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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2016

Coupled CFD-PBE Predictions of Renal Stone Size Distributions in the Nephron in Microgravity

In this paper, a deterministic model is developed to assess the risk of critical renal stone formation for astronauts during space travel. A Population Balance Equation (PBE) model is used to compute the size distribution of a population of nucleating, growing and agglomerating renal calculi as they are transported through different sections of the nephron. The PBE model is coupled to a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model that solves for steady state flow of urine and transport of renal calculi along with the concentrations of ionic species, calcium and oxalate, in the nephron using an Eulerian two-phase mathematical framework. Parametric simulation are performed to study stone size enhancement and steady state volume fraction distributions in the four main sections of the nephron under weightlessness conditions. Contribution of agglomeration to the stone size distribution and effect of wall friction on the stone volume fraction distributions are carefully examined. Case studies using measured astronaut urinary calcium and oxalate concentrations in microgravity as input indicate that under nominal conditions the largest stone sizes developed in Space will be still considerably below the critical range for problematic stone development. However, results also indicate that the highest stone volume fraction occurs next to the tubule and duct walls. This suggests that there is an increased potential for wall adhesion with the possibility of evolution towards critical stone sizes.

Microgravity↗
NASA NTRS2016

Coupled CFD-PBE Predictions of Renal Stone Size Distributions in the Nephron in Microgravity

In this paper, a deterministic model is developed to assess the risk of critical renal stone formation for astronauts during space travel. A Population Balance Equation (PBE) model is used to compute the size distribution of a population of nucleating, growing and agglomerating renal calculi as they are transported through different sections of the nephron. The PBE model is coupled to a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model that solves for steady state flow of urine and transport of renal calculi along with the concentrations of ionic species, calcium and oxalate, in the nephron using an Eulerian two-phase mathematical framework. Parametric simulation are performed to study stone size enhancement and steady state volume fraction distributions in the four main sections of the nephron under weightlessness conditions. Contribution of agglomeration to the stone size distribution and effect of wall friction on the stone volume fraction distributions are carefully examined. Case studies using measured astronaut urinary calcium and oxalate concentrations in microgravity as input indicate that under nominal conditions the largest stone sizes developed in Space will be still considerably below the critical range for problematic stone development. However, results also indicate that the highest stone volume fraction occurs next to the tubule and duct walls. This suggests that there is an increased potential for wall adhesion with the possibility of evolution towards critical stone sizes.

Crystal Growth↗
DOE OSTI2021

Photooxidative decomposition and defluorination of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) using an innovative technology of UV–vis/Zn x Cu 1-x Fe 2 O 4 /oxalic acid

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of perfluorinated organic molecules that have been in use since the 1940s for industrial, commercial, and consumer applications. PFAS are a growing concern because some of them have shown persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic effects. In this work, we demonstrate an innovative technology of UV–vis/Zn x Cu 1-x Fe 2 O 4 /oxalic acid for the degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in water. The magnetically retrievable nanocrystalline heterogeneous ferrite catalysts, Zn x Cu 1-x Fe 2 O 4 were synthesized using a sol-gel auto-combustion process followed by calcination at 400 °C. The combination of Zn x Cu 1-x Fe 2 O 4 and oxalic acid generate reactive species under UV light irradiation. These reactive species are then shown to be capable of the photodegradation of PFOA. The degree of degradation is tracked by identifying transformation products using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (LC-QTOF-MS).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

A library of calcium mineral reference spectra recorded by parallel imaging using NEXAFS spectromicroscopy

Calcium minerals are ubiquitous in geology and life chemistry. Understanding the phase and chemical state of calcium minerals is important for numerous processes including materials chemistry, hard tissue biogenesis and geological processes. Photoemission spectroscopies such as near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy have been instrumental in identifying and characterizing calcium minerals in all these areas. In this work, we have recorded reference spectra for a range of different calcium minerals including a series of calcium carbonates, calcium oxalates and calcium phosphates. While collections of reference spectra for several calcium minerals can be found in the literature, these spectra have been reported in different contexts using a variety of instruments. We, here, report a comprehensive list of references recorded in parallel in a single experiment by imaging an array of calcium minerals using a NEXAFS microscope. We present reference NEXAFS spectra at the calcium L-, carbon K- and oxygen K-edges.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

X-ray induced synthesis of beta tin (β-Sn)

The destabilization of molecular structures via hard X-rays has been previously utilized to synthesize novel compounds. Here, in this study, we report that the monochromatic X-ray induced decomposition of tin(II) oxalate (SnC 2 O 4 ) at ambient and 0.6 GPa pressures lead to the formation of beta tin (β-Sn). At 1 GPa, only the degradation of SnC 2 O 4 crystal structure is observed without any indication of β-Sn at the end of irradiation. The maximum transformation yield is achieved at 0.6 GPa suggesting the critical role of intermolecular distance in X-ray induced synthesis of β-Sn. Moreover, a modified Avrami equation is utilized to describe the kinetics and geometry of structural synthesis at ambient and 0.6 GPa. The obtained results demonstrate that X-ray irradiation can induce photochemical synthetic pathways different from conventional methods (e.g., high pressure, temperature, stoichiometric mixing) and that high pressure (HP) can be considered a tool to control X-ray induced photochemistry.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Integrative Additive Design for Robust SEI Formation in NMC811||Silicon Batteries

Silicon (Si) is considered a promising replacement for graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high abundance and exceptional specific capacity, but its widespread commercialization has been hindered by poor electrochemical performance. Among various strategies, the use of functional additives has emerged as one of the most effective and cost-efficient methods to enhance the electrochemical properties of LIBs. In this study, several additives—vinylene carbonate (VC), vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), lithium difluorophosphate (LiDFP), lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB), lithium tetrafluorooxalatophosphate (LiTFOP), and lithium difluorobis(oxalato)phosphate (LiDFBOP)—were systematically investigated in LiNi₀.₈Mn₀.₁Co₀.₁O₂ (NMC811)||Si full cells. Notably, LiDFBOP, a lithium salt containing two oxalate groups, outperformed all other additives, delivering the best capacity retention after 300 cycles. Comprehensive characterizations, including FTIR, SEM, and XPS, revealed that LiDFBOP's superior performance stems from its ability to form a more stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the Si anode, owing to its favorable molecular structure that integrates the beneficial features of the other additives.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2026

The oleaginous yeast Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosum modifies corn stover alkali lignin

The current paradigm in synthetic biology for lignin bioconversion platforms includes primarily bacteria and filamentous fungi. Yeast are notoriously understudied for their role in lignin degradation and utilization, despite their ubiquity in saprophytic microbial communities. A few publications report lignin-modifying yeasts, but investigations to date have relied on model aromatic compounds or lignin-containing substrates replete with other carbon sources. In this work, we use a suite of analytical tools to evaluate interactions between corn stover-extracted lignin and the oleaginous yeast Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosum. Notably, 2D-NMR analysis showed a significant decrease in the H-lignin component as well as resinol (β-β) and phenylcoumaran (β-5) linkages. Using super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrated that this yeast may uptake polymeric lignin and/or undertakes interactions at the cellular envelope. To explore mechanisms of lignin modification, transport, and aromatics catabolism, extensive secretomics and proteomics analyses were conducted. Compared to carbon-limited glucose and “No Carbon” controls, several putative laccases, quinone reductases, superoxide dismutases, and glyoxal/oxalate oxidases were upregulated in the lignin condition. Excitingly, two ferric reductases and an oxalate exchanger were only observed in the lignin condition. These results indicate that C. oleaginosum may perform extracellular quinone redox cycling to generate lignin-modifying reactive oxygen species. These findings enhance our understanding of yeast-lignin interactions and provide valuable insights for validation studies and metabolic engineering.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Soil organic matter, tree communities, and fungal communities across mycorrhizal gradients in the Eastern United States

We collected these data to investigate how mycorrhizal associations are related to soil C and N across four sites in the eastern U.S. broadleaf forest biome, which capture broad variability in climate and tree species. Our sites represented each of the four ecoregions in the eastern United States temperate forest—warm continental (New Hampshire), hot continental (Wisconsin), Prairie (Illinios), and subtropical (Georgia). This breadth naturally provided tree species diversity and allowed us to also investigate how soil C and N are related to canopy tree and EcM fungal community composition. Specifically, we analyzed the effects of mycorrhizal association, canopy tree family, and EcM fungal taxa on the proportion of C and N associated with soil minerals (MAOM) and bulk soil C:N. These are plot level data from forests in New Hampshire, Georgia, Wisconsin, and Illinois. The plots are 10 m in radius and vary across gradients of ectomycorrhizal tree basal area. Within each plot, data include the basal area of all trees >2 cm in diameter identified to species, the abundance of different fungal taxa based on ITS sequences, and the %C, %N, C:N of bulk soil and of soil density fractions (free light, occluded light, and particulate) as well as the proportion of soil C and N within each fraction. The soil data (both organic matter and fungal communities) are from the top 10 cm of the mineral soil. This also includes a meta-analysis of leaf litter k and C:N values for the tree species present in the forests.The "Tree_BA_ALL.csv" files include the basal area of all trees >2 cm in diameter at breast height within our 10 cm radii plots. The "Soil_Data_Final.csv" file contains the soil carbon and nitrogen in bulk and density fractions (concentrations as well as proportion for free light fraction (fLF), occluded light fraction (oLF), and heavy or dense fraction (HF), oxalate extractable iron and aluminum concentrations, as well as the geographic coordinates of each plot's location. The "FungiNonRelative.csv" file contains the abundances of fungal taxa identified via ITS sequencing for each plot (with the exception of 4 plots from GA where there was not enough quality DNA to extract).The "R_ReadyK.csv" and "R_Ready_CN.csv" files contain leaf litter decomposition constant (k) and C:N values from the literature for the tree species found at our sites.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Integrated Fuel Cycle Materials and Chemistry Program (FY21 Plutonium Science Task Report)

Task 2 of the IFCMCP was designed to utilize vibrational spectroscopy, microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and calorimetry to explore the spectroscopic, structural, and chemical properties of plutonium compounds relevant to the nuclear fuel cycle. An important precursor to this work is production of fresh, high-quality plutonium samples. Given the health hazards and material accountability associated with plutonium, sample production is not trivial and production experiments require extensive planning and coordination by research and support staff. Further, because alpha-emissions from plutonium produce time- and dose dependent radiolysis resulting in structural defects, particularly in the presence of water, freshly prepared plutonium samples must be carefully packaged and analyzed with urgency following their production. In FY21, SRNL and UND engaged in numerous research studies involving production and subsequent characterization of plutonium dioxide, plutonium fluoride, plutonium oxalate, and plutonium nitrate. Specific efforts involving each of these compounds are described in detail in the body of this report.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Detailed Method for the Purification of Rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) in Arabidopsis thaliana

The plant cell wall is a dynamic and complex extracellular matrix that not only provides structural integrity and determines cell shape but also mediates intercellular communication. Among its major components, pectins play essential roles in cell adhesion, wall porosity, hydration, and flexibility. Rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), a structurally diverse pectic polysaccharide, remains one of the least understood components of the plant cell wall. Its backbone is substituted with arabinan, galactan, and arabinogalactan side chains that vary in length, branching, and composition across tissues, species, and developmental stages. In addition, RG-I can undergo modifications such as backbone acetylation, further contributing to its structural complexity and functional diversity. To advance understanding of RG-I, we present a detailed method for isolating RG-I from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana . Leveraging Arabidopsis as a model system provides major advantages owing to its well-characterized genome and powerful molecular toolkit, enabling deeper investigation into the roles of RG-I in plant development and responses to environmental stress. Our method consists of two major steps: an initial chemical extraction using oxalate, followed by endo-polygalacturonase (EPG) digestion to fragment the pectic domains. An advantage of this approach is that it produces a dry material that can be stored at room temperature without special handling and does not introduce chemicals that may interfere with downstream analyses. The purified RG-I can be used for detailed compositional and structural analyses, as well as for functional studies of enzymes involved in pectin biosynthesis, modification, and degradation. Although this protocol was developed for isolating RG-I from Arabidopsis rosette leaves, it is also applicable to other Arabidopsis organs and other plant species.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Organic Acid Aerosol Measurements from the Mount Airy Site for CoURAGE

This study investigates the prevalence and distribution of organic acid aerosols in a rural environment using filter-based measurements collected in Mount Airy, Maryland, during the CoURAGE campaign from March 19th through June 12th 2025. PM2.5 filters quantify a range of organic acids commonly associated with secondary organic aerosol formation and atmospheric oxidation processes. Each filter was collected using a 15 LPM sampler and was extracted in ultrapure Millipore water (>18 MΩ), allowing water-soluble organic acids to be extracted into solution for analysis. The extracts were then examined using a Waters Acquity I-Class PLUS liquid chromatography system coupled to a Bruker Maxis-II ultra-high-resolution Q-TOF mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization, providing high-sensitivity detection and separation of target compounds. Concentrations of several key organic acids were quantified, including acetic, propionic, pyruvic, butyric, oxalic, isovaleric, valeric, malonic, maleic, succinic, glutaric, malic, adipic, and citric acids. These findings contribute to ongoing efforts to understand regional aerosol composition and their impacts on aerosol-cloud interactions.

Acetic acid↗
DOE OSTI2026

Application of Ibuprofen Sodium Dihydrate for Thermochemical Energy Storage

Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) offers a transformative approach to address grid instability by harnessing reversible chemical reactions for efficient heat storage and release. Here, we introduce pharmaceutical organic salt hydrates as a class of materials with exceptional performance for low-grade waste heat recovery. We demonstrate ibuprofen sodium dihydrate (ISD) as an example organic hydrate exhibiting a dehydration temperature range of 60-110 °C and a remarkable dehydration enthalpy of up to 59.5 kJ/mol of water, ideally suited for capturing industrial and residential waste heat. Using rigorous multimodal characterization, including thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, in-situ FTIR, in-situ PXRD, and NMR, we demonstrate ISD's superior thermal, chemical, and structural stability over 150 hydration-dehydration cycles, achieving an unprecedented cycling efficiency of ~99.9%. Compared to conventional inorganic salt hydrates like strontium chloride hexahydrate and calcium oxalate monohydrate, ISD showcases enhanced durability without deliquescence or pulverization, even under high-humidity conditions. In-situ analyses confirm the transition from ISD to ibuprofen sodium anhydrous (ISA) proceeds with structural reorganization, thereby combining the dehydration mechanism with phase transitions, resulting in higher energy storage capacity. Microstructural analyses reveal that repeated water intercalation and structural transitions aid in creating significant porosity that enhances water transport kinetics, further improving the hydration/dehydration performance. By combining the phase change and chemical dehydration mechanisms, ISD paves the way for designing a new class of organic salt hydrates, offering tunable properties to meet diverse thermal energy storage demands and supporting sustainable grid resilience.

Thangaraj, Kavin C.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Rational Design of A Chemical Bath Deposition Based Tin Oxide Electron Transport Layer for Perovskite Photovoltaics

Chemical bath deposition is widely used to deposit SnO x as an electron transport layer in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The conventional recipe uses thioglycolic acid (TGA) to facilitate attachments of SnO x particles onto the substrate. However, nonvolatile TGA has been reported to harm the operational stability of PSCs. In this work, we introduced a volatile oxalic acid (OA) as an alternative to TGA. OA, a dicarboxylic acid, functions as a chemical linker for the nucleation and attachment of particles to the substrate in the chemical bath. Moreover, OA can be readily removed through thermal annealing followed by a mild H 2 O 2 treatment, as shown by FTIR measurements. Synergistically, the mild H 2 O 2 treatment selectively oxidizes the surface of the SnOx layer, minimizing nonradiative interface carrier recombination. EELS (electron-energy-loss-spectroscopy) confirms that the SnO x surface is dominated by Sn 4+ , while the bulk is a mixture of Sn 2+ and Sn 4+ . This rational design of a CBD SnO x layer leads to devices with T85~1,500h, a significant improvement over the TGA-based device with T80~250h. Our champion device reached a power conversion efficiency of 24.6%. This work offers a rationale for optimizing the complex parameter space of CBD SnO x to achieve efficient and stable PSCs.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Computational models of direct and indirect X‐ray breast imaging detectors for in silico trials

Abstract Background To facilitate in silico studies that investigate digital mammography (DM) and breast tomosynthesis (DBT), models replicating the variety in imaging performance of the DM and DBT systems, observed across manufacturers are needed. Purpose The main purpose of this work is to develop generic physics models for direct and indirect detector technology used in commercially available systems, with the goal of making them available open source to manufacturers to further tweak and develop the exact in silico replicas of their systems. Methods We recently reported on an in silico version of the SIEMENS Mammomat Inspiration DM/DBT system using an open‐source GPU‐accelerated Monte Carlo x‐ray imaging simulation code (MC‐GPU). We build on the previous version of the MC‐GPU codes to mimic the imaging performances of two other Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved DM/DBT systems, such as Hologic Selenia Dimensions (HSD) and the General Electric Senographe Pristina (GSP) systems. In this work, we developed a hybrid technique to model the optical spread and signal crosstalk observed in the GSP and HSD systems. MC simulations are used to track each x‐ray photon till its first interaction within the x‐ray detector. On the other hand, the signal spread in the x‐ray detectors is modeled using previously developed analytical equations. This approach allows us to preserve the modeling accuracy offered by MC methods in the patient body, while speeding up secondary carrier transport (either electron–hole pairs or optical photons) using analytical equations in the detector. The analytical optical spread model for the indirect detector includes the depth‐dependent spread and collection of optical photons and relies on a pre‐computed set of point response functions that describe the optical spread as a function of depth. To understand the capabilities of the computational x‐ray detector models, we compared image quality metrics like modulation transfer function (MTF), normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE), simulated with our models against measured data. Please note that the purpose of these comparisons with measured data would be to gauge if the model developed as part of this work could replicate commercially used direct and indirect technology in general and not to achieve perfect fits with measured data. Results We found that the simulated image quality metrics such as MTF, NNPS, and DQE were in reasonable agreement with experimental data. To demonstrate the imaging performance of the three DM/DBT systems, we integrated the detector models with the VICTRE pipeline and simulated DM images of a fatty breast model containing a spiculated mass and a calcium oxalate cluster. In general, we found that the images generated using the indirect model appeared more blurred with a different noise texture and contrast as compared to the systems with direct detectors. Conclusions We have presented computational models of three commercially available FDA‐approved DM/DBT systems, which implement both direct and indirect detector technology. The updated versions of the MC‐GPU codes that can be used to replicate three systems are available in open source format through GitHub.

Sengupta, Aunnasha↗
DOE OSTI2020

Cellular and extracellular C contributions to respiration after wetting dry soil

Wetting of dry soil triggers a pulse of microbial respiration that has been attributed to two broad mechanisms: (1) recycling of microbial cellular carbon (C), and (2) consumption of extracellular organic C made available to microbes by wetting. We evaluated these two mechanisms by measuring cumulative CO 2 release, changes in the size and chemical composition of microbial biomass, and water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC) concentrations following artificial wetting of soil sampled from two depths at each of seven sites across California spanning a range of geologic parent materials. In samples collected from surface soil (0–10 cm depth), we found that cumulative CO 2 release after wetting in the laboratory was most strongly correlated with microbial biomass. In these samples, the relative abundance of trehalose—a putative microbial osmolyte—decreased from 25% (SD = 12) to 16% (SD = 7) of the chloroform-labile fraction of the microbial biomass after wetting. This suggested a role for osmolyte consumption in generating the respiration pulse. In subsoil (40–50 cm depth, or sampled at contact with rock), however, the cumulative CO2 release after wetting was unrelated to microbial biomass and more strongly related to WEOC. The concentrations of selected microbial biomass constituents (e.g. trehalose and amino acids) in WEOC were negligible (< 1%), suggesting that cell lysis was not important in generating WEOC in this study. The amount of WEOC relative to total organic C was greatest in subsoil, and negatively related to ammonium oxalate-extractable Fe (Pearson’s R = 0.42, p < 0.01), suggesting a role for soil mineralogical properties in controlling WEOC release. Together, these findings suggest that microbial cellular C and extracellular C jointly contribute to the respiration pulse, and that their relative contribution depends on depth.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Storage and persistence of organic carbon in the upper three meters of soil under arable and native prairie land use

Aims: Land use change from native grasslands to arable lands globally impacts soil ecosystem functions, including the storage of soil organic carbon (SOC). Understanding the factors affecting SOC changes in topsoil and subsoil due to land use is crucial for effective mitigation strategies. We determined SOC storage and persistence as affected by land use change from native prairies to arable lands. Methods: Here we examined SOC stocks, soil δ 13 C and Δ 14 C signatures, microbial communities (bacteria and fungi), and soil mineral characteristics under native prairies and long-term arable lands (i.e., > 40 years) down to 3 m in the U.S. Midwest. Results: Native prairie soils had higher SOC stocks in the A horizon and 0–50 cm depth increment than arable soils. For both land use types, the δ 13 C and Δ 14 C values significantly decreased with depth, with the latter pointing towards highly stabilized SOC, especially in the B- and C-horizons. Analysis of the microbial communities indicated that the diversity of bacteria and fungi decreased with increasing soil depth. The content of oxalate soluble Al appeared to be the single most important predictor of SOC across horizons and land use types. Conclusion: Our data suggest that most SOC gains and losses and transformation and translocation processes seem to be restricted to the uppermost 50 cm. Increasing SOC retention in the A and B horizons within the 0–50 cm depth would enhance organic material serving as substrate and nutrients for microbes and plants (A horizon) and facilitate long-term SOC storage in the subsoil (B horizon).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Chloride Molten Salt Electrolysis Enables Integrated and Energy-Efficient Process for NdFeB Magnet Fabrication

Rare-earth elements (REEs) have been identified by NATO, the USDOE, and USGS as critical materials, i.e., materials which have significant demand yet pose supply-chain risks. Many of the existing processes for separations, metallization, and final parts production used across the REE supply chain involve energy intensive steps. For example, neodymium (Nd or NdPr) is produced using oxyfluoride electrolysis of Nd 2 O 3 , which requires hydrofluoric acid to produce a key electrolyte component (NdF 3 ) and generates undesired perfluorocarbon (PFC) gases. Such challenges make securing a resilient supply chain for NdFeB permanent magnets in countries like the United States prohibitively difficult. Here, we propose a chloride-based MSE process that circumvents these challenges, delivering high-purity NdPr from a (NdPr)Cl 3 feed from upstream REE separations. This eliminates environmentally-damaging steps of oxalate or carbonate precipitation and calcination, and enables superior production rates due to greater solubility of (NdPr)Cl 3 in chloride melts compared to Nd 2 O 3 . We show that CMSE generates high-purity NdPr (99.4 wt.%) while being energy-efficient (~ 6 kWh/kg-Nd). NdPr from CMSE was used to fabricate a NdFeB magnet with an excellent maximum energy product (> 40 MGOe), comparable to commercially available NdFeB magnets. This establishes CMSE as a leading approach for integrated, energy-efficient NdFeB magnet production.

Materials science↗