based on real-time curtailment needs, while the TE scheme allows customers to trade energy allocations according to their preferences. Our findings show that both the rolling outage and TE schemes significantly outperform conventional methods (i.e. controlled outages) by reducing the amount of energy not supplied to customers by 41% and 64%, respectively. These approaches also enhance flexibility and customer satisfaction, while improving energy utilization for greater resilience. Additionally, they maintain thermal comfort about 3.5 times better and substantially lower customer risk exposure. A key contribution of this study is addressing both utility and customer perspectives while considering both energy and non-energy impacts. The techno-economic analysis indicates that implementing these resilience enhancement strategies would incur an additional 1.1Bto1.6B in utility costs but has the potential to avoid 17.3Bto18B of customer losses as compared to existing solutions, thereby underscoring the value of investing in advanced resilience, as it provides significant societal benefits to customers.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Solar Bankability Data to Advance Transactions and Access (SB-DATA) Final Technical Report

The DOE project “Solar Bankability Data to Advance Transactions and Access”, known in the solar industry and referred to in this report as “Orange Button”, had project objectives of convening key stakeholder participants in the solar project lifecycle to develop a data taxonomy that meets to the solar industry’s needs for standardized data types for use in solar projects. Additional Orange Button deliverables included the development of an online data exchange to act as a clearinghouse of data that conformed to the data standard and additional solar industry data, and a Solar Data Translation Platform that could transform legacy solar project data to conform to the Orange Button data standard. All of these objectives were achieved. The Smart Electric Power Alliance (SEPA) provided program management, industry participant recruiting and convening, worked with the solar industry to define the scope of the Orange Button data taxonomy, and documented and delivered the taxonomy data requirements to funded project partners to develop both the taxonomy and the data conversion tools. Further efforts included performing extensive industry outreach and awareness to encourage adoption of the Orange Button taxonomy by the solar industry by enumerating the cost saving benefits of using the taxonomy and the public benefit of the increased use of solar energy due to increased bankability and viability of solar development projects. Solar PV panel and component prices have fallen in the last decade, while soft costs have remained stubbornly high and can account for as much as 64% of the total cost of a new solar system. Part of the U.S. Department of Energy SunShot Initiative, Orange Button enabled the creation and adoption of industry-led open data standards for rapid and seamless information exchange across the solar value chain, from origination to decommissioning. Standardizing data will reduce soft costs by making it easier to share solar data and speeding up processes. The taxonomy is a product of solar industry participants convening to identify the pain points caused by incompatible data, and to agree on and standardize data types to be used by the actors in the solar project lifecycle. This report focuses on the SEPA led first phase of Orange Button project that included industry outreach and recruiting participants for five industry working groups, widespread industry outreach to increase awareness and encourage eventual adoption of the taxonomy, and the definition of the scope, use cases, and supporting data types of the Orange Button taxonomy. The solar industry has been receptive of the completed Orange Button taxonomy. In SEPA’s work, 401 solar industry participants facilitated by SEPA defined the scope, use cases, and requirements for the taxonomy leading to over 150 taxonomy early adopters incorporating the taxonomy into their software products serving the solar industry, and several large investors and banks have started projects to enable them to utilize the taxonomy to gain back-office efficiencies. Moving forward, as the solar industry more widely embraces the Orange Button taxonomy and begins realizing the tangible benefits of adoption at scale, we expect further pressure on solar soft costs and increases in the bankability of solar projects.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Considerations for Commercial Building Participation in a Transactive Energy: Additional Information on Commercial Buildings

The research done in FY 18 found that there were many factors particularly relevant to the commercial setting that would impact participation and should be considered when evaluating the effectiveness of a Transactive Energy (TE) system. One factor that became a major focus of this research was the ownership and lease structures, commercial real estate databases were used to estimate the percentage of commercial space that may be subject to a lease arrangement that inherently removed the incentive to participate in TE. Other major factors that were discussed were the impacts that participation could have on the production and revenue of a commercial space and how the state of the building and the equipment within it would effect the potential participation. The research on other factors was not discussed at the same level of detail; this addendum aims to analyze some of the other important factors on commercial participation in a TE system with similar rigor.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Evolving U.S. Distribution System: Technologies, Architectures, and Regulations for Realizing a Transactive Energy Marketplace

As pockets of the U.S. experience growing penetrations of distributed energy resources (DERs), the traditional practices underpinning distribution system regulation, operation, and management are evolving. The challenges and opportunities that DERs pose are driving stakeholders across the United States to reconsider regulatory goals, utility business models, ratemaking, and grid architectures. This report reviews the evolution of the U.S. distribution system from the advent of the utility-as-regulated-monopoly business model to the technological and regulatory shifts happening. The report concludes with a discussion of transactive energy systems and summarizes some of the leading RD&D happening in this field.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Accelerating Low-Income Financing and Transactions (LIFT) for Solar Access Everywhere (Final Technical Report)

The Accelerating Low-Income Financing and Transactions (LIFT) for Solar Access Everywhere project’s goal was to expand Low-to-Moderate Income (LMI) solar access for homeowners and renters. The LIFT project researched and gathered data on 453 LMI community solar project across the country. Following three years of research, the project delivered three groundbreaking research papers in June 2022, focused on 1) customer experience, 2) the growth of community solar programs, and 3) project-level financial best practices for serving LMI communities. These were followed by a user-friendly web-based Toolkit allowing users to interact with project data and key findings in November 2022. The customer experience research examined community solar subscribers’ primary motivations to join and remain satisfied with projects. Our research identified 453 projects across the country that dedicated some portion of the system capacity to LMI households. Seventeen of these projects participated in the LIFT customer experience research, allowing the project team to survey their customers and gain insight into how LMI subscribers feel about community solar and the programs that serve them. Subscribers in our sample indicated that the most critical issue that motivated them to participate in their program, however, was not savings but helping the environment. This was true for both LMI and non-LMI subscribers. Helping the environment was also the most important issue for LMI subscribers to measure how well their program was working for them. LIFT also explored how rapidly community solar has grown since its inception in 2006, publishing results in the Growth of U.S. Community Solar Serving LMI Households report. The results showed that community solar projects serving LMI households are one of the fastest growing segments of the solar industry. The report identifies and recommends ways developers should overcome real or perceived risks to LMI customer acquisition and subscriber management. Through the analysis of community solar project finance research, LIFT showed that most community solar projects serving LMI households are financed in the same ways mainstream community solar projects are financed. The value stacks and financial returns are no different, although LMI inclusion and participation rate varied across programs in our sample, ranging from between 10% and 100%. Based on the findings from the LIFT research, the team built a web-based user-friendly Toolkit, consisting of case studies, project finance best practices, and several tools built around the national dataset of 453 community solar projects that serve LMI households. These allow users to engage with the dataset in multiple ways; to explore the landscape of LMI community solar in the U.S., and to design community solar projects to optimize LMI inclusion, equity, and savings levels. The Toolkit also includes a library of LIFT-generated and LIFT-curated resources for users to learn more about how to best serve LMI communities through community solar. LIFT officially published the Toolkit on October 31, 2022, followed by a launch event (public webinar) on November 17, 2022. The core LIFT partners continue to engage in outreach and dissemination efforts to promote the LIFT Toolkit and research publications. Our driving motivation is to continue enabling solar developers to leverage the findings of this three-year research effort. By implication, the LIFT Toolkit is designed for use by utilities, energy service providers, and financiers or investors as a learning and decision-making tool to rapidly scale project models that optimize LMI inclusion and maximize real household savings.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Exploration of Potential Application of Distributed Ledger Technology for Managing Transactions Under Joint Technology Development and Transfer Agreements

This document summarizes the findings from the team’s evaluation of applying DLT to transactions taking place inside and outside of a joint technology development and transfer agreement. As part of this examination, PNNL focused on addressing whether DLT could be used to promote civil nuclear cooperation without raising proliferation concerns.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
NASA NTRS1989

Concurrence control for transactions with priorities

Priority inversion occurs when a process is delayed by the actions of another process with less priority. With atomic transactions, the concurrency control mechanism can cause delays, and without taking priorities into account can be a source of priority inversion. Three traditional concurrency control algorithms are extended so that they are free from unbounded priority inversion.

Marzullo, Keith↗
NASA NTRS1989

Approach to transaction management for Space Station Freedom

An approach to managing the operations of the Space Station Freedom based on their external effects is described. It is assumed that there is a conflict-free schedule that, if followed, will allow only appropriate operations to occur. The problem is then reduced to that of ensuring that the operations initiated are within the limits allowed by the schedule, or that the external effects of such operations are within those allowed by the schedule. The main features of the currently adopted transaction management approach are discussed.

Easton, C. R.↗