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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1977

Polymeric membrane systems of potential use for battery separators

Two membrane systems were investigated that may have potential use as alkaline battery separators. One system comprises two miscible polymers: a support polymer (e.g., polyvinyl formal) and an ion conductor such as polyacrylic acid. The other system involves a film composed of two immiscible polymers: a conducting polymer (e.g., calcium polyacrylate) suspended in an inert polymer support matrix, polyphenylene oxide. Resistivities in 45-percent potassium hydroxide and qualitative mechanical properties are presented for films comprising various proportions of conducting and support polymers. In terms of these parameters, the results are encouraging for optimum ratios of conducting to support polymers.

Philipp, W. H.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Postflight analysis of science demonstrations

A summary of the results of the 12 Marshall Space Flight Center science demonstrations performed on Skylab is presented. The demonstrations include diffusion in liquids, ice melting, liquid floating zone, gyroscope, liquid films, immiscible liquids, Rochelle salt growth, deposition of silver crystals, fluid mechanics, neutron environment, orbital mechanics, and charged particle mobility.

Bannister, T. C.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Space Processing Applications Rocket project, SPAR 2

Experiment objectives, design/operational concepts, and final results are summarized for six materials science experiments conducted during the second space processing applications rocket mission flown by NASA. The individual experiments discussed are: (1) solidification of Pb-Sb eutectic; (2) feasibility of producing closed-cell metal foams; (3) direct observation of dendrite remelting and macrosegregation in castings; (4) agglomeration in immiscible liquids; (5) casting dispersion - strengthened composites at zero gravity; and (6) solidification behavior of Al-In alloys under zero gravity conditions.

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NASA NTRS1977

High-silica glass inclusions in olivine of Luna-24 samples

Optical examination of nine polished grain mounts of Luna-24 drill-core material (0.09-0.50 mm size) revealed melt inclusions in olivine crystals. Two inclusions consist of clear glass with exceptionally high Si, yet contain no visible daughter minerals and have had no reaction effects with the olivine walls. Their compositions (one has SiO2 93.8, Al2O3 1.51, FeO 2.32, MgO 1.61, CaO 0.06, Na2O less than 0.05, K2O 0.11, total 99.41%; the other is similar) are unique and quite unlike the high-Si high-K melt of granitic composition that is found as inclusions in late-stage minerals of these (and the Apollo) samples, from silicate liquid immiscibility. The host olivines are Fo73 and Fo51. The origin of the melt in the inclusions and the lack of reaction effects are perplexing unsolved problems.

Roedder, E.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Examination of the liquid line of descent of mare basalts in light of data from melt inclusions in olivine

Data on 226 melt inclusions and their host olivines (173 new analyses) are presented and interpreted in terms of general liquid lines of descent and olivine fractionation. The melt inclusions in olivine along with those in ilmenite and late-stage mesostasis in mare basalts define a complex trend. The trend is complicated by the effects of ilmenite, plagioclase, and pyroxene fractionation within the melt inclusions in olivine, the fact that most of the basalts were multiply saturated during olivine fractionation, and the phenomenon of late-stage silicate immiscibility. It is suggested that the first two factors can account for the observed marked divergence of the melt inclusion data from simple early olivine fractionation trends. The elimination of the effects of daughter mineral fractionation by homogenization experiments is considered.

Weiblen, P. W.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Evolution of KREEP - Further petrologic evidence

It is hypothesized that KREEP samples from the Apollo 15 site are igneous. To support the hypothesis, comparisons are made with other crystalline KREEP samples, especially 14310. It is noted that the low siderophile element content and lack of high pressure phenocrysts in the Apollo 15 KREEP may be indications of a slower rise of KREEP melt to the surface, when contrasted with sample 14310. Gravitational separation of Fe-Ni metal is proposed as a mechanism to account for the depletion of siderophile elements relative to the Si-rich component. It is further suggested that KREEP may be the parent of Apollo 12 and 15 basalts, as well as of granitic rocks, due to the liquid immiscibility occurring during the KREEP melt crystallization, and the subsequent independent evolution of the components.

Crawford, M. L.↗
NASA NTRS1978

A review of experimental studies of crystal/liquid trace element partitioning

Experimental techniques for examining trace-element behavior are reviewed. Applications of these techniques are described for a variety of partition coefficients including: olivine/liquid, subcalcic pyroxene/liquid, calcic pyroxene/liquid, amphibole/liquid, plagioclase/liquid, alkali feldspar/liquid, garnet/liquid, apatite/liquid and whitlockite/liquid, ilmenite/liquid, armalcolite/liquid and pseudobrookite/liquid, magnetite/liquid and spinel/liquid, perovskite/liquid, and melilite/liquid partition coefficients. Partition coefficients between immiscible liquids are discussed and suggestions for further work are noted. A detailed bibliography is included.

Irving, A. J.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Implications of liquid-liquid distribution coefficients to mineral-liquid partitioning

In order to evaluate the influence of a silicate liquid structure on mineral-liquid partitioning, element partitioning data is obtained for coexisting anhydrous immiscible granitic and ferrobasaltic magmas. It is found that: (1) mineral-liquid distribution coefficients indicate the competition of crystal and liquid for cation incorporation, (2) increased polymerization of the residual liquid during crystal-liquid fractionation increases the mineral-liquid distribution coefficients for high-charge-density cations, (3) incompatible element ratios of low- and high-charge-density cations may vary during crystal-liquid fractionation because of changes in the melt composition and structure, (4) relative solubilities of REE's in melts do not vary with melt polymerization, (5) the changes of Sm/Eu ratios during crystal-liquid fractionation depend on the melt composition, and (6) minor components and volatiles can significantly influence the silicate melt structure and the mineral-liquid distribution coefficients.

Ryerson, F. J.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Lunar granites with unique ternary feldspars

An unusually high concentration of granitic fragments, with textures ranging from holocrystalline to glassy, occurs throughout Boulder 1, a complex breccia of highland rocks from Apollo 17, Station 2. Among the minerals included in the granites are enigmatic K-Ca-rich feldspars that fall in the forbidden region of the ternary diagram. The great variability in chemistry and texture is probably the result of impact degradation and melting of a granitic source-rock. Studies of the breccia matrix suggest that this original granitic source-rock may have contained more pyroxenes and phosphates than most of the present clasts contain. Petrographic observations on Apollo 15 KREEP basalts indicate that granitic liquids may be produced by differentiation without immiscibility, and the association of the granites with KREEP-rich fragments in the boulder suggests that the granites represent a residual liquid from the plutonic fractional crystallization of a KREEP-rich magma. Boulder 1 is unique among Apollo 17 samples in its silica-KREEP-rich composition. We conclude that the boulder represents a source-rock unlike the bedrock of South Massif.

Ryder, G.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Liquid/liquid heat exchanger

Conceptual design for heat exchanger, utilizing two immiscible liquids with dissimilar specific gravities in direct contact, is more efficient mechanism of heat transfer than conventional heat exchangers with walls or membranes. Concept could be adapted for collection of heat from solar or geothermal sources.

Miller, C. G.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Post-Skylab activities

The Apollo Soyuz Test Program is described. A modification of the Skylab furnace was developed for the ASTP mission that had a maximum temperature of 1200 C, a programmed cool down to give more uniform growth rates, and a He quench system to shorten the time required to reach allowable touch temperature. The Space Processing Applications Rocket (SPAR) program was initiated to provide some continuity in flight experimentation. Liquid mixing, immiscible alloy solidification, composite materials, bubbles and dispersed particles during solidification, and containerless processing techniques were studied in the SPAR program.

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NASA NTRS1980

Space Processing Application Rocket project, SPAR 5

Post flight results and analysis are presented on the following experiments: 'Agglomeration in Immiscible Liquids', 'Contained Polycrystalline Solidification in Low G', 'The Direct Observation of Dendrite Remelting and Macrosegregation in Casting', and 'Uniform Dispersion by Crystallization'. An engineering report on the performance of the SPAR Black Brant rocket is also included. Much useful data and information were accumulated for directing and developing experimental techniques and investigations toward an expanding commercially beneficial program of materials processing in the coming shuttle era.

Reeves, F.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Investigations of submicron sized metal particles in glass coatings of lunar breccia 15286

Almost all the submicron metal particles in the glass coating of breccia 15286 are rounded and contain two phases, metal and sulfide (FeS). The Ni content of the metal phase as determined by scanning transmission electron microscope X-ray analysis ranged from 9.4 to 15.5 wt %. The sulfide was nearly stoichiometric troilite containing up to 1.3 wt % Ni. The close chemical and microstructural similarities between the coarse (greater than 1-micron) and the submicron sized metal indicate a common origin probably as meteoritic debris. Metal-silicate melt experiments under controlled oxygen partial pressured indicate that the metal particles may have formed from a fine dispersion of immiscible metal-sulfide droplets into an impact-generated silicate melt.

Mehta, S.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Optical measurements and tests performed in a low-gravity environment

Shadowgraph and schlieren techniques have been used on board the NASA KC-135 low-gravity simulation aircraft to measure gravity-related fluid flow occurring in various experimental configurations. These configurations included cooled and solidified ammonium chloride and water, electrodeposited cobalt in CoSO4 solution, and immiscible and crystal melt solutions. Hardware tests have also been performed for such critical optical system components as lasers and spatial filters to determine their performance and operation under low-gravity conditions. These test results will be used in the design of the various future Shuttle experiments which will utilize advanced optical measurement techniques. The design and configuration of the optical systems used to make these measurements and tests are presented, and the performance and operation of these systems and their components under low-gravity conditions are discussed. Some preliminary results are included.

Owen, R. B.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Optical modulators based on electrocapillarity

Electrically addressable variable-power optical elements of small (less than 1-mm) dimensions that can be used as optical modulators are described, and experimental results are presented. The devices use the curved interface between two immiscible liquids as an optical element. The electrocapillarity effect is used to change the interfacial tension and hence the curvature and power of the interface. Both the transmission and reflection systems are described.

Lea, M. C.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Improved Heat-of-Fusion Energy Storage

Alkali metal/alkali-halide mixtures proposed for preventing solid buildup during energy recovery. When mixture melts (by absorption of heat of fusion), it forms two immiscible liquids. Salt-rich phase is heavier and has higher melting/recrysallization temperature; so during energy recovery salt crystallizes in this phase first. Since heat exchanger for energy recovery is in lighter metal-rich phase, solids do not form and there is no reduction of heat-recovery efficiency.

Chen, K. H.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Separating Silicon and Sodium Fluoride by Melting

Silion is withdrawn from bottom of crucible, once two immiscible liquid stages form, in quasi-continuous method of separating silicon from other reaction products. Process is periodically halted to remove accumulated buildup of salts.

Nanis, L.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Analytical and experimental investigation of liquid double drop dynamics: Preliminary design for space shuttle experiments

The preliminary grant assessed the use of laboratory experiments for simulating low g liquid drop experiments in the space shuttle environment. Investigations were begun of appropriate immiscible liquid systems, design of experimental apparatus and analyses. The current grant continued these topics, completed construction and preliminary testing of the experimental apparatus, and performed experiments on single and compound liquid drops. A continuing assessment of laboratory capabilities, and the interests of project personnel and available collaborators, led to, after consultations with NASA personnel, a research emphasis specializing on compound drops consisting of hollow plastic or elastic spheroids filled with liquids.

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