Aluminum chlorine battery
Rechargeable high energy density battery based on aluminum and chlorine carbon electrodes and molten aluminum chloride-alkali chloride eutectic as electrolyte
Giner, J.↗
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Aluminum chlorine battery Quarterly report 27 Aug. - 26 Dec. 1969
Current and electrolyte conductivity measurements of aluminum chlorine battery
Giner, J.↗
Aluminum chlorine battery Quarterly report, 27 Apr. - 26 Aug. 1969
Aluminum chlorine batteries
Giner, J.↗
Aluminum chlorine battery Final technical report, 27 May 1968 - 26 Mar. 1970
Rechargeable, high energy density battery using molten salt electrolyte and aluminum and chlorine electrodes
Giner, J.↗
Salt stabilizer for preventing chlorine depletion and increasing shelf-life of potable water - A concept
Proposed concept, based on law of mass action uses addition of salt to increase chlorine ions produced in sodium hydrochlorite solutions, thereby increasing solution shelf-life. This technique is not costly. Usefulness will be determined by acceptability of salt in product undergoing long shelf-life.
Copeland, E. J.↗
Chlorine-fluorine flame structure
Chlorine-fluorine flame, determining adiabatic propagation speed, refractive index field, temperature profile, composition distribution and atom concentrations
Ambs, L. L.↗
Effect of chlorine purification on oxidation resistance of some mechanical carbons
Oxidation experiments were conducted with some experimental and commercial mechanical carbons at 650 C in dry air flowing at 28 cc/sec (STP). In general, purification of these carbon-graphites with chlorine at 2800 C improved oxidation resistance. Additional improvements in oxidation resistance were obtained from purification followed by an antioxidant (zinc phosphate) treatment. For the commercial materials, purification alone gave greater oxidation resistance than the antioxidant treatment alone. The reverse, however, was the case for the experimental materials.
Wisander, D. W.↗
Chlorine-bearing molecules in interstellar clouds
The reaction Cl(+) + H2 yielding HCl(+) + H is rapid, and it leads to the formation of the molecules HCl(+), H2Cl(+), and HCl. It may be possible to detect HCl(+) near 3600 A, and HCl may be observable at 1291 A. Also, photodissociation of HCl(+) may be a significant source of protons within clouds, and chemical heating resulting from the destruction of chlorine-bearing molecules may account for perhaps 1-10 per cent of the expected cooling from diffuse interstellar clouds.-
Jura, M.↗
Effect of adsorbed chlorine and oxygen on shear strength of iron and copper junctions
Static friction experiments were performed in ultrahigh vacuum at room temperature on copper, iron, and steel contacts selectively contaminated with oxygen and chlorine in submonolayer amounts. The concentration of the adsorbates was determined with Auger electron spectroscopy and was measured relative to the saturation concentration of oxygen on iron (concentration 1.0). The coefficient of static friction decreased with increasing adsorbate concentration. It was independent of the metal and the adsorbate. The results compared satisfactorily with an extension of the junction growth theory to heterogeneous interfaces. The reduction in interfacial shear strength was measured by the ratio sub a/sub m where sub a is the shear strength of the interface with an adsorbate concentration of 1.0, and sub m is the strength of the clean metal interface. This ratio was 0.835 + or - 0.012 for all the systems tested.
Wheeler, D. R.↗
Microwave spectra of some chlorine and fluorine compounds
A computer-controlled microwave spectrometer was used to catalog reference spectra for chemical analysis. Tables of absorption frequencies, peak absorption intensities, and integrated intensities are shown for 21 organic compounds which contain chlorine, fluorine, or both.
White, W. F.↗
Chlorine compounds and stratospheric ozone
A report by Cicerone et al. (1974) concerned with the potential size of the atmospheric perturbation produced by man-made chlorofluoromethanes is considered, giving attention to a number of errors made in the first investigation and their correction. However, the corrections do not significantly change the results reported. It had been found that chlorine oxides which arise from chlorofluoromethane usage will within 10 or 15 years provide a sink for stratospheric ozone which will dominate the natural sinks for ozone.
Cicerone, R. J.↗
The Space Shuttle and other atmospheric chlorine sources
The present work reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the contribution from all sources, both natural and anthropogenic, of HCl in the troposphere and in the stratosphere. Some recent estimates on the number of grams per year from each source are presented, and assumptions made in obtaining these figures are discussed. The present lack of measurement data regarding gaseous chlorine compounds in the atmosphere is pointed out.
R. J. Cicerone↗
Products of the reaction of chlorine atoms and ozone
Preliminary matrix-isolation infrared spectroscopic studies of the gas-phase reaction of chlorine atoms and ozone are reported. It was shown that the major product of the reaction is the symmetric OClO radical, while very little of the asymmetric ClOO radical is produced. It was also shown that the presence of O2 enhances the OClO production and the ClOO is the primary product in the reaction of Cl atoms and pure O2. The radical ClO was observed for the first time in a gas-phase reaction of Cl and O3. A mechanism for these observations is proposed.
Hall, J. H., Jr.↗
Effect of adsorbed chlorine and oxygen on the shear strength of iron and copper junctions
Static-friction experiments were performed in ultrahigh vacuum at room temperature on copper, iron, and steel contacts selectively contaminated with oxygen and chlorine in submonolayer amounts. The concentration of the adsorbates was determined with Auger electron spectroscopy and was measured relative to the saturation concentration of oxygen on iron (concentration, 1.0). The coefficient of static friction decreased with increasing adsorbate concentration; however, it was independent of the type of metal and the adsorbate species. The results compared satisfactorily with an extension of the junction growth theory to heterogeneous interfaces. The reduction in interfacial shear strength was measured by the ratio of the shear strength of the interface with an adsorbate concentration of 1.0 and the strength of the clean metal interface. This ratio was about 0.835 for all the systems tested.
Wheeler, D. R.↗
Absolute rate constant for the reaction of atomic chlorine with hydrogen peroxide vapor over the temperature range 265-400 K
Rate constants for the reaction of atomic chlorine with hydrogen peroxide were measured from 265-400 K using the flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence technique. Analytical techniques were developed to measure H2O2 under reaction conditions. Due to ambiguity in the interpretation of the analytical results, the data combine to give two equally acceptable representations of the temperature dependence. The results are compared to previous work at 298 K and are theoretically discussed in terms of the mechanism of the reaction. Additional experiments on the H + H2O2 reaction at 298 and 359 K are compared with earlier results from this laboratory and give a slightly revised bimolecular rate constant.
Michael, J. V.↗
High resolution infrared absorptivities for gaseous chlorine nitrate
High resolution infrared absorptivities of chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) are required in order to quantitatively evaluate, by examination of infrared spectra obtained recently from balloon-borne spectrometers, the possible occurrence of this compound in the stratosphere. In the present study, infrared absorptivities for four absorption bands of gaseous ClONO2 have been measured at 0.0625 per cm spectral resolution with a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) system. Spectra were obtained at two pressures (0.05 and 1.05 torr) of pure ClONO2 and with 125 torr of N2 added to a 0.50 torr sample. Absorptivities for a range of spectral resolutions (0.0625, 0.125, 0.25 and 0.50 per cm) have been calculated from the data.
Graham, R. A.↗
Effect of nitric oxide on photochemical ozone formation in mixtures of air with molecular chlorine and with trichlorofluoromethane
Ozone formation in a reaction chamber at room temperature and atmospheric pressure were studied for the photolysis of mixtures of NO with either Cl2 or CFCl3 in air. Both Cl2 + NO and CFCl3 + NO in air strongly inhibited O3 formation during the entire 3 to 4 hour reaction. A chemical mechanism that explains the results was presented. An important part of this mechanism was the formation and destruction of chlorine nitrate. Computations were performed with this same mechanism for CFCl3-NO-air mixtures at stratospheric temperatures, pressures, and concentrations. Results showed large reductions in steady-state O3 concentrations in these mixtures as compared with pure air.
Bittker, D. A.↗
A kinetics investigation of several reactions involving chlorine containing compounds
The technique of flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence was utilized to study nine reactions of stratospheric importance. The tropospheric degradation reactions of seven halogenated hydrocarbons were studied to assess their possible influx into the stratosphere. There are reactions of either Cl, OH, or O(3P) species with hydrogenated species, O3 or chlorinated compounds. Apart from the kinetic measurements, the quantum yield for the production of O(1D) from O3 in the crucial wavelength region of 293 to 316.5 nm was studied by utilizing a narrow wavelength laser as the photolysis source. The product formation was monitored by measuring the fluorescence of NO2 formed through O(1D) reaction with N2O followed by NO reaction with O3 to give NO2.
Davis, D. D.↗