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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS1985

Unidentified IRAS sources - Ultrahigh-luminosity galaxies

Optical imaging and spectroscopy measurements were obtained for six of the high galactic latitude infrared sources reported by Houck, et al. (1984) from the IRAS survey to have no obvious optical counterparts on the POSS prints. All are identified with visually faint galaxies that have total luminosities in the range 5 x 10 to the 11th power stellar luminosity to 5 x 10 to the 12th power stellar luminosity. This luminosity emerges virtually entirely in the infrared. The origin of the luminosity, which is one to two orders of magnitude greater than that of normal galaxies, is not known at this time.

Houck, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Carrier suppression device for a heterodyne gas analyzer

Analyzer operates with broadband light from blackbody infrared source. Light is passed sequentially through two gas-filled chambers to suitable infrared detector while pressures in gas-filled chambers are modulated in sinusoidal manner. Because pressure of infrared-absorbing gases in chambers is modulated, amount of light absorbed by gases is also modulated.

Mcclatchie, E. A.↗
NASA NTRS1974

The optical absorption of solid grains in astrophysical environments

The optical absorptivity of grains of solid material in infrared sources is investigated by the comparison of calculated and observed temperatures and distances of the grains from the source of illumination. It is found that for the few sources for which appropriate measurements have been made, the calculated distances of blackbody particles agree well with the measured values - a result which could lead to misleading conclusions about grain properties. The ratio of optical absorptivity to infrared emissivity is calculated for several sources taking into account expected effects of real grain materials. The measured angular size of dust shells surrounding stars can lead to information about the optical properties of grains under astrophysical conditions.

Stein, W. A.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Search for H2 emission at 2.1 microns in ten southern hemisphere sources

The 2.12-micron line of molecular hydrogen was searched for in emission from a variety of southern hemisphere objects, including infrared sources associated with molecular clouds and H II regions, the galactic center, and three external galaxies. Negative results are reported for all sources.

Scoville, N. Z.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Helios 2-Vela-Ariel 5 gamma-ray burst source position

The gamma-ray burst of January 28, 1976, one of 18 events thus far detected in interplanetary space with Helios 2, was also observed with the Vela 5A and 6A and the Ariel 5 satellites. A small source field is obtained from the intersection of the region derived from the observed time delays between Helios 2 and Vela 5A and 6A, with the source region independently found with the Ariel 5 X-ray detector. This area contains neither any steady X-ray source as scanned by HEAO 1 nor any previously cataloged X-ray, radio, or infrared sources, X-ray transients, quasars, Seyferts, globular clusters, flare stars, pulsars, white dwarfs, or high enery gamma-ray sources. The region is, however, within the source field of a gamma-ray transient observed in 1974 by Jacobson et al. (1978) which exhibited nuclear gamma-ray line structure.

Cline, T. L.↗
NASA NTRS2007

Portable Unit for Metabolic Analysis

The Portable Unit for Metabolic Analysis (PUMA) is an instrument that measures several quantities indicative of human metabolic function. Specifically, this instrument makes time-resolved measurements of temperature, pressure, flow, and the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in breath during both inhalation and exhalation. Portable instruments for measuring these quantities have been commercially available, but the response times of those instruments are too long to enable temporal resolution of phenomena on the time scales of human respiration cycles. In contrast, the response time of the PUMA is significantly shorter than characteristic times of human respiration phenomena, making it possible to analyze varying metabolic parameters, not only on sequential breath cycles but also at successive phases of inhalation and exhalation within the same breath cycle. In operation, the PUMA is positioned to sample breath near the subject s mouth. Commercial off-the-shelf sensors are used for three of the measurements: a miniature pressure transducer for pressure, a thermistor for temperature, and an ultrasonic sensor for flow. Sensors developed at Glenn Research Center are used for measuring the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide: The carbon dioxide sensor exploits the relatively strong absorption of infrared light by carbon dioxide. Light from an infrared source passes through the stream of inhaled or exhaled gas and is focused on an infrared- sensitive photodetector. The oxygen sensor exploits the effect of oxygen in quenching the fluorescence of ruthenium-doped organic molecules in a dye on the tip of an optical fiber. A blue laser diode is used to excite the fluorescence, and the optical fiber carries the fluorescent light to a photodiode, the temporal variation of the output of which bears a known relationship with the rate of quenching of fluorescence and, hence, with the partial pressure of oxygen. The outputs of the sensors are digitized, preprocessed by a small onboard computer, and then sent wirelessly to a desktop computer, where the collected data are analyzed and displayed. In addition to the raw data on temperature, pressure, flow, and mole fractions of oxygen and carbon dioxide, the display can include volumetric oxygen consumption, volumetric carbon dioxide production, respiratory equivalent ratio, and volumetric flow rate of exhaled gas.

Dietrich, Daniel L.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Helios-2 Vela-Ariel-5 gamma-ray burst source position

The gamma-ray burst of 28 January 1976, one of 18 events thus far detected in interplanetary space with Helios-2, was also observed with the Vela-5A, -6A and the Ariel-5 satellites. A small source field is obtained from the intersection of the region derived from the observed time delays between Helios-2 and Vela-5A and -6A with the source region independently found with the Ariel-5 X-ray detector. This area contains neither any steady X-ray source as scanned by HEAO-A nor any previously catalogued X-ray, radio or infrared sources, X-ray transients, quasars, seyferts, globular clusters, flare stars, pulsars, white dwarfs or high energy gamma-ray sources. The region is however, within the source field of a gamma-ray transient observed in 1974, which exhibited nuclear gamma-ray line structure.

Cline, T. L.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Central star formation in S0 galaxies

As a class, S0 galaxies are characterized by a lack of resolved bright stars in the disk. However, several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that a high rate of star formation is occurring at the centers of some S0 galaxies. Many of the warmest, most powerful far infrared sources in nearby bright galaxies occur in S0 galaxies. (Dressel 1988, Ap. J., 329, L69). The ratios of radio continuum flux to far infrared flux for these S0 galaxies are comparable to the ratios found for spiral galaxy disks and for star-burst galaxies. Very Large Array (VLA) maps of some of these S0 galaxies show that the radio continuum emission originates in the central few kiloparsecs. It is diffuse or clumpy, unlike the radio sources in active S0 galaxies, which are either extremely compact or have jet-lobe structures. Imaging of some of these galaxies at 10.8 microns shows that the infrared emission is also centrally concentrated. Many of the infrared-powerful S0 galaxies are Markarian galaxies. In only one case in this sample is the powerful ultraviolet emission known to be generated by a Seyfert nucleus. Optical spectra of the central few kiloparsecs of these S0 galaxies generally show deep Balmer absorption lines characteristic of A stars, and H beta emission suggestive of gas heated by O stars. A key question to our understanding of these galaxies is whether they really are S0 galaxies, or at least would have been recognized as S0 galaxies before the episode of central star formation began. Some of Nilson's classifications (used here) have been confirmed by Sandage or de Vaucouleurs and collaborators from better plates; some of the galaxies may be misclassified Sa galaxies (the most frequent hosts of central star formation); some are apparently difficult to classify because of mixed characteristics, faint non-S0 features, or peculiarities. More optical imaging is needed to characterize the host galaxies and to study the evolution of their star-forming regions.

Dressel, L. L.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Compact infrared detector

Broadband IR detector integrated into compact package for pollution monitoring and weather prediction is small, highly responsive, and immune to high noise. Sensing material is transparent sheet metalized with reflecting coating and overcoated with black material on same side. Pulse produced by chopping of infrared source beam creates transient "thermal lens" that temporarily defocuses laser beam probe. Detector monitoring beam measures defocusing which parallels infrared intensity.

Gupta, A.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Structure in the nucleus of NGC 1068 at 10 microns

New 8-13 micron array camera images of the central kiloparsec of Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068 resolve structure that is similar to that observed at visible and radio wavelengths. The images reveal an infrared source which is extended and asymmetric, with its long axis oriented at P.A. 33 deg. Maps of the spatial distribution of 8-13 micron color temperature and warm dust opacity are derived from the multiwavelength infrared images. The results suggest that there exist two pointlike luminosity sources in the central region of NGC 1068, with the brighter source at the nucleus and the fainter one some 100 pc to the northeast. This geometry strengthens the possibility that the 10 micron emission observed from grains in the nucleus is powered by a nonthermal source. In the context of earlier visible and radio studies, these results considerably strengthen the case for jet-induced star formation in NGC 1068.

Tresch-Fienberg, R.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Structure in the nucleus of NGC 1068 at 10 microns

New 8 to 13 micron array camera images of the central kiloparsec of Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068 resolve structure that is similar to that observed at visible and radio wavelengths. The images reveal an infrared source which is extended and asymmetric, with its long axis oriented at P.A. 33 deg. Maps of the spatial distribution of 8 to 13 micron color temperature and warm dust opacity are derived from the multiwavelength infrared images. The results suggest that there exist two pointlike luminosity sources in the central regions of NGC 1068, with the brighter source at the nucleus and the fainter one some 100 pc to the northeast. This geometry strengthens the possibility that the 10 micron emission observed from grains in the nucleus is powered by a nonthermal source. In the context of earlier visible and radio studies, these results considerably strengthen the case for jet induced star formation in NGC 1068.

Tresch-Fienberg, R.↗
NASA NTRS1974

A new infrared complex and molecular cloud in Orion

A new complex of infrared sources about one minute across has been discovered in Orion. Associated with this cluster is an extended molecular cloud producing intense CO emission. Its measured infrared luminosity is less than 500 times the luminosity of the sun. The complex is hypothesized to be composed of pre-main-sequence sources. Several arguments suggest that these stars heat dust in the larger molecular cloud and thus cause the strong CO emission. The complex is not associated with a known visible or radio continuum feature, and searches over a 0.7 x 0.7-deg field show no other comparable unknown 2.2-micron sources.

Gatley, I.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Small helium-cooled infrared telescope experiment for Spacelab-2 (IRT)

The Infrared Telescope (IRT) experiment, flown on Spacelab-2, was used to make infrared measurements between 2 and 120 microns. The objectives were multidisciplinary in nature with astrophysical goals of mapping the diffuse cosmic emission and extended infrared sources and technical goals of measuring the induced Shuttle environment, studying properties of superfluid helium in space, and testing various infrared telescope system designs. Astrophysically, new data were obtained on the structure of the Galaxy at near-infrared wavelengths. A summary of the large scale diffuse near-infrared observations of the Galaxy by the IRT is presented, as well as a summary of the preliminary results obtained from this data on the structure of the galactic disk and bulge. The importance of combining CO and near-infrared maps of similar resolution to determine a 3-D model of galactic extinction is demonstrated. The IRT data are used, in conjunction with a proposed galactic model, to make preliminary measurements of the global scale parameters of the Galaxy. During the mission substantial amounts of data were obtained concerning the induced Shuttle environment. An experiment was also performed to measure spacecraft glow in the IR.

Fazio, Giovanni G.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Multiband far-infrared observations of the NGC 6334 complex

Multiband far-infrared (20-155 microns) observations of the large H II region/molecular cloud complex NGC 6334 are presented. The observations were performed simultaneously in four bands with effective wavelengths 21, 42, 71, and 134 microns. Eight far-infrared sources were detected which cover the range from sources with little of no continuum radio emission to well-developed H II regions. Maps of dust temperature and far-infrared optical depth of the complex are presented which reveal large-scale variations in the color temperature and optical depth. Star formation in the complex is discussed and it is concluded that a Rayleigh-Taylor instability generated by the gravitational attraction of the galactic plane can explain the regular separation of the far-IR sources.

Loughran, L.↗
NASA NTRS2005

What's Going on Around BN

The Becklin-Neugebauer object, discovered in observations made by Eric Becklin as a graduate student, is the brightest mid-infrared source outside the solar system, and a beacon in the nearest region of massive star formation. Using NICMOS on HST, we have obtained near infrared photometric, spectroscopic, and polarimetric images of the region immediately around BN. These images, with resolutions < -0.2", reveal remarkable morphologies, shock details, new young stellar objects, faint stars with variable intensities, and outflow features. We will summarize these results and inferences regarding the shock properties, illuminating sources of the nebulosity, and IRc sources near BN.

Erickson, Edwin↗
NASA NTRS1986

Spectroscopic evidence for infall around an extraordinary IRAS source in Ophiuchus

Millimeter-wave continuum observations and spectral line observations of the J = 5-4 and J = 2-1 transitions of CS toward IRAS 16293-2422, an extremely cold infrared source associated with a high-velocity molecular outflow in the Rho Ophiuchi molecular cloud, are reported. The observations indicate that this source is a dust-enshrouded object embedded in a dense, elongated configuration of molecular gas whose major axis is roughly orthogonal to the direction of the double bipolar outflow observed in it. The observations appear to provide spectroscopic evidence for significant mass infall motions associated with a young stellar object, and suggest that IRAS 16293-2422 is a true protostar.

Walker, Christopher K.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Models for far-infrared emission from normal galaxies

It is shown that the presence of grains distributed throughout either disk or spherical galaxies can lead to detectable far-infrared sources. In particular, an elliptical such as NGC 4278 with an appreciable amount of neutral gas should be easily detectable with the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) if it has a dust-to-gas ratio similar to the value in the solar neighborhood. A disk should be detectable at 100 Mpc with IRAS. Also, disks may emit most of their energy longward of 100 microns; this could be important for estimating the mass-to-light ratios of these galaxies.

Jura, M.↗
NASA NTRS2012

The Infrared Properties of Sources Matched in the Wise All-Sky and Herschel ATLAS Surveys

We describe the infrared properties of sources detected over approx 36 sq deg of sky in the GAMA 15-hr equatorial field, using data from both the Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large-Area Survey (HATLAS) and Wide-field Infrared Survey (WISE). With 5sigma point-source depths of 34 and 0.048 mJy at 250 micron and 3.4 micron, respectively, we are able to identify 50.6% of the H-ATLAS sources in the WISE survey, corresponding to a surface density of approx 630 deg(exp -2). Approximately two-thirds of these sources have measured spectroscopic or optical/near-IR photometric redshifts of z < 1. For sources with spectroscopic redshifts at z < 0.3, we find a linear correlation between the infrared luminosity at 3.4 micron and that at 250 micron, with +/- 50% scatter over approx 1.5 orders of magnitude in luminosity, approx 10(exp 9) - 10(exp 10.5) Solar Luminosity By contrast, the matched sources without previously measured redshifts (r approx > 20.5) have 250-350 micron flux density ratios that suggest either high-redshift galaxies (z approx > 1.5) or optically faint low-redshift galaxies with unusually low temperatures (T approx < 20). Their small 3.4-250 micron flux ratios favor a high-redshift galaxy population, as only the most actively star-forming galaxies at low redshift (e.g., Arp 220) exhibit comparable flux density ratios. Furthermore, we find a relatively large AGN fraction (approx 30%) in a 12 micron flux-limited subsample of H-ATLAS sources, also consistent with there being a significant population of high-redshift sources in the no-redshift sample

Bond, Nicholas A.↗