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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8

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NASA NTRS1985

Improved turbopump dynamics

A study was initiated to investigate the practicality of increasing rotor critical speeds by changes in manufacturing method. The technique would be to build a pump with an all laser welded shaft and case; such unit to be opened by laser cutting and rebuilt by rewelding the same surface. Use of a split casing, common in industry, would permit assembly of the rotor outside the case. A team was formed to perform the study; however, the work of the team was severely restricted by conflict with higher priority tasks. No manpower was available to evaluate alternate configurations. Thus, much of the synergetic effects of cohesive design modification was lost. Although very limited results were achieved, nothing was found to indicate that the method is not worth further investigation.

Kiefling, L.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Space reliability technology - A historical perspective

The progressive improvements in reliability of launch vehicles is traced from the Vanguard rocket to the STS. The Vanguard, built with minimal redundancy and a high mass ratio, was used as an operational vehicle midway through its test program in an attempt to meet the perceived challenge represented by the Sputnik. The fourth Vanguard failed due to inadequate contamination prevention and lack of inspection ports. Automatic firing sequences were adopted for the Titan rockets, which were an order of magnitude larger than the Vanguard and therefore had room for interior inspections. Qualification testing and reporting were introduced for components, along with X ray inspection of fuel tank welds. Dual systems were added for flight critical components when the Titan became man-rated for the Gemini program. Designs incorporated full failure mode effects and criticality analyses for the Apollo program, which exposed the limits of applicability of numerical reliability models. Fault tree analyses and program milestone reviews were initiated. The worth of man-in-the-loop in space activities for reliability was demonstrated with the rescue of Skylab after solar panel and meteoroid shield failures. It is now the reliability of the payload, rather than the vehicle, that is questioned for Shuttle launches.

Cohen, H.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Space platforms and autonomy

Potential applications for autonomous space platforms (SP) are discussed. The platforms are assumed to have long in-service lifetimes and therefore be flexible as to configuration modification and payload changeout. Higher degrees of autonomy, particularly from ground control, are made possible because of the rapid increase of microprocessor power and artificial intelligence advances. Functioning independently, the platforms are to rely only on periodic refurbishment visits by, e.g., the Orbiter. The Manned Space Station (MSS) will be the most complex structure, involving multifacted man-machine interfaces. The SP can be subsystems of the MSS (or other platforms), handling communications enunciation, data acquisition, analysis and telemetry, fault detection and isolation, systems monitoring and control, etc. The SP adopted will depend in all cases on costs vs benefits analyses to determine the worth of removing the function(s) from direct, regular human intervention.

Easter, R. W.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Application of computer image enhancement techniques to shuttle hand-held photography

With the advent of frequent Space Transportation System Shuttle missions, photography from hyperaltitudes stands to become an accessible and convenient resource for scientists and environmental managers. As satellite products (such as LANDSAT) continue to spiral in costs, all but the most affluent consumer is finding Earth imagery from space to be more and more unavailable. Therefore, the potential for Shuttle photography to serve a wide variety of users is increasing. However, despite the popularity of photos from space as public relations tools and report illustrations, little work has been performed to prove their scientific worth beyond that as basic mapping bases. It is the hypothesis of this project that hand-held Earth photography from the Space Shuttle has potentially high scientific merit and that primary data can be extracted. In effect, Shuttle photography should be considered a major remote sensing information resource.

David, B. E.↗

NASA NTRS1986

The analysis of airline flight records for winds and performance with application to the Delta 191 accident

Advanced analytical methods applied to airline digital flight records and ATC radar tracking data are providing new insights into atmospheric disturbances that cause serious operating problems for aircraft. Performance-based methods for estimating unmeasured flow angles and the possible influence of rain on lift and drag, and a state-estimation procedure for determining winds along the flightpath are reviewed. The methods are applied to data records from the Delta Flight 191 wind-shear accident at the Dallas/Ft. Worth Airport (August 2, 1985) which involved an L-1011 airliner on final approach. The results indicate that the aircraft encountered a strong downlow followed by a strong outflow accompanied by large and rapid changes in the vertical wind. This pattern of low-level winds is consistent with the model that treats a downburst as a vortex ring. Although rain was present in the downburst, the analysis showed no evidence of performance loss. The results obtained from analyses of airline turbulence encounters provide a means for simulating turbulence phenomena and for training pilots for future encounters.

Bach, R. E., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Design and fabrication of the NASA decoupler pylon for the F-16 aircraft, addendum 1

The results of the final analyses which were conducted using a revised structural simulation of the Decoupler Pylon are reported in this addendum. The simulation incorporates the previously published results of ground tests performed on the flight Decoupler Pylons mounted in a test fixture at General Dynamic's Fort Worth facility. The analyses show that the Decoupler Pylon will suppress wing-store flutter for the GBU-8 flight test stores configuration on an F-16 airplane. The feasibility of carrying a B-61 on the pylons is also investigated with the conclusion that the pylons would need to be modified in order to demonstrate flutter suppression. The results of a ground vibration test performed on the 1/4 scale F-16 flutter model and a wind tunnel test with this model and a model Decoupler Pylon are given.

Clayton, J. D.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Project analysis and integration economic analyses summary

An economic-analysis summary was presented for the manufacture of crystalline-silicon modules involving silicon ingot/sheet, growth, slicing, cell manufacture, and module assembly. Economic analyses provided: useful quantitative aspects for complex decision-making to the Flat-plate Solar Array (FSA) Project; yardsticks for design and performance to industry; and demonstration of how to evaluate and understand the worth of research and development both to JPL and other government agencies and programs. It was concluded that future research and development funds for photovoltaics must be provided by the Federal Government because the solar industry today does not reap enough profits from its present-day sales of photovoltaic equipment.

Macomber, H. L.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Elimination sequence optimization for SPAR

SPAR is a large-scale computer program for finite element structural analysis. The program allows user specification of the order in which the joints of a structure are to be eliminated since this order can have significant influence over solution performance, in terms of both storage requirements and computer time. An efficient elimination sequence can improve performance by over 50% for some problems. Obtaining such sequences, however, requires the expertise of an experienced user and can take hours of tedious effort to affect. Thus, an automatic elimination sequence optimizer would enhance productivity by reducing the analysts' problem definition time and by lowering computer costs. Two possible methods for automating the elimination sequence specifications were examined. Several algorithms based on the graph theory representations of sparse matrices were studied with mixed results. Significant improvement in the program performance was achieved, but sequencing by an experienced user still yields substantially better results. The initial results provide encouraging evidence that the potential benefits of such an automatic sequencer would be well worth the effort.

Hogan, Harry A.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Computational fluid dynamics: Transition to design applications

The development of aerospace vehicles, over the years, was an evolutionary process in which engineering progress in the aerospace community was based, generally, on prior experience and data bases obtained through wind tunnel and flight testing. Advances in the fundamental understanding of flow physics, wind tunnel and flight test capability, and mathematical insights into the governing flow equations were translated into improved air vehicle design. The modern day field of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a continuation of the growth in analytical capability and the digital mathematics needed to solve the more rigorous form of the flow equations. Some of the technical and managerial challenges that result from rapidly developing CFD capabilites, some of the steps being taken by the Fort Worth Division of General Dynamics to meet these challenges, and some of the specific areas of application for high performance air vehicles are presented.

Bradley, R. G.↗

NASA NTRS1986

The binary fission origin of the moon

The major arguments for and against the binary fission model of lunar origin are reviewed. Unresolved problems include: (1) how the protoearth acquired sufficient angular velocity to fission, and (2) how the earth-moon system lost its excess angular momentum after fission. Despite these uncertainties, the compositional similarities between the earth's mantle and the bulk moon suggest that the fission model is worth considering. The proposed sequence of events in the formation of the moon by binary fission is given.

Binder, Alan B.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Severe winds in the DFW microburst measured from two aircraft

Advanced analytical methods are applied to the digital flight data and Air Traffic Control radar records from two airliners, Delta flight 191 and American flight 539, that penetrated a microburst at the Dallas/Ft. Worth airport on August 2, 1985. The results for Delta 191 (which crashed) show that the aircraft encountered a strong downburst followed by a strong outflow accompanied by large and rapid changes in the vertical wind. The rapid changes in the vertical wind detected near the ground are attributed to vortex-induced turbulence. The next following aircraft, American 539, made a go-around 110 sec after Delta 191 and traversed the microburst at an altitude of about 2500 ft above the ground. The measured winds during this go-around indicate a broad pattern of downflow in the microburst, with regions of upflow at the extreme edges. The combined results indicate a microburst that was increasing in size with vortex-induced turbulence embedded in a strong outflow near the ground. These wind measurements provide a realistic description of the microburst wind environment that can be used in simulator studies and pilot training, and provide a standard of comparison for ongoing experiments and modeling of microbursts involving vortex rings.

Wingrove, R. C.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Observing rotation and deformation of sea ice with synthetic aperture radar

The ESA's ERS-1 satellite will carry SARs over the polar regions; an important component in the use of these data is an automated scheme for the extraction of sea ice velocity fields from a sequence of SAR images of the same geographical region. The image pyramid area-correlation hierarchical method is noted to be vulnerable to uncertainties for sea ice rotations greater than 10-15 deg between SAR observations. Rotation-invariant methods can successfully track isolated floes in the marginal ice zone. Hu's (1962) invariant moments are also worth considering as a possible basis for rotation-invariant tracking methods. Feature tracking is inherently robust for tracking rotating sea ice, but is limited when features are floe-lead boundaries. A variety of techniques appears neccessary.

Vesecky, J. F.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Application of spatial Poisson process models to air mass thunderstorm rainfall

Eight years of summer storm rainfall observations from 93 stations in and around the 154 sq km Walnut Gulch catchment of the Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, in Arizona are processed to yield the total station depths of 428 storms. Statistical analysis of these random fields yields the first two moments, the spatial correlation and variance functions, and the spatial distribution of total rainfall for each storm. The absolute and relative worth of three Poisson models are evaluated by comparing their prediction of the spatial distribution of storm rainfall with observations from the second half of the sample. The effect of interstorm parameter variation is examined.

Eagleson, P. S.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Adiabatic diesel engine component development: Reference engine for on-highway applications

The main objectives were to select an advanced low heat rejection diesel reference engine (ADRE) and to carry out systems analysis and design. The ADRE concept selection consisted of: (1) rated point performance optimization; (2) study of various exhaust energy recovery scenarios; (3) components, systems and engine configuration studies; and (4) life cycle cost estimates of the ADRE economic worth. The resulting ADRE design proposed a reciprocator with many advanced features for the 1995 technology demonstration time frame. These included ceramic air gap insulated hot section structural components, high temperature tribology treatments, nonmechanical (camless) valve actuation systems, and elimination of the cylinder head gasket. ADRE system analysis and design resulted in more definition of the engine systems. These systems include: (1) electro-hydraulic valve actuation, (2) electronic common rail injection system; (3) engine electronic control; (4) power transfer for accessory drives and exhaust energy recovery systems; and (5) truck installation. Tribology and performance assessments were also carried out. Finite element and probability of survival analyses were undertaken for the ceramic low heat rejection component.

Hakim, Nabil S.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Discovery and problem solving: Triangulation as a weak heuristic

Recently the artificial intelligence community has turned its attention to the process of discovery and found that the history of science is a fertile source for what Darden has called compiled hindsight. Such hindsight generates weak heuristics for discovery that do not guarantee that discoveries will be made but do have proven worth in leading to discoveries. Triangulation is one such heuristic that is grounded in historical hindsight. This heuristic is explored within the general framework of the BACON, GLAUBER, STAHL, DALTON, and SUTTON programs. In triangulation different bases of information are compared in an effort to identify gaps between the bases. Thus, assuming that the bases of information are relevantly related, the gaps that are identified should be good locations for discovery and robust analysis.

Rochowiak, Daniel↗

NASA NTRS1988

A multiple-vortex-ring model of the DFW microburst

A multiple-vortex-ring model of the winds associated with a microburst is verified by matching the model-generated winds to those encountered at the Dallas-Ft. Worth (DFW) microburst. The basis of the model consists of time-invariant vortex ring filaments embedded in irrotational flow. Each ring's viscous core is modeled by distributing the vorticity over a small distance (relative to the ring diameter) radially from the filaments. Parameters such as the size and strength of the vortex rings are identified using a modified Newton-Raphson technique. The parameters identified from the analysis of the DFW microburst encounter indicate a large ring with a radius of 8500 ft and a smaller ring with a radius of 1700 ft.

Schultz, Thomas A.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby - First Mariner Mark II

The Mariner Mark II, a novel, low-cost series of spacecraft, will find its initial use during the Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) Project; the spacecraft is expected to obtain the first observations of asteroids, and to return over three years' worth of detailed science data from the vicinity of Comet Tempel 2. The second Mariner Mark II spacecraft, designated 'Cassini' will incorporate an ESA Titan probe. Attention is given to a possible solar/electric earth gravity-assist trajectory for a mission to Tempel 2.

Draper, Ron↗

NASA NTRS1988

Some key considerations for high-speed civil transports

Factors affecting the development of a new generation of high-speed (supersonic/hypersonic) transports are reviewed. Market projections of growth on long-range routes indicate a potential need for faster transport aircraft by the turn of the century. A review of NASA-sponsored studies shows how both market forces and technology combine to define mission performance and vehicle design constraints. The vehicle worth and price projected for a given vehicle are shown to relate to an assumed technology level. Preliminary results from an initial set of vehicle concepts lead to the conclusion that currently projected technology will need to be enhanced with increased research to meet the first market window around the year 2000.

Morris, Charles E. K., Jr.↗