Use of Shock-trap Bleed to Improve Pressure Recovery of Fixed- and Variable-capture-area Internal-contraction Inlets; Mach Number 2.0 to 3.0
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Luidens, Roger W↗
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Chemical Kinetics of the TPS and Base Bleeding During Flight Test
The present research deals with thermal degradation of polyurethane foam (PUF) during flight test. Model of thermal decomposition was developed that accounts for polyurethane kinetics parameters extracted from thermogravimetric analyses and radial heat losses to the surrounding environment. The model predicts mass loss of foam, the temperature and kinetic of release of the exhaust gases and char as function of heat and radiation loads. When PUF is heated, urethane bond break into polyol and isocyanate. In the first stage, isocyanate pyrolyses and oxidizes. As a result, the thermo-char and oil droplets (yellow smoke) are released. In the second decomposition stage, pyrolysis and oxidization of liquid polyol occur. Next, the kinetics of chemical compound release and the information about the reactions occurring in the base area are coupled to the CFD simulations of the base flow in a single first stage motor vertically stacked vehicle configuration. The CFD simulations are performed to estimate the contribution of the hot out-gassing, chemical reactions, and char oxidation to the temperature rise of the base flow. The results of simulations are compared with the flight test data.
Osipov, Viatcheslav↗
Liquefied Bleed for Stability and Efficiency of High Speed Inlets
No abstract available
Saunders, J. David↗
Wind-US Simulations of the NASA 1507 Inlet Test Case
Steady-state, Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed of the NASA 1507 Inlet Test Case from the 6th AIAA Propulsion Aerodynamics Workshop (PAW) held in January 2023 using the Wind-US CFD solver. The simulations were performed with bleed regions modeled as surface patches and the Slater bleed boundary condition models were applied within those regions. Both the constant-plenum-pressure and the fixed-plenum-exit bleed models where applied. The vortex generators were modeled using the Bender-Anderson-Yagle (BAY) vortex generator model. The CFD simulations were performed for inlet engine-face flow ratios varying from supercritical to subcritical inlet operation until inlet unstart. The results of the CFD simulations were compared to wind-tunnel data which included boundary layer profiles, axial static pressure distributions, bleed rates, total pressure recovery performance curves, and engine-face total pressure rake profiles. The CFD simulations were able to match most of the boundary layer rake data near the geometric throat, but the boundary layers on the centerbody were thinner than indicated by the wind-tunnel data. For the supercritical CFD simulations, the engine-face flow ratio was at least 2% to 2.5% lower than indicated by the wind-tunnel data, but still consistent with the level of supercritical bleed. The engine-face flow rates of the wind-tunnel tests had an uncertainty of ±2% which could explain the differences. The supercritical engine-face flow rates of the wind-tunnel data indicated a 5% supercritical bleed rate rather than the reported 7.18% bleed rate. The CFD simulations were able to calculate the maximum total pressure recovery of pt2/pt = 0.907 as observed for the wind-tunnel data. The CFD simulations with the constant-pressure bleed model were able to obtain a much lower engine-face total pressure ratio than indicated by both the wind-tunnel data and the CFD simulations using a fixed-plenum-exit bleed model. The CFD simulations indicated a sharp static pressure rise for the terminal shock rather than a more gradual rise indicated by the wind-tunnel data. The CFD simulations were not able to accurately compute the total pressure variation across the engine-face total pressure rake.
Supersonics↗
Flowfield analysis for successive oblique shock wave interactions with a turbulent boundary layer
A computation procedure is described for predicting flow fields which develop when successive interactions between oblique shock waves and a turbulent boundary layer occur. Computations were carried out for axisymmetric internal flows at free stream Mach numbers = 3.82 and 2.82. The effect of boundary layer bleed was considered for the free stream Mach number = 2.82 flow. A control volume analysis is used to predict changes in the flow field across the interactions. Two bleed flow models were considered. A turbulent boundary layer program was used to compute changes in the boundary layer between the interactions. The results given are for flows with two shock wave interactions and for bleed at the second interaction site. In principle the method described may be extended to account for additional interactions. The predicted results are compared with measured results and are shown to be in good agreement when the bleed flow rate is low (on the order of 3 percent of the boundary layer mass flow), or when there is no bleed. As the bleed flow rate is increased, differences between the predicted and measured results become larger. Shortcomings of the bleed flow models at higher bleed flow rates are discussed.
Sun, C. C.↗
Flowfield analysis for successive oblique shock wave-turbulent boundary layer interactions
A computation procedure is described for predicting the flowfields which develop when successive interactions between oblique shock waves and a turbulent boundary layer occur. Such interactions may occur, for example, in engine inlets for supersonic aircraft. Computations are carried out for axisymmetric internal flows at M 3.82 and 2.82. The effect of boundary layer bleed is considered for the M 2.82 flow. A control volume analysis is used to predict changes in the flow field across the interactions. Two bleed flow models have been considered. A turbulent boundary layer program is used to compute changes in the boundary layer between the interactions. The results given are for flows with two shock wave interactions and for bleed at the second interaction site. In principle the method described may be extended to account for additional interactions. The predicted results are compared with measured results and are shown to be in good agreement when the bleed flow rate is low (on the order of 3% of the boundary layer mass flow), or when there is no bleed. As the bleed flow rate is increased, differences between the predicted and measured results become larger. Shortcomings of the bleed flow models at higher bleed flow rates are discussed.
Sun, C. C.↗
Study of two axisymmetric inlets designed for Mach 3.5
Results from wind-tunnel tests of two large-scale models of axisymmetric mixed-compression inlet systems designed for Mach number 3.5 are compared. One inlet incorporated a 'traveling'-bleed system in an effort to achieve maximum transonic engine airflow supply. The other inlet required only a 'fixed'-bleed system, but had 21 percent less transonic airflow supply. The inlet with fixed bleed appears more attractive, if auxiliary airflow systems are used to increase the transonic airflow supply, because it can be 45 percent shorter and would be considerably lighter than the traveling-bleed inlet. In addition, the fixed-bleed inlet offers more operating-control margin at supersonic Mach numbers when the inlet is started. Further, its off-design performance is higher because separation of the flow in the subsonic diffuser can be avoided - something that apparently cannot be done with a traveling-bleed inlet without reducing the transonic airflow supply. Finally, it appears that the management and efficiency of bleed airflow for the fixed-bleed inlet can be improved using analytical methods verified by the tests.
Sorensen, N. E.↗
A Source-Term Based Boundary Layer Bleed/Effusion Model for Passive Shock Control
A modeling framework for boundary layer effusion has been developed based on the use of source (or sink) terms instead of the usual practice of specifying bleed directly as a boundary condition. This framework allows the surface boundary condition (i.e. isothermal wall, adiabatic wall, slip wall, etc.) to remain unaltered in the presence of bleed. This approach also lends itself to easily permit the addition of empirical models for second order effects that are not easily accounted for by simply defining effective transpiration values. Two effusion models formulated for supersonic flows have been implemented into this framework; the Doerffer/Bohning law and the Slater formulation. These models were applied to unit problems that contain key aspects of the flow physics applicable to bleed systems designed for hypersonic air-breathing propulsion systems. The ability of each model to predict bulk bleed properties was assessed, as well as the response of the boundary layer as it passes through and downstream of a porous bleed system. The model assessment was performed with and without the presence of shock waves. Three-dimensional CFD simulations that included the geometric details of the porous plate bleed systems were also carried out to supplement the experimental data, and provide additional insights into the bleed flow physics. Overall, both bleed formulations fared well for the tests performed in this study. However, the sample of test problems considered in this effort was not large enough to permit a comprehensive validation of the models.
Baurle, Robert A.↗
Evaluation of some control-volume techniques for analysis of shock-boundary layer interactions in supersonic inlets
Various control-volume models used to analyze the shock boundary layer bleed interaction were investigated. The bleed assumptions of the models and their influence on the analytical solutions are discussed. The results of the analysis using these models are compared with experimental boundary-layer data taken in a supersonic inlet. The experimental Mach number upstream of the interaction was 1.66, and the oblique-shock pressure ratio was 1.33. The boundary layer data included bleed flow rates up to approximately 0.6 of the upstream boundary layer mass flow rate. The first model assumed the bleed was removed from the control volume with a momentum that was characterized by a pressure intermediate between the upstream and downstream pressures. The second model assumed the control volume was bounded by a streamline dividing the bleed and residual flows and eliminated the need to specify the momentum of the bleed flow. Comparison of the results using the models showed that specifying the bleed pressure in one model was equivalent to specifying the pressure along the dividing streamline in the other.
Hingst, W. R.↗
Analytic and experimental performance of two isentropic mixed compression axisymmetric inlets at Mach numbers 0.8 to 2.65
A mixed compression axisymmetric inlet model with a capture diameter of 50 cm was tested at Mach numbers ranging from 0.8 to 2.65 at 0 deg angle of attack and a constant total pressure of approximately 1 atm. Analytical methods accounting for the effects of both viscous and inviscid flows and incorporating empirical bleed discharge coefficients were used in the procedure for designing the inlet contours and the bleed system. Experimental results are compared with analytic predictions and are also compared with results from earlier tests of an inlet with the same internal contours but with a bleed system developed by cut and try methods in the wind tunnel. With the bleed configuration predicted by the design procedure, maximum total pressure recovery at the engine face at the design Mach number of 2.65 was 93 percent, with a total pressure distortion less than 10 percent. Corresponding bleed mass flow was approximately 7.5 percent, which was about 1.3 percent less than predicted. At lower supersonic Mach numbers, pressure recovery and bleed were generally lower and distortion generally higher.
Smeltzer, D. B.↗
Tests of a mixed compression axisymmetric inlet with large transonic mass flow at Mach numbers 0.6 to 2.65
A 38.8-cm (15.28-in.) capture diameter model of a mixed-compression axisymmetric inlet system with a translating cowl was designed and tested. The internal contours, designed for Mach number 2.65, provided a throat area of 59 percent of the capture area when the cowl was retracted for transonic operation. Other model features included a boundary-layer removal system, vortex generators, an engine airflow bypass system, cowl support struts, and rotating rakes at the engine face. All tunnel testing was conducted at a tunnel total pressure of about 1 atm (a unit Reynolds number of about 8.53 million/m at Mach number 2.65) at angles of attack from 0 deg to 4 deg. Results for the following were obtained: total-pressure recovery and distortion at the engine face as a function of bleed mass-flow ratio, the effect of bleed and vortex generator configurations on pressure recovery and distortion, inlet tolerance to unstart due to changes in angle of attack or Mach number, surface pressure distributions, boundary-layer profiles, and transonic additive drag. At Mach number 2.65 and with the best bleed configurations, maximum total pressure recovery at the engine face ranged from 91 to 94.5 percent with bleed mass-flow ratios from 4 to 9 percent, respectively, and total-pressure distortion was less than 10 percent. At off-design supersonic Mach numbers above 1.70, maximum total-pressure recoveries and corresponding bleed mass flows were about the same as at Mach number 2.65, with about 10 to 15 percent distortion. In the transonic Mach number range, total pressure recovery was high (above 96 percent) and distortion was low (less than 15 percent) only when the inlet mass-flow ration was reduced 0.02 to 0.06 from the maximum theoretical value (0.590 at Mach number 1.0).
Smeltzer, D. B.↗
Flowfield analysis for successive oblique shock wave-turbulent boundary-layer interactions
Description of a procedure for predicting the flowfields that develop when successive interactions between oblique shock waves and a turbulent boundary layer occur. Such interactions may occur, for example, in engine inlets for supersonic aircraft. A control volume analysis is used to predict changes in the flow field across the interactions. Two bleed flow models are considered. The predicted results are compared with measured results and are shown to be in good agreement when the bleed flow rate is low, or when there is no bleed. Shortcomings of the bleed flow models at higher bleed flow rates are discussed.
Sun, C.-C.↗
An experimental investigation of shock wave-turbulent boundary layer interactions with and without boundary layer suction: A data summary report
Tabulated data from a series of experimental studies of the interaction of a shock wave with a turbulent boundary layer in axisymmetric flow configurations is presented. The studies were conducted at the walls of circular wind tunnels and on the cylindrical centerbody of an annular flow channel. Detailed pitot pressure profiles and wall static pressure profiles upstream of, within and downstream of the interaction region are given. Results are presented for flows at nominal freestream Mach Numbers of 2, 3 and 4. For studies at the tunnel sidewalls, the shock waves were produced by conical shock generators mounted on the centerline of the wind tunnel at zero angle of attack. The annular ring generator was used to produce the shock wave at the centerbody of the annular flow channel. The effects of boundary layer bleed were examined in the investigation. Both bleed rate and bleed location were studied. Most of the bleed studies were conducted with bleed holes drilled normal to the wall surface but the effects of slot suction were also examined. A summary of the principal results and conclusions is given.
Sun, C. C.↗
Static and transient performance of YF-102 engine with up to 14 percent core airbleed for the quiet short-haul research aircraft
An outdoor static test stand was used to measure the steady-state and transient performance of the YF-102 turbofan engine with core airbleed. The test configuration included a bellmouth inlet and a confluent-flow exhaust system similar in size to the quiet short-haul research aircraft (QSRA) exhaust system. For the steady-state tests, the engine operated satisfactorily with core bleed up to 14 percent of the core inlet flow. For the transient tests the engine accelerated and decelerated satisfactorily with no core bleed and with core bleed up to 11 percent of the core inlet flow (maximum tested). For some of the tests the core-bleed flow rate was scheduled to vary with fan discharge pressure, to simulate the QSRA bleed requirements. No stability, surge, stall, overtemperature, combustor flameout, or other operating problems were encountered in any of the tests. Steady-state and transient engine performance data are presented in graphs, and fuel-control trajectories for typical transient tests are shown.
Mcardle, J. G.↗
Studies of sidewall boundary layer in the Langley 0.3 meter transonic cryogenic tunnel with and without suction
Boundary layer measurements on the sidewalls of the Langley 0.3 Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel were made to determine the effectiveness of the passive boundary layer bleed system over a Reynolds number range from 20 to 200 x 10 to the sixth power per meter at Mach numbers from 0.30 to 0.76. The tunnel sidewall boundary layer displacement thickness was about 2 percent of the width of the test section without the boundary layer bleed. Measured velocity profiles correlated well with the defect law of Hama. With the boundary layer bleed equivalent to about 2 percent of the test section mass flow, the boundary layer displacement thickness reduced to about 1 percent of the test section width, which is generally considered acceptable for testing airfoils. It was also noticed that effectiveness of the bleed was nearly independent of the Mach number and Reynolds number over the range of conditions tested. A comparison of the measured suction effectiveness of the bleed with the finite difference and integral methods of boundary layer calculation showed good agreement.
Murthy, A. V.↗
Parametrics on 2D Navier-Stokes analysis of a Mach 2.68 bifurcated rectangular mixed-compression inlet
The supersonic diffuser of a Mach 2.68 bifurcated, rectangular, mixed-compression inlet was analyzed using a two-dimensional (2D) Navier-Stokes flow solver. Parametric studies were performed on turbulence models, computational grids and bleed models. The computer flowfield was substantially different from the original inviscid design, due to interactions of shocks, boundary layers, and bleed. Good agreement with experimental data was obtained in many aspects. Many of the discrepancies were thought to originate primarily from 3D effects. Therefore, a balance should be struck between expending resources on a high fidelity 2D simulation, and the inherent limitations of 2D analysis. The solutions were fairly insensitive to turbulence models, grids and bleed models. Overall, the k-e turbulence model, and the bleed models based on unchoked bleed hole discharge coefficients or uniform velocity are recommended. The 2D Navier-Stokes methods appear to be a useful tool for the design and analysis of supersonic inlets, by providing a higher fidelity simulation of the inlet flowfield than inviscid methods, in a reasonable turnaround time.
Mizukami, M.↗