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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1990

Engineering, construction, and operations in space II; Proceedings of Space 90, the Second International Conference, Albuquerque, NM, Apr. 22-26, 1990. Vols. 1 & 2

Attention is given to such topics as the processing of lunar soils, the automated processing of extraterrestrial materials, lunar excavation and mining, lunar oxygen, lunar base development, lunar surface structures, planetary surface transportation, and Mars missions. Papers are also presented on the Space Station, space debris, robotics and automated processing, structures and structural response, Mission to Planet Earth, life support systems, space power, human factors, artificial gravity, and education.

Johnson, Stewart W.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Structure and properties of solid surfaces

Difficulties in experimental studies of crystalline surfaces are related to the fact that surface atoms have an intrinsic tendency to react with their environment. A second problem is connected with the effective thickness of surfaces, which ranges from one to several atom layers. The phenomenology of surface interactions with gases are considered, taking into account physical adsorption, chemisorption, and the oxidation of surfaces. Studies of the surface structure are discussed, giving attention to field emission microscopy, field-ion microscopy, electron diffraction techniques, Auger spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, ion microprobe methods, and low-energy backscattering spectroscopy. Investigations of semiconductor surfaces are also described.

Gatos, H. C.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Study of the Brazil and Falkland currents using their images of Nimbus 5 and oceanographic data in 1972 - 1973

The Western Edge of the Sub-tropical Convergence of the South-western Atlantic Ocean, called the Front, which is a thermal discontinuity between the Brazil and Falkland Currents, was studied utilizing the Temperature Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR) of Nimbus V in the 10.5 to 12.5 micrometers channel and historical oceanographic data. Some important results obtained are: the oceanographic Front could be detected from Nimbus THIR data; oceanographic charts showed that the transition zone where the Brazil and the Falkland Currents meet was the Front detected from satellite data; ocean current speeds calculated with THIR data were of the same order of magnitude as those calculated oceanographically; fisheries statistics for Pargo Roseo showed that the maximum catches were in September of 1973, in the period when the Front was observed most distinctly and clearly. The results showed the great potentiality of satellite data to study surface thermal structures, surface currents and oceanic fisheries.

Tseng, Y. C.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Adhesion and wear resistance of materials

Recent studies into the nature of bonding at the interface between two solids in contact or a solid and deposited film have provided a better understanding of those properties important to the adhesive wear resistance of materials. Analytical and experimental progress are reviewed. For simple metal systems the adhesive bond forces are related to electronic wave function overlap. With metals in contact with nonmetals, molecular-orbital energy, and density of states, respectively can provide insight into adhesion and wear. Experimental results are presented which correlate adhesive forces measured between solids and the electronic surface structures. Orientation, surface reconstruction, surface segregation, adsorption are all shown to influence adhesive interfacial strength. The interrelationship between adhesion and the wear of the various materials as well as the life of coatings applied to substrates are discussed. Metallic systems addressed include simple metals and alloys and these materials in contact with themselves, both oxide and nonoxide ceramics, diamond, polymers, and inorganic coating compounds, h as diamondlike carbon.

Buckley, D. H.↗
DOE OSTI2022

INTERFACES. A Program for Determining the 3D Structures of Surfaces Sites Using NMR Data

Dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy has enabled the determination of high-resolution structures from surface-supported molecules, including singlesite heterogeneous catalysts. Structure determinations have largely mimicked the approaches used in biomolecular NMR spectroscopy, namely, using distance measurements to constrain a conformational search. These early demonstrations made use of purpose-built software, which has limited the adoption of the technique. Herein, we describe the open-source program INTERFACES (Interpret NMR to Elucidate or Reconstruct the Full Atomistic Configurations of External Surfaces) which automates the analysis of RE(SP)DOR data as well as the structure determination for surface sites. Distances, angles, dihedral angles, complex orientation, and distance from the support can all be sampled to find all structures that agree with the experimental data. A χ 2 metric is used to define the error ranges of the REDOR fits and produce structures with an arbitrary level of confidence. Structural solutions are then provided as both overlays and ORTEP-like probability ellipsoids.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS1988

Observations of the properties of the water surface roughness structure under the action of wind and waves

The statistical properties of a water surface roughness structure subjected to wind and waves are analyzed in a laboratory wind wave channel. The surface slope is derived using elevation measurements and the pitot tube is employed to measure wind speed. The transient responses of the surface slope to a calm condition and low, medium, and high wind conditions are studied. Two methods for determining a critical wind speed range are described.

Long, Steven R.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Stoichiometry-dependent surface electronic structure of SrTiO3 films grown by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy

We investigate the surface electronic structure of SrTiO3 (STO) films grown by a hybrid molecular beam epitaxy that are both stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric by means of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Increasing the fraction of the surface that is terminated with an SrO layer is correlated with a decrease in the chemical potential whereby the valence band maximum moves closer to the Fermi level, but without a significant change in the bandgap. Inasmuch as SrO-terminated STO (001) has previously been shown to act as an electron scavenger in which carriers from the bulk are trapped, we argue that the high fraction of SrO in the terminal layer is what lowers the chemical potential in Sr-rich STO. Our experimental results provide important insights into various physical phenomena that can occur on STO (001) surfaces and their effect on bulk electronic properties.

Lee, Dooyong (ORCID:0000000175361677)↗
NASA NTRS1997

Work Functions for Models of Scandate Surfaces

The electronic structure, surface dipole properties, and work functions of scandate surfaces have been investigated using the fully relativistic scattered-wave cluster approach. Three different types of model surfaces are considered: (1) a monolayer of Ba-Sc-O on W(100), (2) Ba or BaO adsorbed on Sc2O3 + W, and (3) BaO on SC2O3 + WO3. Changes in the work function due to Ba or BaO adsorption on the different surfaces are calculated by employing the depolarization model of interacting surface dipoles. The largest work function change and the lowest work function of 1.54 eV are obtained for Ba adsorbed on the Sc-O monolayer on W(100). The adsorption of Ba on Sc2O3 + W does not lead to a low work function, but the adsorption of BaO results in a work function of about 1.6-1.9 eV. BaO adsorbed on Sc2O3 + WO3, or scandium tungstates, may also lead to low work functions.

Mueller, Wolfgang↗
NASA NTRS2004

Dynamic Response of X-37 Hot Structure Control Surfaces Exposed to Controlled Reverberant Acoustic Excitation

This document represents a compilation of three informal reports from reverberant acoustic tests performed on X-37 hot structure control surfaces in the NASA Langley Research Center Structural Acoustics Loads and Transmission (SALT) facility. The first test was performed on a carbon-silicone carbide flaperon subcomponent on February 24, 2004. The second test was performed on a carbon-carbon ruddervator subcomponent on May 27, 2004. The third test was performed on a carbon-carbon flaperon subcomponent on June 30, 2004.

Grosveld, Ferdinand W.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Adsorption of methylene blue by bismuth impregnated biochar of different biomass materials: pore structure and surface chemistry characteristics

Abstract In this study, three different types of biochar (biomass materials were beech wood, corncob, and bamboo) were loaded with bismuth to form bismuth impregnated biochars (named respectively as Bi@WBC, Bi@CBC, and Bi@BBC) to investigate their properties (pore structure and surface chemistry characteristics) on methylene blue (MB) removal capacities. Three bismuth impregnated biochars made from different biomass materials were ranked for their adsorption capacity of MB as follows: Bi@WBC > Bi@CBC > Bi@BBC, in which Bi@WBC showed the largest Langmuir adsorption capacity of 178.59 mg g −1 . While the specific surface area (SSA) and pore volume of Bi@WBC were the largest (accounting for 477.74 m 2 g −1 and 0.15 cm 3 g −1 , respectively), according to the FTIR and XPS results, Bi@WBC (72.3%) exhibited a higher proportion of BiO bonds than the Bi@CBC (52.3%) and Bi@BBC (48.4%) did. Conclusively, the rich porous structure and surface functional groups of Bi@WBC affected the adsorption capacity of MB, and the chemical adsorption provided the main contribution. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Li, Peiyi↗
NASA NTRS1981

Ion beam sputter etching of orthopedic implanted alloy MP35N and resulting effects on fatigue

The effects of two types of argon ion sputter etched surface structures on the tensile stress fatigue properties of orthopedic implant alloy MP35N were investigated. One surface structure was a natural texture resulting from direct bombardment by 1 keV argon ions. The other structure was a pattern of square holes milled into the surface by a 1 keV argon ion beam through a Ni screen mask. The etched surfaces were subjected to tensile stress only in fatigue tests designed to simulate the cyclic load conditions experienced by the stems of artificial hip joint implants. Both types of sputter etched surface structures were found to reduce the fatigue strength below that of smooth surface MP35N.

Wintucky, E. G.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Enable High-Energy LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 by Ultra-Thin Coating through Wet Impregnation

A high cut-off voltage is required for nickel-rich layered oxide LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) to meet the high energy density requirement of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. However, such a high voltage application leads to an unstable interface between NCM and liquid electrolytes. To stabilize the interface, the facile wet impregnation method has been developed to apply an ultra-thin Al2O3 coating layer on the NCM particles. This coating layer was found to have a strong interaction with the NCM and resulted in Al-doped NCM at the surface structure of NCM. The change of surface structure can not only reduce the surface resistance of lithium diffusion of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523), but also stabilize the solid electrolyte interface between NCM523 and the electrolyte with the cut-off voltage of 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+. Compared to other coating methods, wet impregnation coating can provide an ultra-thin and uniform coating with surface doping on NCM particles. Furthermore, this scalable coating method can be applied to various electrode materials without adding much additional cost.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Thermal Performance of Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Lattice Structures in Single-Phase Dielectric Fluid Cooling of Power Electronics

Additive manufacturing has transformed thermal management by enabling the production of complex, optimized geometries that conventional manufacturing methods cannot achieve. This study investigates the single-phase convective heat transfer performance of gyroid triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattice structures with functional porosity. TPMS structures provide high surface area to volume ratios and are amenable to 3D printing. A gyroid numerical model was created and validated against an existing experimental study with a similar feature size to the investigated geometries. The TPMS structure has a periodic width of 1.6 mm, a length of 10 mm, and a height of 4 mm, with a functional porosity ranging from 0.5 to 0.8, decreasing with distance from the heated surface. Three different flow configurations were examined for an inlet fluid temperature of 70 °C. The inlet velocities range from 0.01 to 1.2 m/s, corresponding to a Reynolds number range of 10–900 with a heat flux of 50 W/cm 2 applied at the base. AmpCool ® AC-110 dielectric fluid (Prandtl number 59.5) was used as the coolant. Thermal performance and friction characteristics were studied for the three flow orientations. The parallel flow configuration was identified as the most efficient for heat removal. A detailed analysis of the numerical results highlights the underlying physics behind the thermal performance differences among the flow configurations.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
NASA NTRS1998

Experimental Techniques Verified for Determining Yield and Flow Surfaces

Structural components in aircraft engines are subjected to multiaxial loads when in service. For such components, life prediction methodologies are dependent on the accuracy of the constitutive models that determine the elastic and inelastic portions of a loading cycle. A threshold surface (such as a yield surface) is customarily used to differentiate between reversible and irreversible flow. For elastoplastic materials, a yield surface can be used to delimit the elastic region in a given stress space. The concept of a yield surface is central to the mathematical formulation of a classical plasticity theory, but at elevated temperatures, material response can be highly time dependent. Thus, viscoplastic theories have been developed to account for this time dependency. Since the key to many of these theories is experimental validation, the objective of this work (refs. 1 and 2) at the NASA Lewis Research Center was to verify that current laboratory techniques and equipment are sufficient to determine flow surfaces at elevated temperatures. By probing many times in the axial-torsional stress space, we could define the yield and flow surfaces. A small offset definition of yield (10 me) was used to delineate the boundary between reversible and irreversible behavior so that the material state remained essentially unchanged and multiple probes could be done on the same specimen. The strain was measured with an off-the-shelf multiaxial extensometer that could measure the axial and torsional strains over a wide range of temperatures. The accuracy and resolution of this extensometer was verified by comparing its data with strain gauge data at room temperature. The extensometer was found to have sufficient resolution for these experiments. In addition, the amount of crosstalk (i.e., the accumulation of apparent strain in one direction when strain in the other direction is applied) was found to be negligible. Tubular specimens were induction heated to determine the flow surfaces at elevated temperatures. The heating system induced a large amount of noise in the data. By reducing thermal fluctuations and using appropriate data averaging schemes, we could render the noise inconsequential. Thus, accurate and reproducible flow surfaces (see the figure) could be obtained.

Lerch, Brad A.↗
NASA NTRS2011

The QWIP Focal Plane Assembly for NASA's Landsat Data Continuity Mission

The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) is a QWIP based instrument intended to supplement the Operational Land Imager (OLI) for the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM). The TIRS instrument is a dual channel far infrared imager with the two bands centered at 10.8 m and 12.0 m. The focal plane assembly (FPA) consists of three 640x512 GaAs Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) arrays precisely mounted to a silicon carrier substrate that is mounted on an invar baseplate. The two spectral bands are defined by bandpass filters mounted in close proximity to the detector surfaces. The focal plane operating temperature is 43K. The QWIP arrays are hybridized to Indigo ISC9803 readout integrated circuits (ROICs). Two varieties of QWIP detector arrays are being developed for this project, a corrugated surface structure QWIP and a grating surface structure QWIP. This paper will describe the TIRS system noise equivalent temperature difference sensitivity as it affects the QWIP focal plane performance requirements: spectral response, dark current, conversion efficiency, read noise, temperature stability, pixel uniformity, optical crosstalk and pixel yield. Additional mechanical constraints as well as qualification through Technology Readiness Level 6 (TRL 6) will also be discussed.

Jhabvala, M.↗
NASA NTRS2010

The QWIP Focal Plane Assembly for NASA's Landsat Data Continuity Mission

The Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) is a QWIP based instrument intended to supplement the Operational Land Imager (OLI) for the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM). The TIRS instrument is a dual channel far infrared imager with the two bands centered at 10.8[mu]m and 12.0[mu]m. The focal plane assembly (FPA) consists of three 640x512 GaAs Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) arrays precisely mounted to a silicon carrier substrate that is mounted on an invar baseplate. The two spectral bands are defined by bandpass filters mounted in close proximity to the detector surfaces. The focal plane operating temperature is 43K. The QWIP arrays are hybridized to Indigo ISC9803 readout integrated circuits (ROICs). Two varieties of QWIP detector arrays are being developed for this project, a corrugated surface structure QWIP and a grating surface structure QWIP. This paper will describe the TIRS system noise equivalent temperature difference sensitivity as it affects the QWIP focal plane performance requirements: spectral response, dark current, conversion efficiency, read noise, temperature stability, pixel uniformity, optical crosstalk and pixel yield. Additional mechanical constraints as well as qualification through Technology Readiness Level 6 (TRL 6) will also be discussed.

Jhabvala, M↗