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DOE OSTI2024

Deployment of inference as a service at the US CMS Tier-2 data centers

Coprocessors, especially GPUs, will be a vital ingredient of data production workflows at the HL-LHC. At CMS, the GPU-as-a-service approach for production workflows is implemented by the SONIC project (Services for Optimized Network Inference on Coprocessors). SONIC provides a mechanism for outsourcing computationally demanding algorithms, such as neural network inference, to remote servers, where requests from multiple clients are intelligently distributed across multiple GPUs by a load-balancing service. This talk highlights the recent progress in deploying SONIC at selected U.S. CMS Tier-2 data centers. Using realistic CMS Run3 data processing workflows, such as those containing transformer-based algorithms, we demonstrate how SONIC is integrated into the production-like environment to enable accelerated inference offloading. We will present developments from both the client and server sides, including production job and data center configurations for NVIDIA and AMD GPUs. We will also present performance scaling benchmarks and discuss the challenges of operating SONIC in CMS production, such as server discovery, GPU saturation, fallback server logic, etc.

Holzman, Burt↗

DOE OSTI2025

Meteorological Services Annual Data Report for 2024

This document presents the meteorological data collected at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) by Meteorological Services (Met Services) for the calendar year 2024. The purpose is to publicize the data sets available to emergency personnel, researchers and facility operations. Met services has been collecting data at BNL since 1949. Data from 1994 to the present is available in digital format. Data is presented in monthly plots of one-minute data. This allows the reader the ability to peruse the data for trends or anomalies that may be of interest to them. Full data sets are available to BNL personnel and to a limited degree outside researchers. The full data sets allow plotting the data on expanded time scales to obtain greater details (e.g., daily solar variability, inversions, etc.).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

PATHS: Career Pathways to Advance the Trades in HVAC Services

The Career Pathways to Advance the Trades in HVAC Services (“PATHS”) project was designed to advance EERE/BTO goals of dramatically reducing the energy consumed in homes nationwide. Installing HVAC systems correctly and going back to provide tune-ups (maintenance) can improve their performance by at least 30%, so HVAC Technicians are critical to achieving GHG goals. However, there is a lack of trained technicians: residential HVAC installers and service technicians are retiring faster than they are being recruited, and workers with the advanced skills needed to install and service more complicated heat pump systems are even more scarce. Paradoxically, at the same time, unemployment and underemployment are still problems, particularly in disadvantaged communities.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

Self-healable Copolymer Composites for Extended Service H 2 Dispensing Hoses

In this project, we designed, synthesized and fabricated using X-winder technologies precommercialized novel, self-healingable commodity copolymer fiber-reinforced composites to extend the H 2 hose service life beyond the current target of 1000 fills. These studies demonstrated that these composites are able to withstand over 25,000 damage-repair cycles, which was the main objective of the proposed project, in the temperature range of -40 to +80 °C under variable pressures. When micro-cracks are formed after about 1,000 cycles/fueling per hose in the inner composite layer, these micro-cracks self-heal, thus extending the lifetime of a prototype inner layer of the hose. These composites were tested by exposure to H 2 fuel and demonstrated the ability to recover from mechanical damage. Thermomechanical testing combined with analysis of the stress and strain fields across the cross-section of the inner layer composite hoses also identified the ring-like stresses on the edge of inner layers arising from changes of the fiber winding angle directions from +45° to -45°. The developed novel concept that self-healing commodity copolymers can be used in the development of prototype composites for the extended service of H 2 dispensing hoses will have major implications for other energy-related technologies, where the extended service life in harsh environments is expected. In this project, we optimized, validated, and demonstrated novel copolymer fiber-reinforced composites for H 2 dispensing hose applications, which can be utilized in future manufacturing using commodity materials. The estimated cost of materials (exluding labor) is in the range of < $1.0/ft.

08 HYDROGEN↗

DOE OSTI2025

Lower Snake River Dams Contribution to Grid Services

Hydroelectric generation and water storage have long been components of the clean energy mix, providing both reliable steady output and operational flexibility. As variable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar increasingly replace traditional generation, the role of all flexible resources—including hydropower—in balancing supply and demand continues to evolve. This study examined the contribution of the Lower Snake River (LSR) Dam plants to Bonneville Power Administration grid services in maintaining power system reliability within the Western Interconnection. By analyzing publicly available data, the study evaluated various reliability services through performance metrics including energy capacity, balancing and ramping, voltage and reactive power support, frequency response, and transmission impact. Results indicated that the LSR plants deliver services as expected based on their size, contributing to the balancing process, ramping capabilities, and operational reserves, particularly during peak load conditions and weather events, while also providing measurable frequency and voltage support to the grid.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Neutronics Evaluation of the Preliminary Design of the Service Cell Door for the Second Target Station

The service cell door needs to provide sufficient shielding to achieve 0.25 mrem/h dose rates in the adjacent room while remote handling operations of waste materials are going on within the service cell for the Second Target Station (STS). This analysis provides a neutronics evaluation of the preliminary design of the service cell door to evaluate the required thickness and the effect of streaming gaps around the door. As radiation source, we use the decay gamma source of the moderator reflector assembly (MRA) of the STS with a decay time of either two days or six months. As the MRA contains a significant amount of beryllium, photonuclear reactions induce a neutron source, which dictates the required door thickness in certain situations. Four scenarios with different MRA positions and decay times have been analyzed. The required thickness differs drastically depending on the chosen scenario and on the material of the door. The streaming through the gaps around the door is relatively small with high dose rates limited to small sections of the geometry.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Grid Service Values of Generic Marginal Building Flexibility in Modeled 2030 U.S. Power Systems

The datasets include the capacity, energy, and ancillary service values of a marginal kilowatt-hour (kWh) of generic, daily, shiftable building flexibility as a presumed market entrant in the 2030 U.S. power systems. The results should be interpreted along with the caveats listed in "Valuation of Building Flexibility: Grid Service Value for Initial Market Entrants in Projected 2030 United States Power Systems", which also documents the methods used for the study. The factors examined in the study include: grid scenario, region, original usage hour in the day (local time), and building flexibility parameters - efficiency, dissipation, and shifting window include max pre-shift and max post-shift. Filenames in the datasets: The filenames contain information on the grid scenario, and the building flexibility efficiency and dissipation. For example: MidCase_2030_efficiency1.25_dissipation0.05_value.csv contains all results under Mid RE 2020, efficiency = 1.25, and dissipation = 0.05. * MidCase = Mid RE Each .csv file contains: region: The location of the building flexibility, aligned with U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) Electricity Market Module regions. max_pre_shift: Part of building flexibility shifting window parameter, indicates the max number of hours the building flexibility can shift earlier. max_post_shift: Part of building flexibility shifting window parameter, indicates the max number of hours the building flexibility can shift later. local_datetime: Original datetime of 1kWh of building energy consumption. local_orig_h: Original usage hour (1-24) of building energy consumption, ignores daylight saving. local_shift_to: The datetime to when building energy consumption shifts, if shifting happens. If no shifting occurs, this cell is left blank. energy: Net energy value of energy shifting. capacity: Net capacity value of energy shifting. shifting_value: Net energy plus capacity value of energy shifting. spin: Spin reserve value at the original datetime of consumption. flex: Flexible reserve value at the original datetime of consumption. reg: Regulation reserve value at the original datetime of consumption. total_profit: Assuming the building flexibility is capable of providing energy, capacity, and ancillary services, total profit is the maximum value of energy shifting value, spin reserve value, flexible reserve value, and regulation reserve value - one of the four choices at any given hour - because we do not allow its value to be double-counted.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2020

Building Demand Flexibility: Grid Service Value of Future Market Entrants

The building sector is an important source of demand-side flexibility that is crucial for renewable energy integration in the future power systems. The grid service value of building flexibility, especially that which provides load shifting, has not been analyzed for the United States. We use a technology-agnostic approach based on detailed grid expansion and production cost modeling results to evaluate the capacity, energy, and ancillary service values of a marginal kilowatt-hour (kWh) of daily, shiftable building flexibility as a presumed market entrant in the 2030 U.S. power systems. We find the monthly mean of building flexibility has a range of 0-38 cents/kWh-day, depending on the original usage hour, month, region, building flexibility parameters, and grid scenario. The daily value consists of the highest-value hour each day across all the scenarios has a range of 0-620 cents/kWh-day. The results are provided in an open database for users to obtain the values of specific technologies based on what services can be provided, when, and in what quantities.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗

DOE OSTI2021

Market-based Co-optimization of Energy and Ancillary Services with Distributed Energy Resource Flexibilities

Energy storage systems and flexible loads have attracted significant interests due to their capabilities to provide various grid services. In this paper, the flexibilities are optimally allocated among multiple distributed energy resource aggregators with energy storage systems and flexible buildings by the utility coordinator through market-based co-optimization. An iterative market clearing algorithm is developed to determine the optimal energy and ancillary service prices, with consideration of both local dynamics and network constraints. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and the benefits of co-optimizing the energy and ancillary service markets.

Ma, Ke↗

DOE OSTI2021

Resilient Operation of Power Distribution Systems Using MPC-Based Critical Service Restoration: Preprint

Power distribution systems are more prone to disruptions and cause most power system outages. We propose a service restoration technique to recover the system service (electricity delivery) following an extreme event-triggered substation outage. The proposed technique considers the problem of controlling distributed energy resources (DERs) of a distribution system with the objective of achieving maximum load pick up while satisfying network flow and voltage constraints. The problem is formulated as a model predictive control (MPC), where a linearized optimal power flow (OPF) model is employed to describe the network. The formulation is augmented with a ramping (up) reserve product for the DERs to ensure an upward monotonic load restoration as time evolves. We perform simulations considering the IEEE 13-bus test feeder integrated with wind, solar, microturbine, and energy storage devices. We demonstrate the efficacy of the devised technique in restoring the system loads monotonically, without shedding previously restored loads. We also show the benefit of co-optimization of power and reserve products for DERs on service restoration. In addition, the capability of the technique in regulating nodal voltages and reducing renewable power curtailment is demonstrated.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Bus (FCEB) Evaluations in US Public Transit Service

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is a Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratory focused on renewable energy and energy efficiency. NREL has evaluated alternative fuel and advanced propulsion transit buses for DOE and the U.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Transit Administration (FTA). These evaluations are focused on determining the status of fuel cell systems and the corresponding infrastructure in transit applications to help DOE and FTA assess the progress toward technology readiness. For the last 19 years NREL has evaluated FCEBs in service around the United States and in Canada. The results of these evaluations have been published in numerous reports that compare FCEB performance to conventional technology as well as document the implementation experience and lessons learned by the transit agencies and their demonstration teams. Currently, 70 fuel cell buses are in active service in the US and 66 FCEBs are in development. NREL is evaluating a subset of the active FCEBs that includes three transit agencies demonstrating 25 fuel cell electric buses in California. One bus has exceeded 35,000 hours in service and 12 have exceeded 25,000 hours. Fuel economy for the current generation of FCEBs has improved 35% over the previous generation and is double that of conventional buses. Maintenance cost for FCEBs is equivalent to diesel and BEBs. The most up-to-date performance results will be presented, including fuel economy, availability, reliability, and operational costs.

bus↗

DOE OSTI2020

Autonomous Intelligent Charging/Discharging of Electric Vehicles using Distributed Multi-Agent ADMM Framework for Grid Ancillary Services

The increasing popularity of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the distribution grid along with technological advancement in EV electronics such as vehicle to grid (V2G) technique has enabled them to participate in grid ancillary services. To achieve this, the EVs need to establish a contract with third-party aggregators and connect to a charging unit, either residential or commercial. At any time they are connected, the EVs can decide to take part in the ancillary services program offered to them by the aggregators. If agreed, the aggregators will use the EVs as a power source capable of charging/discharging power according to the input signal, and in return, they will be compensated. This inter-temporal nature of charging/discharging is also transforming the traditional optimal power flow (OPF) problem into a dynamic OPF problem. This chapter aims at developing a multi-layer time-dependent optimization algorithm to utilize EV potential and provide ancillary services while maximizing its utilization function. Specifically, in the upper layer, an autonomous distributed ADMM algorithm is developed to optimize the cost for charging/discharging EVs while using them to regulate the voltage at each bus in the distribution grid. The distributed ADMM algorithm is also expanded to the lower layer where the individual EVs active and reactive power is controlled for voltage regulation while maintaining the desired state of the charge of the vehicle at the end of the charging period. Here, the effectiveness and performance improvement of the proposed multi-layer algorithm is illustrated through analytical analysis and simulation results.

Rahman, Towfiq↗

DOE OSTI2020

Autonomous Intelligent Charging/Discharging of Electric Vehicles using Distributed Multi-Agent ADMM Framework for Grid Ancillary Services

The increasing popularity of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the distribution grid along with technological advancement in EV electronics such as vehicle to grid (V2G) technique has enabled them to participate in grid ancillary services. To achieve this, the EVs need to establish a contract with third-party aggregators and connect to a charging unit, either residential or commercial. At any time they are connected, the EVs can decide to take part in the ancillary services program offered to them by the aggregators. If agreed, the aggregators will use the EVs as a power source capable of charging/discharging power according to the input signal, and in return, they will be compensated. This inter-temporal nature of charging/discharging is also transforming the traditional optimal power flow (OPF) problem into a dynamic OPF problem. This chapter aims at developing a multi-layer time-dependent optimization algorithm to utilize EV potential and provide ancillary services while maximizing its utilization function. Specifically, in the upper layer, an autonomous distributed ADMM algorithm is developed to optimize the cost for charging/discharging EVs while using them to regulate the voltage at each bus in the distribution grid. The distributed ADMM algorithm is also expanded to the lower layer where the individual EVs active and reactive power is controlled for voltage regulation while maintaining the desired state of the charge of the vehicle at the end of the charging period. The effectiveness and performance improvement of the proposed multi-layer algorithm is illustrated through analytical analysis and simulation results.

Rahman, Towfiq↗

DOE OSTI2023

Power Electronics for Electrolyzer Applications to Enable Grid Services

The Power Electronics for Electrolyzer Applications to Enable Grid Services project aims to develop smart converter for dedicated electrolyzer applications to enable grid services via standardization of control interfaces between hydrogen electrolyzer system low-level controls and power converter controls. The project provides additional revenue source for electrolyzer through participation in grid services and reduces the cost of deployment and controls integration through standardization and risk due to supply-chain issues. It also enables the adoption of green hydrogen via standardizing the integration of energy storage, renewables, and distributed energy resources. Furthermore, the work provides a controlled validation environment to evaluate scalable integration solution for hydrogen production technologies, improves overall reliability and maintainability of the electrolyzer system for grid applications, and directly contributes to DOE HFTO's "Hydrogen Shot" goal.

energy transitions↗

DOE OSTI2025

Utility Energy Service Contract Guide

This guide serves as a key resource for acquisition teams developing utility energy service contracts (UESC) with an emphasis on using a task order to acquire energy management services under a General Services Administration areawide contract. The guide features a compilation of templates to assist your efforts from acquisition planning through awarding a task order for design and installation.

Cali, Peter [National Renewable Energy Laboratory ↗

DOE OSTI2024

A Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL) Evaluation of Service Restoration With Networked Microgrids

This paper describes the power-hardware-in-the- loop (PHIL) evaluation of the feasibility of service restoration solutions determined by the PowerModelsONM.jl tool. This tool incorporates microgrids and the networking of microgrids into its determination of an optimal service restoration solution. The paper presents PHIL simulation results for a case study based on a real distribution feeder with multiple microgrids, showcas- ing the effectiveness of networked microgrids in aiding system restoration after an outage. The study leverages high-fidelity, real- time electromagnetic transient models to ensure accuracy in the simulation results. This work is the final output from the Resilient Operation of Networked Microgrids (RONM) project funded by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Electricity Microgrid Program and led by Los Alamos National Laboratory. RONM focused on the application of PowerModelsONM.jl to enhance the resilience of distribution systems.

fault location isolation and service restoration (↗

DOE OSTI2024

Winding Down: End of Service and Recycling for Wind Energy [Slides]

In this webinar hosted by the U.S. Department of Energy's WINDExchange initiative, experts from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory introduce attendees to key concepts in end-of-service processes for wind energy technologies and infrastructure, including decommissioning, repowering, and recycling. As wind energy projects across the United States become older, decisions about end-of-service options and component processing are of growing importance to project owners and operators, state and local decision-makers, and neighboring communities. There is also concern about the blade waste that must be processed, with a number of recycling solutions being developed to meet this need. This webinar introduces the processes and activities involved at the end of a wind energy project's lifespan; discusses the impacts these activities have on communities, landowners, the wind energy industry, and other stakeholders; explains different blade recycling methods; and discusses the future of recycling in the wind energy industry.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Integrated Urban Services: Program Impact and Business Plan Summary

The Integrated Urban Services (IUS) program, launched in 2021 and funded by the U.S. State Department under the United States-Association of Southeast Asian Nations (US-ASEAN) Smart Cities Partnership, aimed to bolster resilience in ASEAN cities by addressing challenges across food, energy, and water systems. Led by the National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) with support from Regenerative Impact Ventures, the program focused on demonstrating the socio-economic benefits of integrated urban planning, educating stakeholders on circular economy principles, providing technical assistance to two ASEAN cities, and attracting private sector involvement. The program facilitated peer learning events, engaging public and private sector participants and leveraging knowledge from a group of global experts to inform approaches and best practices. Technical assistance was provided to two pilot cities, Iskandar Malaysia and Cagayan de Oro, Philippines, resulting in the development of market-driven business plans for resilient, circular, and regenerative energy-water-food system projects. The Iskandar Malaysia pilot focused on development of a state-of-the-art AgriTech Innovation Hub and Modern Farming Complex to enhance agricultural productivity and produce enough renewable energy to power the facilities. The Cagayan de Oro project aimed to enhance urban agricultural productivity and waste management through development of an Urban Precision Agricultural Complex featuring aeroponics, hydroponics, aquaponics, agrivoltaics, and a Black Solider Fly Facility for converting municipal solid waste into commodities. The success of the IUS program sets a precedent for replicating integrated urban service models globally, offering valuable insights for cities aiming to enhance their resilience and sustainability.

ASEAN↗