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At least 145 records · Page 8

Error field measurements and correction on MUSE permanent magnet stellarator

The magnetic field topology and error fields are measured in the MUSE permanent magnet stellarator with an electron beam and fluorescent rod. The effective magnetization of the magnets is determined by measuring rational flux surface locations. Electron magnetic drift effects must be considered self-consistently due to the small magnetic shear on MUSE. Error fields are characterized by flux surface shape deviation and magnetic island chain width and phase. Error fields are then corrected by adjusting the permanent magnet (PM) holders as rigid bodies. Resonant error fields are on the order of or smaller than 3 x 10 -6 of the toroidal field after correction and surface shape matches well with the design. Resonant components of the quasi-symmetry deviation are estimated, using a novel magnetic drift measurement, to be in the 10 −4 range. The PM approach is validated as a low-cost and precise way to build optimized stellarators.

electron beam mapping↗

The Deeper, Wider, Faster programme: exploring stellar flare activity with deep, fast cadenced DECam imaging via machine learning

ABSTRACT We present our 500 pc distance-limited study of stellar flares using the Dark Energy Camera as part of the Deeper, Wider, Faster programme. The data were collected via continuous 20-s cadence g-band imaging and we identify 19 914 sources with precise distances from Gaia DR2 within 12, ∼3 deg2, fields over a range of Galactic latitudes. An average of ∼74 min is spent on each field per visit. All light curves were accessed through a novel unsupervised machine learning techniques designed for anomaly detection. We identify 96 flare events occurring across 80 stars, the majority of which are M dwarfs. Integrated flare energies range from ∼1031–1037 erg, with a proportional relationship existing between increased flare energy with increased distance from the Galactic plane, representative of stellar age leading to declining yet more energetic flare events. In agreement with previous studies we observe an increase in flaring fraction from M0 to M6 spectral types. Furthermore, we find a decrease in the flaring fraction of stars as vertical distance from the galactic plane is increased, with a steep decline present around ∼100 pc. We find that $\sim 70{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of identified flares occur on short time-scales of <8 min. Finally, we present our associated flare rates, finding a volumetric rate of 2.9 ± 0.3 × 10−6 flares pc−3 h−1.

Webb, S.↗

Line emission mapper microcalorimeter spectrometer

The line emission mapper (LEM) is a probe-class mission concept that is designed to detect x-ray emission lines from hot ionized gas (T > 10 6 K) that will enable us to test galaxy evolution theories. It will permit us to study the effects of stellar and black-hole feedback and flows of baryonic matter into and out of galaxies. The key to being able to study the hot gases that are otherwise invisible to current imaging x-ray spectrometers is that the energy resolution is sufficient to use cosmological redshift to separate extragalactic source lines from foreground Milky Way emission. LEM incorporates a large-format microcalorimeter array instrument called the LEM microcalorimeter spectrometer (LMS) with a light-weight x-ray optic with 10” half power diameter angular resolution. The LMS microcalorimeter array has pixels with 15" pixel pitch over a 33' field of view (FOV) optimized for the 0.3 to 2 keV energy band. The central 7' region of the array has an energy resolution of 1.3 eV at 1 keV and the rest of the FOV has 2.5 eV energy resolution at 1 keV. The array will be read out with state-of-the-art time-division multiplexing. We present an overview of the LMS instrument, including details of the entire detection chain, the focal plane assembly, as well as the cooling system and overall mechanical and thermal design. For each of the key technologies, we discuss the current technology readiness level and the plan to advance them to be ready for flight. We also describe the current system design and our estimate for the mass, power, and data rate of the instrument. The design details presented concentrate primarily on the unique aspects of the LMS design compared with prior missions and confirm that the type of microcalorimeter instrument needed for LEM is not only feasible but also technically mature.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

How do magnetized HED flows transition to collimated plasma jets? (Final Report)

We present results from a pulsed-power experiment designed to generate accretion-like flows in the laboratory that may be used to study the dynamics of astrophysical accretion-driven outflows. To emulate systems like Young Stellar Object (YSO) outflows, we create radially converging plasma flows in a short disk that transition into much longer bipolar outflows. Our experiment uses a ~1 MA pulsed-power driver to generate plasma from an array of thin aluminum wires mounted to a 3D-printed current path that controls the angular momentum and magnetic field topology. In this paper, we show that experimental data scale favorably to observed properties of YSO jets. This set of experiments tests the simplest version of our possible plasma dynamics, where outflows are generated without rotation or axial magnetic field present. The temperature, velocity and density of the disk and outflows are characterized using interferometry, gated optical and ultraviolet imaging, and Thomson scattering diagnostics. We discuss the Reynolds number, magnetic Reynolds number and Mach numbers calculated in three different stages of the experiment, and compare our results to 3D numerical simulations in the PERSEUS magnetohydrodynamics code. This report is a summary of the work done by the graduate students who were supported by the project.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

An Overview of the Hybrid Illinois Device for Research and Applications Material Analysis Test-stand (HIDRA-MAT)

The Hybrid Illinois Device for Research and Applications (HIDRA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is a toroidal plasma device that enables fusion plasma-material interaction testing with both stellarator and tokamak plasmas. HIDRA’s long-pulse steady state stellarator plasmas provide a testbed for plasma facing component (PFC) plasma exposures. The HIDRA Material Analysis Test-stand (HIDRA-MAT) is a material characterization module attached to HIDRA that is being designed and fabricated to include thermal desorption spectroscopy and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy systems for in-vacuo PFC characterization. A specialized rotatable sample holder positions the sample for liquid metal droplet application from a liquid metal droplet injector on HIDRA-MAT. Early experiments look to investigate the effect liquid lithium has on porous tungsten samples’ retention of H, D, and He after plasma exposure. Preliminary results from a dual residual gas analyzer system show the ability to differentiate D2 and He in HIDRA-MAT. Finally, this work aims to advance the understanding of liquid metal PFCs and further the design and development of new fusion PFCs and technologies.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

An Isolated Stellar-mass Black Hole Detected through Astrometric Microlensing

We report the first unambiguous detection and mass measurement of an isolated stellar-mass black hole (BH). We used the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to carry out precise astrometry of the source star of the long-duration (t E ≃ 270 days), high-magnification microlensing event MOA-2011-BLG-191/OGLE-2011-BLG-0462 (hereafter designated as MOA-11-191/OGLE-11-462), in the direction of the Galactic bulge. HST imaging, conducted at eight epochs over an interval of 6 yr, reveals a clear relativistic astrometric deflection of the background star's apparent position. Ground-based photometry of MOA-11-191/OGLE-11-462 shows a parallactic signature of the effect of Earth's motion on the microlensing light curve. Combining the HST astrometry with the ground-based light curve and the derived parallax, we obtain a lens mass of 7.1 ± 1.3 M ⊙ and a distance of 1.58 ± 0.18 kpc. We show that the lens emits no detectable light, which, along with having a mass higher than is possible for a white dwarf or neutron star, confirms its BH nature. Our analysis also provides an absolute proper motion for the BH. The proper motion is offset from the mean motion of Galactic disk stars at similar distances by an amount corresponding to a transverse space velocity of ~45 km s -1 , suggesting that the BH received a "natal kick" from its supernova explosion. Previous mass determinations for stellar-mass BHs have come from radial velocity measurements of Galactic X-ray binaries and from gravitational radiation emitted by merging BHs in binary systems in external galaxies. Our mass measurement is the first for an isolated stellar-mass BH using any technique.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Charge exchange recombination spectroscopy at Wendelstein 7-X

The Charge Exchange Recombination Spectroscopy (CXRS) diagnostic has become a routine diagnostic on almost all major high temperature fusion experimental devices. For the optimized stellarator Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), a highly flexible and extensive CXRS diagnostic has been built to provide high-resolution local measurements of several important plasma parameters using the recently commissioned neutral beam heating. This paper outlines the design specifics of the W7-X CXRS system and gives examples of the initial results obtained, to include typical ion temperature profiles for several common heating scenarios, toroidal flow and radial electric field derived from velocity measurements, beam attenuation via beam emission spectra, and normalized impurity density profiles under some typical plasma conditions.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Energy conserving and well-balanced discontinuous Galerkin methods for the Euler–Poisson equations in spherical symmetry

ABSTRACT This paper presents high-order Runge–Kutta (RK) discontinuous Galerkin methods for the Euler–Poisson equations in spherical symmetry. The scheme can preserve a general polytropic equilibrium state and achieve total energy conservation up to machine precision with carefully designed spatial and temporal discretizations. To achieve the well-balanced property, the numerical solutions are decomposed into equilibrium and fluctuation components that are treated differently in the source term approximation. One non-trivial challenge encountered in the procedure is the complexity of the equilibrium state, which is governed by the Lane–Emden equation. For total energy conservation, we present second- and third-order RK time discretization, where different source term approximations are introduced in each stage of the RK method to ensure the conservation of total energy. A carefully designed slope limiter for spherical symmetry is also introduced to eliminate oscillations near discontinuities while maintaining the well-balanced and total-energy-conserving properties. Extensive numerical examples – including a toy model of stellar core collapse with a phenomenological equation of state that results in core bounce and shock formation – are provided to demonstrate the desired properties of the proposed methods, including the well-balanced property, high-order accuracy, shock-capturing capability, and total energy conservation.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Sensitivity of magnetic islands in permanent magnet stellarators using the gradient and Hessian methods

Stellarator plasmas are known to be very sensitive to perturbations in the magnetic field. The permanent magnet stellarator was in part developed as a solution to high machining tolerances placed on the shape properties of electromagnetic coils in traditional stellarators. However, as a consequence of this high sensitivity to the field structure, sensitivities of permanent magnet stellarator plasmas to perturbations of permanent magnet properties must necessarily be well-understood. The gradient and Hessian matrix methods have been previously demonstrated to be useful sensitivity analysis methods for modular coils. We apply these two methods to the study of island width sensitivities in both the MUSE and PM4STELL permanent magnet stellarator projects. These sensitivity methods were used to determine the relative impacts of permanent magnet parameter perturbations on island widths in the vacuum field approximation of both stellarator equilibria. The square of resonant magnetic field perturbation is used here as a proxy for island width. In particular, gradients of magnetizations of individual magnets were examined in MUSE, as well as gradients of magnet group displacements informed by device design. Three different forms of permanent magnet magnetization perturbations are investigated for MUSE, and the flux surface response to perturbations is demonstrated. The Hessian matrix method is applied to PM4STELL, illustrating the sensitivity of dominant island widths to displacements of toroidal wedge structures. These methods allow for selective direction of experimental resources toward regions of heightened sensitivity, while constraints on less impactful permanent magnet parameters can be relaxed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Poor confinement in stellarators at high energy II

This work discusses particle resonances in stellarators. There are two important effects. First, resonances provide locations for Alfvén modes, which can cause significant particle loss. Second, if a resonance matches the period of the modulation of the equilibrium field magnitude it produces islands in particle orbits increasing in size with particle energy, also possibly causing loss. A previous publication suffered from a restriction to the consideration of deeply passing particle orbits, clearly showing the resonance islands. Large particle magnetic moment increases the effect of particle cross field drift, essential for this phenomenon, so passing particles with larger values of magnetic moment give larger islands. It is possible to avoid designs exhibiting such resonances.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

The infrared imaging video bolometer at Wendelstein 7-X

The radiated power distribution is a crucial aspect of heat transport, heat load mitigation, and plasma exhaust performance. An imaging video bolometer camera has been installed to measure the plasma radiated power in the divertor region of the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator. This diagnostic offers a wide-angle (40° × 68°) sampling of the plasma volume in both the poloidal and toroidal directions. The field-of-view is covered with a large number (> 500) of bolometer channels, providing imaging capability. The diagnostic design is introduced here together with its data analysis procedure. A set of laboratory experiments is performed to assess the thermal properties of the gold absorber foil and their spatial uniformity. Following installation, a heat source originating from the inertially cooled front of the diagnostic is identified and filtered out. The discharge data indicate a satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio as well as spatiotemporal resolution. These represent the first toroidally resolved images of the line-integrated radiated power in the W7-X island divertor. The diagnostic was then upgraded with a thinner platinum absorber and adjusted mirrors. Early data from the most recent experimental campaign employing the upgraded design show a considerable improvement in the diagnostic performance with more bolometer channels (> 1400), extended coverage, and increased spatial resolution.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

MESA-Web: A cloud resource for stellar evolution in astronomy curriculum

Here, we present MESA-Web,a cloud resource with an online interface to the Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA) software instrument. MESA-Web allows learners to evolve stellar models without the need to download and install MESA. Since being released in 2015, MESA-Web has delivered over 17,000 calculations to over 2,200 unique learners and currently performs about 11 jobs per day. MESA-Web can be used as an educational tool for stars in the classroom or for scientific investigations. We report on new capabilities of MESA-Web introduced since its 2015 release including learner-supplied nuclear reaction rates, custom stopping conditions, and an expanded selection of input parameters. To foster collaboration we have created a Zenodo MESA-Web community hub, where instructors can openly share examples of using MESA-Web in the classroom. We discuss two examples in the current community hub. The first example is a lesson module on Red Giant Branch stars that includes a suite of exercises designed to fit a range of learners and a Jupyter workbook for additional analysis. The second example is lesson materials for an upper-level Astronomy majors course in Stars and Radiation that includes an assignment verifying some of the expected trends that are presented in a popular stellar physics textbook.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Feasibility Study: High-k Temperature (HiT) Fluctuation Diagnostic

The objective of the proposed research was to explore the feasibility of making measurements of high-k (electron-scale, ETG-relevant) electron temperature fluctuations in the core plasma of tokamaks and stellarators. We found that soft X-ray imaging combined with our novel pseudolocal tomographic algorithm enables local measurements of low-k (ion-scale, ITG/TEM and KBM/MTM relevant) electron temperature fluctuations in spherical tokamaks. The design parameters needed to consider deploying this new diagnostic are presented, and predictions for what the diagnostic would measure in L-mode and H-mode plasmas at NSTX-U, a high performance spherical tokamak in the USA, suggest that the new diagnostic can be used to study turbulence and transport over a wide range of plasma parameters, such as collisionality and plasma beta.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Efficient analysis of magnetic field line behavior in toroidal plasmas

The confinement of plasmas in tokamaks and stellarators depends on magnetic field lines lying in nested toroidal surfaces. The transition near the plasma edge away from the lines lying in magnetic surfaces defines properties of divertors. The transition in time defines properties of disruptions. Divertor design and disruption analyses require a detailed understanding of these transitions. The use of a Fourier transform coupled with a Gaussian window function allows far more information to be extracted about these transitions using far shorter field line integrations than can be obtained using traditional methods based on Poincaré plots. The physics of divertors and disruptions is reviewed to clarify why the type of information that can be gained from more efficient methods of analysis is of central importance to the fusion program based on magnetic confinement.

Boozer, Allen H. [Columbia Univ., New York, NY (Un↗

Improved $^{95}\mathrm{Mo}$ neutron resonance parameters and astrophysical reaction rates

We report improved 95 Mo neutron resonance parameters and reaction rates are important for nuclear astrophysics, testing nuclear models, and nuclear criticality safety. However, despite many previous neutron-capture and total cross-section measurements on this nuclide, there still is much room for improvement as well as several discrepancies. For example, there are very few firm resonance spin and parity assignments; average resonance parameters are available only for each parity, the currently recommended astrophysical reaction rate results in disagreements between stellar models and meteoric isotopic anomalies, and there are substantial disagreements in the neutron-capture cross section at low energies important for nuclear criticality safety. To obtain an improved set of neutron resonance parameters and astrophysical reaction rates for 95 Mo. High-resolution neutron-capture and transmission data were measured at the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator (ORELA) using highly isotopically enriched 95 Mo samples. The neutron-capture apparatus, data reduction, and analysis were improved so that information contained in the γ-ray cascade following neutron capture were used to assign resonance J π values. Following this, simultaneous analysis of the new neutron-capture and transmission data was used to obtain resonance energies, gamma widths, and neutron widths and their uncertainties to a maximum energy of 10 keV. Accurate neutron-capture cross sections also were obtained for the unresolved resonance region to a maximum energy of 500 keV and, together with the new resonance parameters, used to calculate the astrophysical reaction rates in the temperature range from 5 to 30 keV. A vastly improved set of 95Mo neutron resonance parameters and an astrophysical reaction rate accurate to about 3% were obtained. Firm J π assignments were determined for 261 of the 314 observed resonances. This is a very large improvement over the previously published 32 firm J π assignments for 108 resonances. Also, the number of resonances having both firm J π assignments and Γ γ values was increased by almost a factor of 24—from 11 to 261. Neutron- and total-radiation-width distributions and average resonance spacings, average total radiation widths, and neutron strength functions were obtained for the six different s- and p-wave possibilities. Parameters for the lowest s-wave resonance, which is most important for criticality benchmarks, were obtained with high accuracy. Simple modification of the neutron-capture apparatus and expansion and improvement of data analysis techniques led to a large increase in firm J π assignments for 95 Mo neutron resonances. The resulting astrophysical reaction rate is 20%–30% larger than the currently recommended rate at s-process temperatures, which should lead to better agreement between stellar models and meteoric isotopic anomalies. The neutron-capture cross section at low energies is substantially larger than recommended in the latest evaluation, which is problematical for criticality benchmarks. The average resonance spacing as a function of spin and parity is significantly different from current models. The total-radiation-width distributions are significantly broader than predicted by theory and show significant departures from the expected Gaussian shapes.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Identifying Missing Quasars from the DESI Bright Galaxy Survey

The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) cosmology survey includes a Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS), which will yield spectra for over 10 million bright galaxies (r < 20.2 AB mag). The resulting sample will be valuable for both cosmological and astrophysical studies. However, the star/galaxy separation criterion implemented in the nominal BGS target selection algorithm excludes quasar host galaxies in addition to bona fide stars. While this excluded population is comparatively rare (∼3–4 per square degrees), it may hold interesting clues regarding galaxy and quasar physics. Therefore, we present a target selection strategy that was implemented to recover these missing active galactic nuclei (AGN) from the BGS sample. The design of the selection criteria was both motivated and confirmed using spectroscopy. The resulting BGS-AGN sample is uniformly distributed over the entire DESI footprint. According to DESI survey validation data, the sample comprises 93% quasi-stellar objects (QSOs), 3% narrow-line AGN or blazars with a galaxy contamination rate of 2%, and a stellar contamination rate of 2%. Peaking around redshift z = 0.5, the BGS-AGN sample is intermediary between quasars from the rest of the BGS and those from the DESI QSO sample in terms of redshifts and AGN luminosities. The stacked spectrum is nearly identical to that of the DESI QSO targets, confirming that the sample is dominated by quasars. We highlight interesting small populations reaching z > 2, which are either faint quasars with nearby projected companions or very bright quasars with strong absorption features including the Lyα forest, metal absorbers, and/or broad absorption lines.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Weakly supervised anomaly detection in the Milky Way

ABSTRACT Large-scale astrophysics data sets present an opportunity for new machine learning techniques to identify regions of interest that might otherwise be overlooked by traditional searches. To this end, we demonstrate how Classification Without Labels (CWoLa), a weakly supervised anomaly detection method, can help identify cold stellar streams within the more than one billion Milky Way stars observed by the Gaia satellite. CWoLa operates without the use of labelled streams or knowledge of astrophysical principles. Instead, it uses a classifier to distinguish between mixed samples for which the proportions of signal and background samples are unknown. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate that this computationally lightweight strategy is able to detect both simulated streams and the known stream GD-1 in data. Originally designed for high-energy collider physics, this technique may have broad applicability within astrophysics as well as other domains interested in identifying localized anomalies.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Neural operator transformers capture bifurcating drift-wave turbulence in fusion plasma simulations

Self-consistent modeling of turbulence-driven transport is critical for optimizing confinement in magnetically confined fusion plasmas, such as tokamaks and stellarators. In particular, capturing the long-term co-evolution of turbulence, flow, and background plasma profiles remains computationally challenging. Direct numerical simulation of these multiscale, highly nonlinear processes is often demanding and impractical for real-time control or design optimization. To address this bottleneck, we investigate transformer-based neural operator partial differential equation surrogates for emulating the dynamics of drift-wave turbulence bifurcation mediated by zonal flows, using the modified Hasegawa–Wakatani (MHW) model as a prototypical system. We find that the finetuned neural operator model has excellent performance in capturing the multi-spatiotemporal-scales of MHW turbulence bifurcation and is robust to testing on rare and out-of-distribution dynamics. Specifically, we demonstrate that a single unified model accurately predicts both quasi-steady-state turbulence and a wide range of dynamical transition processes, such as nonlinear saturation, spontaneous suppression of turbulence, and the emergence of macroscopic zonal flows, over time horizons vastly exceeding the local turbulence correlation time. This computationally efficient approach establishes a strong foundation for fast, AI-based modeling of complex, multiscale phenomena in magnetized fusion plasmas.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗