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The dataset contains raw data from NREL's profiling lidar (Windcube v2.1) at AWAKEN site B. Two data types are included here: 1) STA files, which have 10-minute average data, and 2) RTD files, which have real time data, at about 1 Hz resolution.
This dataset contains reviewed data from the profiling lidar (Windcube v2.1) deployed at AWAKEN site B. The reviewed files herein are based on the lidar's RTD files (i.e., the real-time raw data files at near 1 Hz resolution).
A new commercial product that can preserve perishable commodities for weeks without freezing, so that they can be shipped fresh without the cost of air freight, has been developed by Grumman Corporation, Bethpage, Long Island, New York. The development benefited from the company's experience in developing the environmental control system for the Lunar Module, which delivered Apollo astronauts to the surface of the moon. Called Dormavac, the system provides a commodity-preserving environment within an aluminum container that can be transported by truck, rail or ship. Dormavac creates a cold-but above freezing-environment with high relative humidity and very low air pressure. The saturated air minimizes commodity weight loss and the air is automatically changed several times an hour to flush away odors and harmful gases released by the commodities. According to company literature, Dormavac significantly extends the transportation life of perishables. For example, pork has a normal cold storage life of about seven days, beef two weeks and tomatoes three weeks; with Dormavac, pork remains fresh for three weeks, beef more than six weeks and tomatoes seven weeks or more. Dormavac is manufactured and marketed by Grumman Allied Industries, Woodbury, New York. In developing the system, Grumman Allied drew upon the technological resources of another company subsidiary, Grumman Aerospace. Engineers who had earlier worked on Lunar Module environmental control brought their know-how and experience to the Dormavac development.
During the TRacking Aerosol and Convection interaction ExpeRiment (TRACER), a suite of aerosol and cloud measurements were made using the Texas A&M Rapid Onsite Atmospheric Measurement Van (ROAM-V) mobile instrument platform. Joint ROAM-V/radiosonde deployments focused on sampling polluted marine and continental air masses to understand summertime convection along and across the sea-breeze front as it propagated through Houston. The polluted marine air mass at Seawolf Park, Galveston, TX was defined by two characteristic aerosol populations. Although the background total particle concentrations averaged 2,500 cm −3 , the air mass was also influenced by frequent but irregular periods of ship emission with significantly higher aerosol concentrations at times exceeding 34,000 cm −3 . Ship emission influenced periods, typically lasting <10 min, contained smaller, less hygroscopic particles resulting in a 69% relative decline in cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activated fraction at 1% supersaturation compared to background periods. Measurements in continental air masses northwest of Houston revealed an average aerosol concentration of 5,208 cm −3 with a κ value near 0.1 reasonably describing the CCN population, independent of particle size. In continental air masses, substantial differences in particle size and CCN activation over small distances (<42 miles between sites) suggest considerable site-to-site variability in addition to the expected day-to-day differences. This small-scale variability makes it difficult to generalize continental air mass aerosol properties. Both coastal and inland locations had effective ice nucleating particles, but inland deployments observed the warmest nucleation temperature at −15.6°C compared to −17.8°C close to the coast. These measurements can reduce uncertainties in regional convection allowing models to improve understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions.
The aluminized polymer film used in spacecraft as a radiation barrier to protect both astronauts and delicate instruments has led to a number of spinoff applications. Among them are aluminized shipping bags, food cart covers and medical bags. Radiant Technologies purchases component materials and assembles a barrier made of layers of aluminized foil. The packaging reflects outside heat away from the product inside the container. The company is developing new aluminized lines, express mailers, large shipping bags, gel packs and insulated panels for the building industry.
Radiolytic hydrogen production and accumulation inside containment packages is a concern at any facility responsible for their packaging, storage, transportation, and/or disposal. When hydrogen gas accumulates to concentrations above the Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) which is 4% or 40,000 ppm in air, the possibility of a deflagration or explosion increases. This concern persists over the course of the package lifetime which is unlimited when disposed of by burial or in permanent repositories. Here, we report on a numerical model used to predict the concentration of hydrogen within each layer of a Model 9979 package containing a convenience can assembly. Simulations show the hydrogen concentration to always be highest in the inner convenience can containing the radioactive source. When the radioactive source is within the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Packaging Limits, the hydrogen concentration is shown to remain well below the LFL at all times including packaging, storage, transportation, and disposal. A hydrogen transport model is presented for a Model 9979 package system containing a nested arrangement of convenience cans, which are tin oxide coated steel cans of various sizes with a slip-lid assembly. The inner convenience can contains the radioactive source material along with an unknown quantity of incidental water acquired from humid air or processing. While visible organic materials such as paper and plastics were purposely excluded from the inner can, it is not possible to claim the wastes are entirely organic free. The inner convenience can is tape sealed and placed into a plastic bag which is horsetail closed (i.e., twisted and taped). The bagged can is placed into an outer convenience can that is also tape sealed. The can assembly is then placed into the 30 gallon drum and subsequently placed inside the 55 gallon drum in the 9979 package. Here we assume hydrogen gas is produced in the inner convenience can from alpha radiolysis of water at a rate dependent on the quantity of uranium isotopes and water present. The hydrogen transport model was used to calculate hydrogen accumulations within the package’s five layers at different times and conditions. These simulations serve two purposes; (i) to build confidence in the model by comparing predicted values to measured values, and (ii) to check the steady state hydrogen concentrations that are approached at long times in the package’s lifetime. Model simulations were compared to gas samples taken from the 30 gallon drum after storage at LANL’s Chemistry and Metallurgy Research (CMR) building for around 500 days. Hydrogen concentration calculations over much longer periods (i.e., more than 270 years) included extreme storage durations, transportation at extreme cold temperatures, and disposal of packages assuming different average temperatures.
Chicago Bridge & Iron Company's tanks and associated piping are parts of system for transferring liquefied natural gas from ship to shore and storing it. LNG is a "cryogenic" fluid meaning that it must be contained and transferred at very low temperatures, about 260 degrees below Fahrenheit. Before the LNG can be pumped from the ship to the storage tanks, the two foot diameter transfer pipes must be cooled in order to avoid difficulties associated with sharp differences of temperature between the supercold fluid and relatively warm pipes. Cooldown is accomplished by sending small steady flow of the cryogenic substance through the pipeline; the rate of flow must be precisely controlled or the transfer line will be subjected to undesirable thermal stress.
Source materials including 275 g of 7 LiF-NaF-KF (46.5-11.5-42.0 mol %) and 10 g each of several reagent salts were prepared at Argonne for shipment to the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. The F 7 LiNaK was packaged in a single jar and reagent salts were placed in small vials. The mass of each shipped salt is listed in Table 1. This report contains details of the preparation procedure and results of elemental composition measurements using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and phase analyses using X-ray diffraction.
There is a critical need for an inactivation method that completely inactivates pathogens at the time of sample collection while maintaining the nucleic acid quality required for diagnostic PCR testing. This inactivation method is required to alleviate concerns about transmission potential, minimize shipping complications and cost, and enable testing in lower containment laboratories, thereby enhancing disease diagnostics through improved turn-around time. This study evaluated a panel of 10 surrogate viruses that represent highly pathogenic animal diseases. These results showed that a commercial PrimeStore® molecular transport media (PSMTM) completely inactivated all viruses tested by >99.99%, as determined by infectivity and serial passage assays. However, the detection of viral nucleic acid by qRT-PCR was comparable in PSMTM and control-treated conditions. These results were consistent when viruses were evaluated in the presence of biological material such as sera and cloacal swabs to mimic diagnostic sample conditions for non-avian and avian viruses, respectively. The results of this study may be utilized by diagnostic testing laboratories for highly pathogenic agents affecting animal and human populations. These results may be used to revise guidance for select agent diagnostic testing and the shipment of infectious substances.
For NASA's Apollo program, McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company, Huntington Beach, California, developed and built the S-IVB, uppermost stage of the three-stage Saturn V moonbooster. An important part of the development task was fabrication of a tank to contain liquid hydrogen fuel for the stage's rocket engine. The liquid hydrogen had to be contained at the supercold temperature of 423 degrees below zero Fahrenheit. The tank had to be perfectly insulated to keep engine or solar heat from reaching the fuel; if the hydrogen were permitted to warm up, it would have boiled off, or converted to gaseous form, reducing the amount of fuel available to the engine. McDonnell Douglas' answer was a supereffective insulation called 3D, which consisted of a one-inch thickness of polyurethane foam reinforced in three dimensions with fiberglass threads. Over a 13-year development and construction period, the company built 30 tanks and never experienced a failure. Now, after years of additional development, an advanced version of 3D is finding application as part of a containment system for transporting Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) by ship.
The FGGE/SBUV Level 2C data set consists of 12 9-track data tapes, each of which contains total ozone and ozone profile data for one calendar month grouped in files containing the data in a 6 hour synoptic time block. The data flow and quality checks in the production of this data set are described as well as the format of the data tapes and the accompanying shipping documents.
A report describes experiments directed toward the development of paraffin-based hybrid rocket fuels that burn at regression rates greater than those of conventional hybrid rocket fuels like hydroxyl-terminated butadiene. The basic approach followed in this development is to use materials such that a hydrodynamically unstable liquid layer forms on the melting surface of a burning fuel body. Entrainment of droplets from the liquid/gas interface can substantially increase the rate of fuel mass transfer, leading to surface regression faster than can be achieved using conventional fuels. The higher regression rate eliminates the need for the complex multi-port grain structures of conventional solid rocket fuels, making it possible to obtain acceptable performance from single-port structures. The high-regression-rate fuels contain no toxic or otherwise hazardous components and can be shipped commercially as non-hazardous commodities. Among the experiments performed on these fuels were scale-up tests using gaseous oxygen. The data from these tests were found to agree with data from small-scale, low-pressure and low-mass-flux laboratory tests and to confirm the expectation that these fuels would burn at high regression rates, chamber pressures, and mass fluxes representative of full-scale rocket motors.
Worldwide interest in the use of shipborne aircraft as a major weapons system is very broad. Many NATO countries operate fixed wing aircraft from ships. Additionally, the use of ships as helicopter platforms is extensive in the NATO community and brings another import dimension to the aircraft/ship interface issue. Thus, it seemed that both fixed and rotary wing aviation deserved equal billing in the Aircraft/Ship Interface Symposium which is the subject of this Technical Evaluation Report. This Symposium was held in Seville, Spain, from 20th to 23rd May 1991 and was the first Symposium sponsored by the AGARD Flight Mechanics Panel devoted to this topic. The Symposium contained twenty-five presentations grouped under the following topics: Keynote Addresses; Ship Environment; Guidance, Controls, and Displays; Flight Test and Simulation Techniques; Launch, Recovery, and Handling Systems Development; and Operational Views and Future Developments. The full texts of the papers presented at this Symposium are published in AGARD-CP-509.
Barrier islands help protect the southern and southeastern U.S. shoreline from hurricanes and severe storms. They are important for coastal resource management and geologic research, especially in studies that involve changes in island areas and surface environments, and they display a dynamically changing and diverse mix of landform and vegetative cover habitats. Many Gulf Coast barrier islands have undergone dramatic decreases in areal extent, often due to hurricane and severe storm damage. For example, Louisiana's barrier islands have lost 55 percent of their surface area over the past 100 years. Aerial photography and Landsat data have been used to monitor changes in barrier island areal extent, although neither data source is optimal for making maps of detailed landform types at site-specific scales. High spatial resolution hyperspectral imagery, such as that obtained from the high spatial resolution Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) sensor, may enable improved mapping of landform types, which would benefit studies of the dynamics of barrier island environments. During the summers of 2000 and 2001, a study was conducted to assess low-altitude AVIRIS data for mapping the landform types of West Ship Island, a barrier island in Harrison County, Mississippi. This study area was selected because of the availability of low-altitude AVIRIS data acquired on July 22, 1999, and because of the area's accessibility to the investigating team. West Ship Island is one of the six barrier islands that belong to the Gulf Shores National Seashore, which is managed by the National Park Service. This island contains an impressive range of landform categories. Surface types include beach, dune, and sand flat environments. West Ship Island also harbors Fort Massachusetts, a historic fort used during the Civil War. Because it is located near Stennis Space Center, the island is frequently imaged by NASA's airborne and spaceborne sensors.
Live footage of the STS-103 payload, Orbital Replacement Unit Carrier, removal from a shipping canister is shown. The carrier is a modified Spacelab pallet that contains the tools and replacement parts necessary to service the HST.
The availability of fresh produce during longer-duration spaceflight missions is being explored as a countermeasure for human biobehavioral health and performance, including how fresh fruits and vegetables can supplement the crew diet with nutrients that are predicted to become deficient throughout the missions. Crop production in the Veggie and Advanced Plant Habitat vegetable production chambers on the International Space Station (ISS) have tested pick-and-eat crops in spaceflight. However, the limited plant cultivation volume of these chambers has restricted the sample sizes and biomass allocated for nutrition assessment. To gain a better understanding of the nutrient composition of pick-and-eat crops, leafy greens and fruiting plants were grown in the EDEN ISS plant cultivation facility near the German Neumayer Station III in Antarctica from March 2021 to January 2022. Target crops for nutrition sampling aligned with cultivars grown in spaceflight, including ‘Outredgeous’ red romaine lettuce, Mizuna mustard, ‘Red Robin’ dwarf cherry tomato, and NuMex ‘Española Improved’ chili pepper. Plants subsamples were taken at harvest; in the event of multiple harvests from the same plants, subsamples were taken at both the first and final harvests. ‘Outredgeous’ and Mizuna were also grown multiple times throughout the year, allowing multiple grow-outs to be analyzed for potential effects across the growing season. Subsamples were first weighed for fresh mass, dried in a dedicated oven at 70°C for 96 h, weighed again, and stored in air-tight containers inside Neumayer Station III. At the beginning of 2022, the samples were shipped to NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, where they are currently being analyzed with ion chromatography for nutrients of interest in the astronaut diet, including calcium, iron, magnesium, and potassium. This study aims to increase our understanding of how the crops that have successfully grown on the ISS can supplement the crew diet, as well as how other factors like plant age and the number of days the facility has been in operation may impact nutrient concentrations. Such findings can improve the crop selection process and how pick-and-eat crops are cultivated during spaceflight missions.
The availability of fresh produce during longer-duration spaceflight missions is being explored as a countermeasure for human biobehavioral health and performance, including how fresh fruits and vegetables can supplement the crew diet with nutrients that are predicted to become deficient throughout the missions. Crop production in the Veggie and Advanced Plant Habitat vegetable production chambers on the International Space Station (ISS) have tested pick-and-eat crops in spaceflight. However, the limited plant cultivation volume of these chambers has restricted the sample sizes and biomass allocated for nutrition assessment. To gain a better understanding of the nutrient composition of pick-and-eat crops, leafy greens and fruiting plants were grown in the EDEN ISS plant cultivation facility near the German Neumayer Station III in Antarctica from March 2021 to January 2022. Target crops for nutrition sampling aligned with cultivars grown in spaceflight, including ‘Outredgeous’ red romaine lettuce, Mizuna mustard, ‘Red Robin’ dwarf cherry tomato, and NuMex ‘Española Improved’ chili pepper. Plants subsamples were taken at harvest; in the event of multiple harvests from the same plants, subsamples were taken at both the first and final harvests. ‘Outredgeous’ and Mizuna were also grown multiple times throughout the year, allowing multiple grow-outs to be analyzed for potential effects across the growing season. Subsamples were first weighed for fresh mass, dried in a dedicated oven at 70°C for 96 h, weighed again, and stored in air-tight containers inside Neumayer Station III. At the beginning of 2022, the samples were shipped to NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, where they are currently being analyzed with ion chromatography for nutrients of interest in the astronaut diet, including calcium, iron, magnesium, and potassium. This study aims to increase our understanding of how the crops that have successfully grown on the ISS can supplement the crew diet, as well as how other factors like plant age and the number of days the facility has been in operation may impact nutrient concentrations. Such findings can improve the crop selection process and how pick-and-eat crops are cultivated during spaceflight missions.
The maritime shipping industry is growing increasingly interested in both low and non-carbon-containing fuels to meet future greenhouse gas emission targets. Specifically of interest is ammonia, as it has a relatively high volumetric energy density compared to other future fuels, such as hydrogen, making it more economical to transport. The robust engine architecture of low-speed two-stroke marine engines makes them an ideal candidate for ammonia fuel, overcoming many of the issues surrounding its poor ignitability and low flame speed. If emissions and fueling system challenges can be addressed, retrofits of current low-speed two-stroke dual-fuel engines represent a viable pathway for bringing ammonia engines to market. This study explores these technical hurdles by describing the design, analysis, and experimental validation of a single cylinder research engine converted to operate on ammonia fuel. The engine is a reduced-scale uniflow two-stroke marine engine with two previous hardware configurations available – diesel and high-pressure CNG dual-fuel. A concept study was used to evaluate possible ammonia-fueled engine architectures and the associated tradeoffs and design considerations. With the chosen architecture, low-pressure dual fuel, 1D and 3D analysis tools were used to inform hardware selection and to determine hardware configurations which minimized ammonia-slip. In addition to these considerations the hardware and engine configuration were designed to provide a versatile and robust testing platform. This includes options to test both gaseous and liquid ammonia injection, as well as a wide range of performance parameters such as AFR, swirl, valve timing, SOI, and many others. Design constraints imposed by the existing engine hardware necessitated an iterative loop between design and analysis toolsets, ultimately converging on a final design for the ammonia-conversion hardware. The engine was rebuilt with the new hardware and evaluated in an engine test cell. A new control strategy developed and flashed onto a prototyping electronic control unit allowed for full control over all engine parameters. An initial calibration was developed, providing test data for validation of the engine 1D and 3D models. The impact of the design choices on engine operability and the ability to meet program targets is discussed as well as opportunities for further optimization of the ammonia-conversion hardware, informed by the validated models.