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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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DOE OSTI2022

Radiation Hardened Foam Cold Test Plan – Phase-I: Foam Adhesion, Contamination Fixation, Moisture Stresses, Pipe Cutting, and Thermal Profile Testing

This document outlines the Phase-I test objectives and implementation plan for a down-selective foam fixative technology intended to facilitate activities in support of the Savannah River Site (SRS) F/H labs deactivation and decommissioning (D&D) efforts. It is a collaborative effort between Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL), Florida International University (FIU), and the SRS F/H labs team intended to test and evaluate the potential of an intumescent, fire-retardant foam in mitigating the release of contamination during dismantling operations on radioactively contaminated piping in legacy facilities. The cold test plan addresses specific requirements highlighted by site and safety personnel and will be executed in FIU’s Outdoor Test and Evaluation Facility using a mock-up that replicates the operational conditions at the proposed hot test location at F/H labs. Results from the cold test plan will inform the hot test at F/H labs, which will use the foam fixative to confine and/or isolate residual contamination within a 3-dimensional void space of Hastelloy C-22 piping designated for removal from the site and transported to a proper disposal facility. Phase-I testing will address eight test objectives: (1) evaluation of the adhesion and bonding properties of foam fixative in piping, (2) evaluation of the adhesion of the foam fixative in piping under varying moisture conditions, (3) determination of the heat profile of the foam fixative during curing, (4) determination of the relationship between pipe diameter and foam fixative quantity, (5) determination of the internal pipe pressure after foam deployment and curing, (6) development of a leak test standard operating procedure to test for the effectiveness of the foam plug, (7) initiation of a literature review to determine if using a hot tap is a viable method to deliver foam into piping, and (8) initiation of a 10-foot mock up test that will be used in Phase-II cold testing. The cold test will be conducted at FIU and all testing activities will comply with SRNL Conduct of R&D Protocols (SRNL-IM-2020-00019).

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2021

COVID-19 Testing R&D (Final Report)

Eleven Labs within the US Department of Energy (DOE), National Virtual Biotechnology Laboratory (NVBL), came together as a team to address significant R&D gaps in COVID-19 testing. Beginning in March 2020, the NVBL COVID Testing Team developed an R&D agenda, worked with DOE and other agencies to set priorities, and collaborated to deliver timely results. Priority was given to quick implementation as well as development of novel capabilities for immediate and evolving pandemic needs without placing additional burden on operational performers. Priority elements capitalized on DOE National Laboratory strengths and expertise. The Team delivered: testing and evaluation that enabled decisions on testing options, forwardleaning approaches to prepare for future scale-up needs, and models and experiments that supported prioritization of diagnostic and therapeutic candidates.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Radiation Hardened Foam Cold Test Plan - Phase II: Foam Characterization Testing and Environmental Chamber Testing of FoamBag Fixative Foam

This document outlines the Phase II test objectives and implementation plan for a down-select foam fixative technology intended to facilitate activities in support of the Savannah River Site (SRS) F/H labs deactivation and decommissioning (D&D) efforts. It is a collaborative effort between Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL), Florida International University (FIU), and the SRS F/H labs team intended to test and evaluate the potential of a polyurethane resin foam in mitigating the release of contamination during dismantling operations on radioactively contaminated piping in legacy facilities. The cold test plan addresses specific requirements highlighted by site and safety personnel and will be executed at FIU and SRNL test and lab facilities. Results from the cold tests will inform the hot test at F/H labs, which will use the foam fixative to confine and/or isolate residual contamination within a 3-dimensional void space of Hastelloy C-22 piping designated for removal from the area and transported to a designated disposal facility. Phase I testing was previously conducted using Hilti CP620 fixative foam. Results from Phase I testing indicate Hilti CP-620 fixative foam is incompatible with SRS site hot taps as an effective foam delivery method into Hastelloy C-22 piping. Phase II testing will be conducted using FoamBag TM fixative foam as an alternative fixative foam option. Phase II testing will address eight test objectives: (1) evaluation of the adhesion and bonding properties of FoamBag TM in Hastelloy C-22 piping, (2) evaluation of the adhesion of FoamBag TM in piping under various moisture conditions, (3) determination of the heat profile of FoamBag TM during curing, (4) determination of the internal pipe pressure after FoamBag TM deployment and curing, (5) conduct a leak test to determine if FoamBag TM is effective at creating a full seal within piping, (6) headspace testing of FoamBag TM to determine if there are any associated off-gas hazards during FoamBag TM curing, (7) conduct environmental chamber testing of FoamBag TM to understand how environmental parameters impacts FoamBag TM curing, and (8) conduct fire testing to evaluate FoamBag TM fire retardant characteristics.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Grey Zone Test Range Integrated Urban Simulation Environment

Sandia National Laboratories is part of the government test and evaluation team for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Collection and Monitoring via Planning for Active Situational Scenarios program. The program is designed to better understand competition in the area between peace and conventional conflict when adversary actions are subtle and difficult to detect. For the purposes of test and evaluation, Sandia conducted a range of activities for the program: creation of the Grey Zone Test Range; design of the data stream for a user experiment conducted with U.S. Indo-Pacific Command; design, implementation, and execution of the formal evaluation; and analysis and summary of the evaluation results. This report details Sandia's activities and provides additional information on the Grey Zone Test Range urban simulation environment developed to evaluate the performer technologies.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
DOE OSTI2021

Characterization of Embedded Sensors in Stainless Steel Test Articles and Design/Planning for MAGNET Testing

The nuclear industry is pursuing microreactors that can be factory assembled and deployed to remote regions for reliable power generation. One class of microreactors uses a monolithic metal core block coupled to heat pipes for heat rejection, which results in significant thermal stresses in the monolithic structures. This work describes the initial characterization and test plan for evaluating stainless steel test articles fabricated with embedded sensors for measuring heat pipe performance limits, as well as spatially distributed temperatures and strains during electrically heated thermal testing. The electrically heated testing will be performed in the non-nuclear Microreactor Agile Non-Nuclear Testbed and Single Primary Heat Extraction and Removal Emulator facilities located at Idaho National Laboratory. The goals of these tests are to (1) accurately monitor temperature and strain distributions that result from differential thermal expansion in the test articles and (2) quantify heat rejection limits of heat pipes as a function of operating temperature and working fluid during steady-state and transient operations. More generally, the ability to monitor component and system health during microreactor operation is attractive for providing a high sensor density to inform a limited number of microreactor operators to ultimately reduce operation and maintenance costs and move toward semi-autonomous operation. This report discusses the characterization of embedded thermocouples and fiber optic sensors in relevant test articles, including cylindrical pipes and hexagonal monolithic test articles for heat pipe-based reactors. The sensors were embedded by placing them in machined channels and then building up additional material by using ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM). UAM is a solid-state welding process that uses downward pressure and a lateral scrubbing motion to bond thin metal foils to a base material layer by layer. The ultrasonic welding process relies on the plastic deformation of the metal—as opposed to typical melting and solidification—to break oxide scales and bond the metal layers. The characterization of these embedded sensors included evaluating fiber optic signal attenuation, observing residual strain in the fibers, investigating microstructural and mechanical aspects, and demonstrating the sensors under various thermal loads and acoustic vibrations. Post-embedding characterization showed a fine grain structure (<1 μm) near the interfaces of the bonded foils as a result of severe deformation from the welding process. A large increase in hardness was observed at the foil interfaces and the fiber/matrix interface compared with the bulk matrix. Even when compared with the SS304 interfaces, the higher hardness observed around the embedded fiber suggests a higher degree of deformation due to the soft metal coating around the silica fiber core. The distributed fiber-optic temperature sensors and embedded thermocouples reliably measured temperature distributions during steady-state and transient thermal testing. The embedded fiber-optic sensors reliably measured strain during both transient and steady-state testing and properly identified resonant frequencies during acoustic testing.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Electrification: 2023 Final Progress Report

This project proposes to develop a high-power density, high speed traction motor architecture called QMag, driven by a high-power density motor drive inverter using silicon carbide semiconductor devices. This new architecture will achieve the efficiency and power density targets by means of innovative winding and rotor structures, high bandwidth controls, and advanced thermal management solutions. The project team will pursue the goals of the project systematically, through Finite Element Analysis for machine design, through simulation and co-simulation techniques for power electronics and controls evaluation, and finally system design, fabrication, testing and evaluation. If this project successfully achieves and demonstrates the DOE targets for power density, cost, and reliability, the technology has the potential to become a core enabler of the flagship higher power product portfolio in commercial traction businesses, which has so far been confined to DC, induction, Brush Less DC (BLDC), Permanent Magnet AC (PMAC), and reluctance machines.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

The status of the Japanese material properties handbook and the challenge to facilitate structural design criteria for DEMO in-vessel components

This work summarizes the current status of the material properties handbook for a structural design using Japanese reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steel F82H. Specifically, the key structural parameters, e.g. time-independent/dependent design stresses and fatigue design curves, were determined by following the French structural design code RCC-MRx. Moreover, under the Japan–U.S. collaboration, tensile data were newly added to the benchmark heavy irradiation data up to 80 dpa, as critical input information in the intermediate check and review in Japan. Furthermore, the status of structural material data and the near-term and long-term issues were clarified by the evaluation using the attribute guides. In parallel, the structural design approaches, which were newly introduced and extended to cope with the structural design issues under the complex environmental conditions peculiar to the DEMO reactor, were noted with the initial R&D results. Of the many design issues, the multi-axial loading conditions due to the complexity of the DEMO reactor as well as the coolant compatibility and the irradiation effect are mentioned. For example, in the paper, multi-axial fatigue–creep testing and evaluation using the modified universal slope method and brittle/ductile fracture testing and evaluation using the local approach are explained toward DEMO.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Analysis of Uncertainty Impacts on Emissions and Fuel Economy Evaluation for Chassis Dynamometer Testing

This study illustrates a methodology for quantifying the uncertainties encountered in the measurement of tailpipe emissions and in the fuel consumption measurements for light-duty conventional vehicles tested on a four-wheel drive chassis dynamometer. The study leverages high-fidelity experimental data collected over three standard drive cycles, UDDS, HWY and US06, intended to simulate a wide range of operating conditions. Here, a method is developed to estimate the measurement uncertainties in fuel consumption for a test cycle, which occur due to the accumulation of measurement uncertainties propagated through the system. The uncertainty determination model uses statistical analysis and standard propagation techniques to evaluate and combine the uncertainties introduced from various sources (including the vehicle, chassis dynamometer, driver, and instrumentation). The analysis also examines three different experimental methods for determining the fuel consumption: 1) carbon mass balance, 2) volumetric fuel scale and 3) gravimetric fuel scale, and takes into consideration the properties of the instrumentation used. The results show that the most significant influence on the determination of the emissions comes from the concentration measurement, and similarly the biggest impact on the total fuel consumption uncertainty comes from the uncertainty in the determination of the carbon dioxide mass, due to the large presence of this pollutant in the overall emissions. It was found that the fuel consumption uncertainties are in the range of ±1-2% for all three methods analyzed, with the lowest values being obtained for measurements performed using the gravimetric method for all three drive cycles considered.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Mechanical Test Frame for Property Evaluations at Cryogenic Temperature

On-board storage of hydrogen fuel has been designated as a limiting factor in the advancement of fuel cell technologies in the automotive industry. The use of cryo-compressed Type III pressure vessels presents one option to overcome this barrier. These multi-material vessels will be expected to perform at high pressure and extreme low temperatures, which creates a complex engineering design challenge. Many materials exhibit highly temperature-dependent properties, which must be considered for the efficient design of cryo-compressed pressure vessels. Complicating this issue, mechanical property data at cryogenic temperatures is sparse. This technical paper provides a description of a test apparatus commissioned specifically to help address this shortcoming. A mechanical test frame was retrofitted with a continuous flow cryostat capable to evaluate various mechanical properties throughout a broad temperature range of 25 °C to -269 °C with a load limit of 10 kN. An investigation of the thermomechanical properties of an epoxy resin was carried out as a demonstration.

Mechanical characterization, cryogenic pressure ve↗
DOE OSTI2022

High throughput embryonic zebrafish test with automated dechorionation to evaluate nanomaterial toxicity

Engineered nanomaterials pose occupational health and environmental concerns as they possess unique physical and chemical properties that can contribute to toxicity. High throughput toxicity screening methods are needed to address the increasing number of nanomaterials in production. Here we used a zebrafish photomotor response (PMR) test to evaluate a set of fifteen nanomaterials with military relevance. Automated dechorionation of zebrafish embryos was used to enhance nanomaterials bioavailability. Optimal PMR activity in zebrafish embryos was found at 30–31 hours post-fertilization (hpf). Behavioral and toxicological responses were measured at 30 and 120 hpf; behavioral responses were found for thirteen of the fifteen nanomaterials and acute toxicity (LC50) levels for nine of the fifteen nanomaterials below the maximum test concentration of 500 μg/ml. Physico-chemical characterization of the nanomaterials detected endotoxin and bacterial contamination in two of the tested samples, which may have contributed to observed toxicity and reinforces the need for physical and chemical characterization of nanomaterials use in toxicity testing. The zebrafish PMR test, together with automated dechorionation, provides an initial rapid assessment of the behavioral effects and toxicity of engineered nanomaterials that can be followed up by physico-chemical characterization if toxicity is detected, reducing the amount of time and monetary constraints of physico-chemical testing.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Access Capabilities Through Ccs Communications Protocol (acccs)

AcCCS is a collection of scripts that leverage open-source code, off-the-shelf hardware, and published protocol specifications to create a flexible and inexpensive test and evaluation device for the Electric Vehicle industry. AcCCS is capable of emulating either an Electric Vehicle (EV) or Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). It provides a flexible set of Python scripts to test and evaluate the various communication protocols between the Electric Vehicle Communication Controller (EVCC) and Supply Equipment Communication Controller (SECC). This capability is useful for cybersecurity researchers, automotive OEMs, and EVSE manufactures.

Rohde, KennethW [Idaho National Laboratory (INL), ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Development of the 3 m{sup 3} Low Level Radioactive Waste Container in Taiwan - 20037

Chinshan Nuclear Power Plant stopped its business operation in July, 2019, and Kuosheng Nuclear Power Plant will also be permanently shut down in 2023. Nuclear Reactor Facilities Regulation Act requires a nuclear facility must be dismantled in 25 years after being permanently ceased operation. According to the approved decommissioning plan of Chinshan Nuclear Power Plant and the proposed one of Kuosheng Nuclear Power Plant, the 3 m{sup 3} low level radioactive waste container is planned to store the low level radioactive wastes with higher radiation produced during the decommissioning. However, 3 m{sup 3} low level radioactive waste containers are not used or developed in Taiwan before. To meet such need, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research develops a new type of 3 m{sup 3} low level radioactive waste container and performs the corresponding analyses and tests based on Guidelines of Applying the Usage License of Low Level Radioactive Waste Containers and Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material. In this article, it provides the information of the low level radioactive waste containers that have been approved or is under reviewing in Taiwan, and so do the design specifications of the developed 3 m{sup 3} waste container. Besides, the numerical evaluation and test results of the developed 3 m{sup 3} waste container are also included in this article. Based on the evaluation and test results, the developed 3 m{sup 3} waste container satisfies the requirements of the storage container and industrial package type 2. Institute of Nuclear Energy Research will submit the usage license applications to the authority this year, and the usage licenses would be granted in 2021, expectedly. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Attack-resilient algorithms and testbed federation for wide-area protection and control in smart grid

Today’s energy infrastructure is undergoing a massive transformation across all generation, transmission, and distribution systems to provide reliability, efficiency, and sustainability to the power system network. During the past 10 years, there has been a remarkable enhancement in developing close-loop wide-area protection and control (WAPAC) applications, such as automatic generation control (AGC), wide-area protection scheme (WAPS), synchrophasor-based wide-area voltage control system (WAVCS), etc., in the energy management system (EMS) to provide an adequate situational awareness to control center operators during physical disturbances and natural events. The rapid digitalization, unencrypted communication, and numerous data-sharing devices have increased digital access points that have exposed the grid network to countless cyberattacks pertinent to the WAPAC cybersecurity. Given the amount of complex grid network coupled with legacy infrastructures, it is untrustworthy to completely rely on information technology (IT)-based conventional security measures to defend against evolving cyberattacks. Hence, there is a compelling need to go beyond the traditional paradigm of ‘security by obscurity’ and ‘bolt-on’ security measures, and develop a suite of innovative security solutions at multiple layers to transform the current “fault-resilient” grid into “fault and attack-resilient” grid of the future. This dissertation specifically focuses on developing application-specific attack-resilient solutions for critical WAPAC applications in the smart grid. The first part of the study, Attack-Resilient Wide-Area Protection Scheme, presents a cyber-physical attack-resilient system (CPARS) for WAPS, where two anomaly detection methods are proposed to detect multi-level cyberattacks followed by the rules-based intrusion mitigation system (RIMS) to initiate effective mitigation strategies, tailored to these attacks, to restore the normal grid operation after disturbances. The first anomaly detection component, Machine learning-based Anomaly Detection for Centralized WAPS, discusses a novel architecture and methodology for developing a machine-learning-based anomaly detection system (ADS) for the centralized wide-area protection system (CWAPS) by applying the variational mode decomposition (VMD) technique and decision tree (DT) algorithms using cyber logs and synchrophasor measurements. The second component, Multi-Agent-based Anomaly Detection for Decentralized WAPS, presents a two-level hierarchical multi-agent-based decentralized WAPS against the system-aware stealthy cyber-attacks. Finally, for the RIMS, the state transition diagram-based mitigation measures are defined based on the grid operation states and experimental testing and evaluation are presented in a cyber-physical testbed environment. The second part of the study, Attack-Resilient Wide-Area Voltage Control System, addresses the existing vulnerabilities in the wide-area voltage control system (WAVCS), presents the methodology for performing an impact analysis during data integrity attacks, and proposes a data-driven attackresilient system (DARS) by incorporating machine learning-based ADS and rules-based anomaly mitigation system (RAMS) to detect these attacks and provide necessary mitigation actions to maintain the transient voltage stability after disturbances. Finally, the third part, Networked Federation Testbed (NEFTSec) for Smart Grid Cybersecurity, focuses on developing an interconnected federated testbed through a common network like the internet, describes its conceptual architectures, and also presents its design components for experimental testing, validation, and evaluation. Further, it presents the co-simulation interface algorithm (CIA) to facilitate the geographically-dispersed real-time distributed simulation (GD-RTDS) during the cyber-physical federation. In general, this dissertation presents innovative attack-resilient solutions for WAPAC applications that are experimentally tested and evaluated using the PowerCyber testbed and NEFTSec platform to accelerate the transition of state-of-the-art research works to the real-field deployments.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Dynamic Building Load Control to Facilitate High Penetration of Solar Photovoltaic Generation (Final Technical Report)

Solar photovoltaic (PV) resources are the most common form of distributed generation in residential and commercial customer premises within electric distribution networks. A higher penetration of PV generation in distribution circuits will impose challenges on maintaining service voltages within the range of industry standards, power quality, and power flow. Buildings consume 74% of the electricity produced in the United States, and a significant portion of the building load is dispatchable, making them responsive to electrical grid needs. Oak Ridge National Laboratory—in collaboration with Southern Company; the University of Tennessee, Knoxville; and the Georgia Institute of Technology—is examining the PV integration issues in distribution-level electrical grids and developing integrated demand-side control and communication systems to enable responsive loads. The proposed responsive loads mechanism performs renewable generation following to increase the penetration of solar PV within each feeder. The specific objectives of this project are to (1) examine distribution-level PV integration scenarios to understand requirements, (2) undertake an end-to-end simulation-based design of a distributed control strategy of loads geographically near the PV generation asset to minimize the effect on the distribution feeder, (3) deploy and demonstrate the control technology developed in partnership with utilities, and (4) perform a scalability analysis at the utility scale. This 3-year integrated project aims to develop, demonstrate, and validate demand-side control technology to enable increased the penetration of renewables while mitigating challenges that arise due to their intermittency. Activities in Budget Period (BP) 1 focused on a literature review and the formal design of a control system for integrating local distribution with generation and loads. The team used modeling and simulation to evaluate the impact of varying buildings loads, variable PV generation, and power flow dynamics on the distribution circuit. The dynamic models developed in BP 1 were used in BP 2 to develop a model-based control design and a test bed. The test bed has enabled the simulation-based testing and comparison of different control designs and formulations applied to different configurations of the distribution grid, PVs, and building loads. The control approaches developed in BP 2 were implemented in BP 3 in the form of hardware deployed at the Central Baptist Church (CBC) in Knoxville, Tennessee, for testing and evaluation. The outcome of this project was the development and demonstration of open-source, low-cost, low-touch sensing and control retrofits to distributed PV generation and building loads that, in a coordinated fashion, provide the load-shaping response needed to integrate high levels of renewable penetration. This research addresses the target metrics by dynamically controlling a load with solar generation variability to minimize the extent of two-way power flow, enhance reliability, facilitate high PV penetration (>100% of peak load in a line segment), and generate scalable software and hardware solutions adaptable to any penetration levels. The research and development activities are focused and designed to be impactful within the relevant 2020 targets time frame.An accurate open-source integration simulation framework for end-to-end control design was developed and deployed at the CBC facility for testing and evaluation. This final report provides a detailed review of the technical results achieved during this 3-year integrated project. A novel spectral analysis of PV data is demonstrated to derive the requirements of the control design. A detailed simulation-based analysis of PV integration at increasing penetration levels is presented using 1 year of PV data to demonstrate the impact on the distribution circuits. Two different control strategies were developed and demonstrated via simulation to track variable PV generation with adaptive load dispatch. The report concludes with a summary of accomplishments and recommendations for a path forward.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Design and Evaluation of a Model-Free Frequency Control Strategy in Islanded Microgrids with Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing

The deterioration of inertial and primary frequency response of islanded microgrids has been a crucial issue for the proper operation of such microgrids. Several approaches, including inertia emulation strategies, have been proposed to improve the primary frequency response. However, the demonstrations of most inertia emulation research works are based on simulation-only testing which hinder their applicability in the field. In this paper, a novel model-free control (MFC) strategy for frequency response support in a diesel-wind microgrid system is presented, and it is tested for evaluation using a power-hardware-in-the-Ioop (PHIL) platform. The PHIL testing is one step closer to field testing since it allows real-time verification and accounts for the nonlinear grid dynamics, noise, and time delays that are usually ignored in simulation-only environments. The proposed MFC strategy is fully distributed, has low computational requirements, and can be easily implemented in resource constrained devices such as smart inverters. A PHIL microgrid platform consisting of two type-3 wind turbine generators and one diesel generator is used to test the proposed MFC strategy.

Ferrari Maglia, Max↗
DOE OSTI2020

Distributed Intrusion Detection System using Semantic-based Rules for SCADA in Smart Grid

Cyber-physical system (CPS) security for the smart grid enables secure communication for the SCADA and wide-area measurement system data. Power utilities world-wide use various SCADA protocols, namely DNP3, Modbus, and IEC 61850, for the data exchanges across substation field devices, remote terminal units (RTUs), and control center applications. Adversaries may exploit compromised SCADA protocols for the reconnaissance, data exfiltration, vulnerability assessment, and injection of stealthy cyberattacks to affect power system operation. In this paper, we propose an efficient algorithm to generate robust rule sets. We integrate the rule sets into an intrusion detection system (IDS), which continuously monitors the DNP3 data traffic at a substation network and detects intrusions and anomalies in real-time. To enable CPS-aware wide-area situational awareness, we integrated the methodology into an open-source distributed-IDS (D-IDS) framework. The D-IDS facilitates central monitoring of the detected anomalies from the geographically distributed substations and to the control center. The proposed algorithm provides an optimal solution to detect network intrusions and abnormal behavior. Different types of IDS rules based on packet payload, packet flow, and time threshold are generated. Further, IDS testing and evaluation is performed with a set of rules in different sequences. The detection time is measured for different IDS rules, and the results are plotted. All the experiments are conducted at Power Cyber Lab, Iowa State University, for multiple power grid models. After successful testing and evaluation, knowledge and implementation are transferred to field deployment.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

The development and application of the stirred‐reactor coupon analysis (SRCA) test method

A new technique, termed the stirred‐reactor coupon analysis (SRCA) method, has been developed to measure the rate of glass dissolution in forward‐rate conditions. Monolithic glass coupons are partially masked with an inert material before placement in a large volume of well‐mixed solution with known chemistry and temperature for a predetermined duration. After the test, the mask is removed, and the difference in step height between the protected area and the exposed corroded portions of the sample coupon is measured to determine the extent of glass dissolution. The step height is converted to a rate measurement using the test duration and glass density. Test parameters such as sample surface preparation and test duration were evaluated to determine their effects on the measured rates. Additionally, results from an interlaboratory study (ILS) consisting of 12 laboratories from 11 different institutions are presented, where each laboratory performed 12 independent tests. When removing experimental outlier data, the 95% reproducibility limits for the SRCA method has no statistical difference with previously published standardized test methods used to determine the forward rate of glass dissolution. Overall, this paper describes steps necessary to perform the test method and provides the statistical calculations to evaluate test accuracy.

chemical durability↗
DOE OSTI2020

Example Evaluation of a Representative Heat Pipe Test Article Design for Structural Acceptability using ASME Design Rules

This report describes a design analysis of a test article mimicking a core block of a heat-pipe mi-croreactor using the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section III, Division 5, Subsection HB, Subpart B rules. These rules cover the design and construction of elevated temperature nu-clear reactor structural components, like the core block of a heat-pipe microreactor emulated by the test article. The purposes of the report are to: (1) provide a step-by-step example of applying the ASME rules to a reasonable core block geometry and corresponding loading conditions, (2) to provide design feedback on the test article, and (3) to evaluate the ASME rules for use in the design of complex heat-pipe microreactor components. The test article design has a relatively short ASME design life, limited by high thermal stresses. The current ASME rules are adequate for evaluating the core block component designs, though they could be optimized to increase the design efficiency and reduce the amount of designer/analyst time required to execute the design process. The report covers both the current, 2019 edition ASME rules and modified, currently unapproved, rules designed to improve the design process for components with complex geometries and high secondary stresses, like the core block test article.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗