Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “Urea”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Dam-Break Flow Measurements of Liquid–Granular Mixtures in a Channelized Reservoir

Dam-break flows of granular materials exhibit a complex non-Newtonian rheology, which is strongly influenced by various factors, such as the characteristics of the granular material, the degree of initial compaction, and saturation level of the granular matrix. Specially adapted nonintrusive techniques are required to investigate these flows in the laboratory. This paper investigated the nonintrusive technique of image analysis. The methodologies used in the measurement of bulk flow parameters, such as flow depth, front velocity, and flow rate, and the extraction of detailed flow characteristics such as velocity profiles, were discussed in the context of a series of granular dam-break flow experiments. These experiments were performed under three types of initial conditions: dry, saturated (water filling the pore space), and submerged (a layer of saturated granular material submerged under water) using four types of granular materials—PET pellets, crushed walnut shells, urea, and sand—with grain sizes ranging from 200 μm to 2.9 mm. High-speed cameras were used to capture the evolution and local properties of the flow, such as velocity fields using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Bulk properties of the flow were obtained by tracking the surface profile of the granular matrix and the water table. The extracted profiles were used to measure the evolution of the volume of the granular matrix and the fluid phase separately upstream and downstream of the gate, which allowed measuring the dilatancy (increase in pore space). The study showed that the image analysis techniques are versatile and can be adapted to measure different flow parameters in a variety of granular flows to better understand and analyze their complex behavior. Finally, the advantages and drawbacks of each image analysis technique were discussed and best-practice recommendations were provided.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Integrating multimodal data through interpretable heterogeneous ensembles

Motivation: Integrating multimodal data represents an effective approach to predicting biomedical characteristics, such as protein functions and disease outcomes. However, existing data integration approaches do not sufficiently address the heterogeneous semantics of multimodal data. In particular, early and intermediate approaches that rely on a uniform integrated representation reinforce the consensus among the modalities but may lose exclusive local information. The alternative late integration approach that can address this challenge has not been systematically studied for biomedical problems. Results: We propose Ensemble Integration (EI) as a novel systematic implementation of the late integration approach. EI infers local predictive models from the individual data modalities using appropriate algorithms and uses heterogeneous ensemble algorithms to integrate these local models into a global predictive model. We also propose a novel interpretation method for EI models. We tested EI on the problems of predicting protein function from multimodal STRING data and mortality due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from multimodal data in electronic health records. We found that EI accomplished its goal of producing significantly more accurate predictions than each individual modality. It also performed better than several established early integration methods for each of these problems. The interpretation of a representative EI model for COVID-19 mortality prediction identified several disease-relevant features, such as laboratory test (blood urea nitrogen and calcium) and vital sign measurements (minimum oxygen saturation) and demographics (age). These results demonstrated the effectiveness of the EI framework for biomedical data integration and predictive modeling.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Drug-induced kidney injury: challenges and opportunities

Abstract Drug-induced kidney injury (DIKI) is a frequently reported adverse event, associated with acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and end-stage renal failure. Prospective cohort studies on acute injuries suggest a frequency of around 14%–26% in adult populations and a significant concern in pediatrics with a frequency of 16% being attributed to a drug. In drug discovery and development, renal injury accounts for 8 and 9% of preclinical and clinical failures, respectively, impacting multiple therapeutic areas. Currently, the standard biomarkers for identifying DIKI are serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. However, both markers lack the sensitivity and specificity to detect nephrotoxicity prior to a significant loss of renal function. Consequently, there is a pressing need for the development of alternative methods to reliably predict drug-induced kidney injury (DIKI) in early drug discovery. In this article, we discuss various aspects of DIKI and how it is assessed in preclinical models and in the clinical setting, including the challenges posed by translating animal data to humans. We then examine the urinary biomarkers accepted by both the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency for monitoring DIKI in preclinical studies and on a case-by-case basis in clinical trials. We also review new approach methodologies (NAMs) and how they may assist in developing novel biomarkers for DIKI that can be used earlier in drug discovery and development.

Connor, Skylar (ORCID:0000000233479180)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Metagenome‐Assembled Genomes for Oligotrophic Nitrifiers From a Mountainous Gravelbed Floodplain

Riparian floodplains are important regions for biogeochemical cycling, including nitrogen. Here, we present MAGs from nitrifying microorganisms, including ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA) and comammox bacteria from Slate River (SR) floodplain sediments (Crested Butte, CO, US). Additionally, we explore MAGs from potential nitrite-oxidising bacteria (NOB) from the Nitrospirales. AOA diversity in SR is lower than observed in other western US floodplain sediments and Nitrosotalea-like lineages such as the genus TA-20 are the dominant AOA. No ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB) MAGs were recovered. Microorganisms from the Palsa-1315 genus (clade B comammox) are the most abundant ammonia-oxidizers in SR floodplain sediments. Established NOB are conspicuously absent; however, we recovered MAGs from uncultured lineages of the NS-4 family (Nitrospirales) and Nitrospiraceae that we propose as putative NOB. Nitrite oxidation may be carried out by organisms sister to established Nitrospira NOB lineages based on the genomic content of uncultured Nitrospirales clades. Nitrifier MAGs recovered from SR floodplain sediments harbour genes for using alternative sources of ammonia, such as urea, cyanate, biuret, triuret and nitriles. In conclusion, the SR floodplain therefore appears to be a low ammonia flux environment that selects for oligotrophic nitrifiers.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Switchgrass cropping systems affect soil carbon and nitrogen and microbial diversity and activity on marginal lands

Abstract Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.), as a dedicated bioenergy crop, can provide cellulosic feedstock for biofuel production while improving or maintaining soil quality. However, comprehensive evaluations of how switchgrass cultivation and nitrogen (N) management impact soil and plant parameters remain incomplete. We conducted field trials in three years (2016–2018) at six locations in the North Central Great Lakes Region to evaluate the effects of cropping systems (switchgrass, restored prairie, undisturbed control) and N rates (0, 56 kg N ha −1 year −1 ) on biomass yield and soil physicochemical, microbial, and enzymatic parameters. Switchgrass cropping system yielded an aboveground biomass 2.9–3.3 times higher than the other two systems (Jayawardena et al., unpublished data) but our study found that this biomass accumulation did not reduce soil dissolved organic C, total dissolved N (TDN), or bacterial diversity. The annual aboveground biomass removal for bioenergy feedstock, however, reduced soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and microbial biomass N (MBN) and bacterial richness in the second and third years; despite this, continuous monocropping of switchgrass improved soil TDN, inorganic N, bacterial diversity, and shoot biomass in the second and/or third years compared with the first year. N fertilization increased aboveground biomass yield by 1.2 times and significantly increased soil TDN, MBN, and the shoot biomass of switchgrass compared with the unfertilized control. Locations with higher C and N contents and lower C:N ratio had higher aboveground biomass, MBC, MBN, and the activity of BG, CBH, and UREA enzymes; by contrast, locations with higher pH had higher soil TDN and activity of NAG and LAP enzymes. Our research demonstrates that switchgrass cultivation could improve or maintain soil N content and N fertilization can increase plant biomass yield. The comprehensive data also can inform future biogeochemical models to successfully implement switchgrass for bioenergy production.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Functionally discrete fine roots differ in microbial assembly, microbial functional potential, and produced metabolites

Traditionally, fine roots were grouped using arbitrary size categories, rarely capturing the heterogeneity in physiology, morphology and functionality among different fine root orders. Fine roots with different functional roles are rarely separated in microbiome-focused studies and may result in confounding microbial signals and host-filtering across different root microbiome compartments. Using a 26-year-old common garden, we sampled fine roots from four temperate tree species that varied in root morphology and sorted them into absorptive and transportive fine roots. The rhizoplane and rhizosphere were characterized using 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer region amplicon sequencing and shotgun metagenomics for the rhizoplane to identify potential microbial functions. Fine roots were subject to metabolomics to spatially characterize resource availability. Both fungi and bacteria differed according to root functional type. We observed additional differences between the bacterial rhizoplane and rhizosphere compartments for absorptive but not transportive fine roots. Rhizoplane bacteria, as well as the root metabolome and potential microbial functions, differed between absorptive and transportive fine roots, but not the rhizosphere bacteria. Functional differences were driven by sugar transport, peptidases and urea transport. Our data highlights the importance of root function when examining root-microbial relationships, emphasizing different host selective pressures imparted on different root microbiome compartments.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Simultaneous Control of Unburned NH 3 and NO x Emissions From High Load Dual-Fuel Ammonia Operation on a High-Speed Diesel Engine Using a Cu-SCR System

Dual-fuel ammonia strategies are being investigated as a promising way to utilize NH 3 as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines in the maritime sector. One of the remaining barriers to implementing dual-fuel NH 3 combustion strategies is understanding ways to minimize unburned NH 3 and nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emissions from these engines, both of which are elevated relative to a conventional diesel baseline. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems are widely used for lean NO x emission controls for engines across transportation and stationary energy applications. SCR systems use a reducing agent, such as NH 3 , to react with NO x in the exhaust, converting it into nitrogen and water. Typically, NH 3 is injected into the exhaust as a urea solution. In dual-fuel NH 3 engines, where unburned NH 3 is present in the exhaust, an SCR system could be used to mitigate both NH 3 and NO x emissions. The presented work evaluates a commercial copper-zeolite SCR and ammonia slip catalyst system, designed for on-road diesel engine applications, for controlling unburned NH 3 and NO x emissions from a dual-fuel NH 3 combustion engine. The aftertreatment system was installed downstream of a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine that has been modified for dual-fuel ammonia use. Furthermore, the emissions were characterized by using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer for both late- and early-injection diesel pilot strategies over three air–fuel equivalence ratios spanning from 1.6 to 1.0 at 1200 rpm and 12.6 bar IMEP g condition (with greater than 95% ammonia energy fraction). Initial findings indicate that the SCR achieves more than 99% NO x conversion with less than 50 ppm NH 3 slip at air–fuel equivalence ratios greater than 1.4 at the operating conditions investigated. However, these benefits are accompanied by additional N 2 O emissions that are formed over the Cu-SCR.

Catalysts↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Novel Freshwater to Marine Evolutionary Transition Revealed within Methylophilaceae Bacteria from the Arctic Ocean

Bacteria inhabiting polar oceans, particularly the Arctic Ocean, are less studied than those at lower latitudes. Discovering bacterial adaptations to Arctic Ocean conditions is essential for understanding responses to the accelerated environmental changes occurring in the North. The Methylophilaceae are emerging as a model for investigating the genomic basis of habitat adaptation, because related lineages are widely distributed across both freshwater and marine ecosystems. Here, we investigated Methylophilaceae diversity in the salinity-stratified surface waters of the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean. In addition to a diversity of marine OM43 lineages, we report on the genomic characteristics and evolution of a previously undescribed Methylophilaceae clade (BS01) common to polar surface waters yet related to freshwater sediment Methylotenera species. BS01 is restricted to the lower-salinity surface waters, while OM43 is found throughout the halocline. An acidic proteome supports a marine lifestyle for BS01, but gene content shows increased metabolic versatility compared to OM43 and evidence for ongoing genome-streamlining. Phylogenetic reconstruction shows that BS01 colonized the pelagic ocean independently of OM43 via convergent evolution. Salinity adaptation and differences in one-carbon and nitrogen metabolism may play a role in niche differentiation between BS01 and OM43. In particular, urea utilization by BS01 is predicted to provide an ecological advantage over OM43 given the limited amount of inorganic nitrogen in the Canada Basin. These observations provide further evidence that the Arctic Ocean is inhabited by distinct bacterial groups and that at least one group (BS01) evolved via a freshwater to marine environmental transition.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Corrosion of Commercial Mg–Al Alloys: AZ31B, AM60, and AZ91D

Aqueous corrosion, atmospheric corrosion, and ionic liquid dissolution studies were performed on commercial alloys AZ31B, AM60, and AZ91D and compared with previously reported results for single-phase binary Mg–Al alloys containing similar Al concentrations (αMg-2 at% Al, αMg-5 at% Al, and Mg-8 at% Al). Polarization studies in 0.6 M NaCl were used to characterize the aqueous free corrosion behavior during 20-h free immersion. Accelerated corrosion testing was performed using a rotating-disk electrode which revealed the evolution of an Al-rich mud-cracking and platelet morphology. Atmospheric droplet testing showed rapid pH increases that depended on the Al concentration in the alloy. Time-dependent contact angle measurements showed that the degree of droplet wetting increased during free corrosion by ~50° over 20 h in 0.6 M NaCl. Ionic liquid dissolution studies in 1:2 M choline chloride:urea deep eutectic solvent were performed in order to examine the current-voltage behavior of these alloys in the absence of water and hydrogen reduction. The results of these studies revealed the formation of nanowire corrosion morphologies within a honeycomb lattice structure which we attribute to selective dissolution of Mg via a two-dimensional stepflow process

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Enabling Non-Carbonate Electrolytes for Silicon Anode Batteries Using Fluoroethylene Carbonate

Silicon is considered as one of the most promising anodes for next generation lithium-ion batteries, due to its high theoretical capacity and energy density. However, many technical barriers remain to its implementation, due to its high chemical/electrochemical reactivities with standard electrolytes and incomplete passivation. In this work, we take the most effective passivating additive of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and study its impact on non-carbonate electrolytes. Our results indicate that esters and ureas-based electrolytes are similarly stabilized by FEC, and have very similar capacity retentions and Coulombic efficiencies to the state-of-the-art carbonate electrolyte. This study indicates the discovery of more efficient additives other than FEC is vital in developing an electrolyte that can successfully enable a silicon-anode battery.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Data for Conversion of High-Solids Hydrothermally Pretreated Bioenergy Sorghum to Lipids and Ethanol Using Yeast Cultures

Glucose and xylose are the major sugars present in cellulosic hydrolysates. The cellulosic sugars can be used for the production of platform chemicals. In this study, productions of lipid and ethanol by yeasts were compared for concentrated bioenergy sorghum syrup. Bioenergy sorghum was hydrothermally pretreated at 50% w/w solids in a continuous industrial reactor and sequentially mechanically refined using a burr mill to improve biomass accessibility for hydrolysis. Fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted with 50% w/v solids loading and cellulase cocktail (50 FPU/g biomass) to achieve 230 g/L sugar concentration. Various strains of Rhodosporidium toruloides were evaluated for converting sugars into lipids, and strain Y-6987 had the highest lipid titer (9.2 g/L). The lipid titer was improved to 19.0 g/L by implementing a two-stage culture scheme, where the first stage was optimized for yeast growth and the second for lipid production. For ethanol production, the engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae SR8ΔADH6 was used to coferment glucose and xylose. Ethanol fermentation was optimized for media nutrients (YP, YNB/urea, and urea), cellulosic sugar concentration, and sulfite conditioning to maximize the ethanol concentration from sorghum syrups. Fermentation of 70% v/v concentrated hydrolysate conditioned with sulfite produces 50.1 g/L ethanol from 141 g/L of sugars.

Conversion↗
DOE OSTI2021

Structure of the E. coli agmatinase, SPEB

Agmatine amidinohydrolase, or agmatinase, catalyzes the conversion of agmatine to putrescine and urea. This enzyme is found broadly across kingdoms of life and plays a critical role in polyamine biosynthesis and the regulation of agmatine concentrations. Here we describe the high-resolution X-ray crystal structure of the E . coli agmatinase, SPEB. The data showed a relatively high degree of pseudomerohedral twinning, was ultimately indexed in the P 3 1 space group and led to a final model with eighteen chains, corresponding to three full hexamers in the asymmetric unit. There was a solvent content of 38.5% and refined R/R free values of 0.166/0.216. The protein has the conserved fold characteristic of the agmatine ureohydrolase family and displayed a high degree of structural similarity among individual protomers. Two distinct peaks of electron density were observed in the active site of most of the eighteen chains of SPEB. As the activity of this protein is known to be dependent upon manganese and the fold is similar to other dinuclear metallohydrolases, these peaks were modeled as manganese ions. The orientation of the conserved active site residues, in particular those amino acids that participate in binding the metal ions and a pair of acidic residues (D153 and E274 in SPEB) that play a role in catalysis, are similar to other agmatinase and arginase enzymes and is consistent with a hydrolytic mechanism that proceeds via a metal-activated hydroxide ion.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Lowering oxygen evolution overpotential via morphology control of NiO x nanocatalysts

NiO x nanocatalysts with two distinct morphologies, nano-spindles and nano-plates, were synthesized and evaluated for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance. Spindle-like NiO x was prepared via a hydrothermal reaction of nickel nitrate and urea with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a surfactant at 120 °C for 24 h, forming Ni(OH) 2 -based intermediates that were subsequently calcined at 300 °C for 3 h. In contrast, platelet-like Ni(OH) 2 nanocrystals were obtained using nickel(II) acetate and KOH at 180 °C for 24 h, followed by calcination at 400 °C or 500 °C for 4 h to yield NiO x nano-plates. The NiO x nano-spindles exhibited an OER overpotential of 395 mV at 10 mA/cm 2 , whereas the NiO x nano-plates annealed at 400 °C and 500 °C showed overpotentials of 565 mV and 474 mV at 10 mA/cm 2 , respectively. Structural characterization and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy indicate these differences arise from morphology-dependent surface structures that govern catalytic activity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on H4CN2O by Materials Project

CO(NH2)2 is gamma plutonium-like structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal P-42_1m space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two urea molecules. C4+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent N3- and one O2- atom. Both C–N bond lengths are 1.35 Å. The C–O bond length is 1.28 Å. N3- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one C4+ and two H1+ atoms. Both N–H bond lengths are 1.02 Å. There are two inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on SnH58C16S4(N11O9)2 by Materials Project

SnC6H22(N2O)4(CO(NH2)2)6(C2NH6S2O4)2 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two dimethanesulfonamide molecules, six urea molecules, and one SnC6H22(N2O)4 cluster. In the SnC6H22(N2O)4 cluster, Sn is bonded in an octahedral geometry to two equivalent C and four O atoms. Both Sn–C bond lengths are 2.13 Å. There are two shorter (2.27 Å) and two longer (2.30 Å) Sn–O bond lengths. There are three inequivalent C sites. In the first C site, C is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two N and one O atom. Both C–N bond lengths are 1.35 Å. The C–O bond length is 1.29 Å. In the second C site, C is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Sn and three H atoms. There is one shorter (1.09 Å) and two longer (1.10 Å) C–H bond length. In the third C site, C is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two N and one O atom. There is one shorter (1.34 Å) and one longer (1.35 Å) C–N bond length. The C–O bond length is 1.29 Å. There are four inequivalent N sites. In the first N site, N is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one C and two H atoms. There is one shorter (1.02 Å) and one longer (1.03 Å) N–H bond length. In the second N site, N is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one C and two H atoms. There is one shorter (1.02 Å) and one longer (1.03 Å) N–H bond length. In the third N site, N is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one C and two H atoms. There is one shorter (1.02 Å) and one longer (1.03 Å) N–H bond length. In the fourth N site, N is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one C and two H atoms. Both N–H bond lengths are 1.02 Å. There are ten inequivalent H sites. In the first H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C atom. In the second H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the third H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the fourth H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the fifth H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the sixth H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the seventh H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the eighth H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the ninth H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the tenth H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C atom. There are two inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Sn and one C atom. In the second O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Sn and one C atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on P2H6C5N2Cl4O by Materials Project

C5P2N2H6OCl4 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four 1,3-dimethyl-1,3-(tetrachloro-1,3-diphosphetane-1,3-diyl)urea molecules. there are five inequivalent C+0.80- sites. In the first C+0.80- site, C+0.80- is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to one N3- and three H1+ atoms. The C–N bond length is 1.48 Å. All C–H bond lengths are 1.10 Å. In the second C+0.80- site, C+0.80- is bonded to two P5+ and two Cl1- atoms to form edge-sharing CP2Cl2 tetrahedra. Both C–P bond lengths are 1.92 Å. There is one shorter (1.76 Å) and one longer (1.78 Å) C–Cl bond length. In the third C+0.80- site, C+0.80- is bonded to two P5+ and two Cl1- atoms to form edge-sharing CP2Cl2 tetrahedra. Both C–P bond lengths are 1.92 Å. There is one shorter (1.76 Å) and one longer (1.78 Å) C–Cl bond length. In the fourth C+0.80- site, C+0.80- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two N3- and one O2- atom. Both C–N bond lengths are 1.40 Å. The C–O bond length is 1.24 Å. In the fifth C+0.80- site, C+0.80- is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to one N3- and three H1+ atoms. The C–N bond length is 1.47 Å. All C–H bond lengths are 1.10 Å. There are two inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two C+0.80- and one N3- atom. The P–N bond length is 1.72 Å. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two C+0.80- and one N3- atom. The P–N bond length is 1.72 Å. There are two inequivalent N3- sites. In the first N3- site, N3- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two C+0.80- and one P5+ atom. In the second N3- site, N3- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two C+0.80- and one P5+ atom. There are six inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.80- atom. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.80- atom. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.80- atom. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.80- atom. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.80- atom. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.80- atom. O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.80- atom. There are four inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.80- atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.80- atom. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.80- atom. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.80- atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on MgH40C10Br2(N2O)10 by Materials Project

MgC6H24(N2O)6(CO(NH2)2)4(Br)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four hydrobromic acid molecules, eight urea molecules, and two MgC6H24(N2O)6 clusters. In each MgC6H24(N2O)6 cluster, Mg is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.13 Å. There are three inequivalent C sites. In the first C site, C is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two N and one O atom. There is one shorter (1.36 Å) and one longer (1.37 Å) C–N bond length. The C–O bond length is 1.26 Å. In the second C site, C is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two N and one O atom. There is one shorter (1.35 Å) and one longer (1.36 Å) C–N bond length. The C–O bond length is 1.27 Å. In the third C site, C is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two N and one O atom. Both C–N bond lengths are 1.35 Å. The C–O bond length is 1.28 Å. There are six inequivalent N sites. In the first N site, N is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one C and two H atoms. Both N–H bond lengths are 1.02 Å. In the second N site, N is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one C and two H atoms. There is one shorter (1.02 Å) and one longer (1.03 Å) N–H bond length. In the third N site, N is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one C and two H atoms. Both N–H bond lengths are 1.02 Å. In the fourth N site, N is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one C and two H atoms. Both N–H bond lengths are 1.02 Å. In the fifth N site, N is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one C and two H atoms. There is one shorter (1.01 Å) and one longer (1.03 Å) N–H bond length. In the sixth N site, N is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one C and two H atoms. There is one shorter (1.01 Å) and one longer (1.02 Å) N–H bond length. There are twelve inequivalent H sites. In the first H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the second H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the third H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the fourth H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the fifth H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the sixth H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the seventh H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the eighth H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the ninth H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the tenth H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the eleventh H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the twelfth H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. There are three inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg and one C atom. In the second O site, O is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg and one C atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Mg and one C atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗