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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1993

Application of the shadowgraph flow visualization technique to a full-scale helicopter rotor in hover and forward flight

The wide-field shadowgraph flow visualization technique was used for the first time with a full-scale helicopter rotor. This was accomplished during testing of a Sikorsky S-76 main rotor in the NASA Ames National Full-Scale Aerodynamics Complex (NFAC) 80- by 120-Foot Wind Tunnel. Hover, low-speed forward flight, and descent operating conditions were studied. Preliminary results are very promising with rotor wake tip vortices visible up to an advance ratio of 0.25. In addition, many details of the rotor wake were visible, including tip vortex roll-up, inboard wake vorticity, and flow unsteadiness due to test section recirculation effects in hover. Shadowgraphs of blade/vortex interactions were also acquired. Simultaneous top and side view shadowgraphs of the rotor wake were acquired by a newly developed synchronized digital imaging system. The imaging system proved to be a highly successful tool which made real-time examination of selected regions of the rotor wake possible.

Swanson, Alexandra A.↗
NASA NTRS2006

Update on the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)

The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), a NASA MIDEX mission, will survey the entire sky in four bands from 3.3 to 23 microns with a sensitivity 1000 times greater than the IRAS survey. The WISE survey will extend the Two Micron All Sky Survey into the thermal infrared and will provide an important catalog for the James Webb Space Telescope. Using 1024(sup 2) HgCdTe and Si:As arrays at 3.3, 4.7, 12 and 23 microns, WISE will find the most luminous galaxies in the universe, the closest stars to the Sun, and it will detect most of the main belt asteroids larger than 3 km. The single WISE instrument consists of a 40 cm diamond-turned aluminum afocal telescope, a two-stage solid hydrogen cryostat, a scan mirror mechanism, and reimaging optics giving 5 resolution (full-width-half-maximum). The use of dichroics and beamsplitters allows four color images of a 47' x47' field of view to be taken every 8.8 seconds, synchronized with the orbital motion to provide total sky coverage with overlap between revolutions. WISE will be placed into a Sun-synchronous polar orbit on a Delta 7320-10 launch vehicle. The WISE survey approach is simple and efficient. The three-axis-stabilized spacecraft rotates at a constant rate while the scan mirror freezes the telescope line of sight during each exposure. WISE has completed its mission Preliminary Design Review and its NASA Confirmation Review, and the project is awaiting confirmation from NASA to proceed to the Critical Design phase. Much of the payload hardware is now complete, and assembly of the payload will occur over the next year. WISE is scheduled to launch in late 2009; the project web site can be found at www.wise.ssl.berkeley.edu.

aster↗
DOE OSTI2025

Dark Energy Survey Year 6 Results: Redshift Calibration of the Weak Lensing Source Galaxies

Determining the distribution of redshifts for galaxies in wide-field photometric surveys is essential for robust cosmological studies of weak gravitational lensing. We present the methodology, calibrated redshift distributions, and uncertainties of the final Dark Energy Survey Year 6 (Y6) weak lensing galaxy data, divided into four redshift bins centered at $\langle z \rangle = [0.414, 0.538, 0.846, 1.157]$. We combine independent information from two methods on the full shape of redshift distributions: optical and near-infrared photometry within an improved Self-Organizing Map $p(z)$ (SOMPZ) framework, and cross-correlations with spectroscopic galaxy clustering measurements (WZ), which we demonstrate to be consistent both in terms of the redshift calibration itself and in terms of resulting cosmological constraints within 0.1$σ$. We describe the process used to produce an ensemble of redshift distributions that account for several known sources of uncertainty. Among these, imperfection in the calibration sample due to the lack of faint, representative spectra is the dominant factor. The final uncertainty on mean redshift in each bin is $σ_{\langle z\rangle} = [0.012, 0.008,0.009, 0.024]$. We ensure the robustness of the redshift distributions by leveraging new image simulations and a cross-check with galaxy shape information via the shear ratio (SR) method.

Yin, B. [Duke U.] (ORCID:0009000656049980)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Luminosity and Stellar Mass Functions of Faint Photometric Satellites around Spectroscopic Central Galaxies from DESI Year-1 Bright Galaxy Survey

We measure the luminosity functions (LFs) and stellar mass functions (SMFs) of photometric satellite galaxies around spectroscopically identified isolated central galaxies (ICGs). The photometric satellites are from the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys (DR9), while the spectroscopic ICGs are selected from the DESI Year-1 BGS sample. We can measure satellite LFs down to r-band absolute magnitudes of M r,sat ∼ −7, around ICGs as small as 7.1 < log 10 M *,ICG /M ⊙ < 7.8, with the stellar mass of ICGs measured by the DESI Fastspecfit pipeline. The satellite SMF can be measured down to log 10 M *,sat /M ⊙ ~ 5.5. Interestingly, we discover that the faint/low-mass end slopes of satellite LFs/SMFs become steeper with the decrease in the stellar masses of host ICGs, with smaller and nearby host ICGs capable of being used to probe their fainter satellites. The steepest slopes can be −2.298 ± 0.656 and −2.888 ± 0.916 for satellite LF and SMF, respectively. Detailed comparisons are performed between the satellite LFs around ICGs selected from DESI BGS or from the SDSS NYU-VAGC spectroscopic Main galaxies over 7.1 < log 10 M *,ICG /M ⊙ < 11.7, showing reasonable agreement, but we show that differences between DESI and SDSS stellar masses for ICGs play a role to affect the results. We also compare measurements based on DESI Fastspecfit and Cigale stellar masses used to bin ICGs, with the latter including the modeling of active galactic nuclei based on Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer photometry, and we find good agreements in the measured satellite LFs by using either of the DESI stellar mass catalogs.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1979

An emission-line survey of the Milky Way

Direct photography of gaseous nebulae using interference filters to isolate individual emission lines is capable both of discriminating between different ions and of enhancing the visibility of nebulae by suppressing stellar images and the quasi-continuous sky background in favor of the chosen band pass. The instrumentation used in an examination of the ionization structure of emission nebulae and of the galactic plane in general, is described, as well as the characteristics of the prints obtained. Reasonable exposure times were obtained with the use of an image intensifier and five interference filters isolated the band passes chosen for the survey. A rough map of each field is presented with a print from the Becvar Skalnate Pleso covering the same area. The structural differences which the authors hoped to record can be seen in many of the fields included in this volume. For purposes of illustration, they are strikingly shown in the fields centered about the following "new" galactic coordinates, where l is longitude and b is latitude: I = 138 °, b = 0°; l = 293 °, b = 0°; and l = 263 °, b = 0 °. In addition to investigating the structure of known emission nebulae, the authors also hoped to find some new objects. By far the most striking of such discoveries is the new supernova remnant in the field l= 65.5 °, b = +5 °.

wide-field camera↗
NASA NTRS1984

Advanced wide-field broad-passband refracting field correctors for large telescopes

Design objectives, constraints, and optical data are presented for specific corrector designs under consideration for several large telescope projects. These include a preliminary 30-arcmin prime focus (f/2.0) refracting field corrector system for the University of California Ten-Meter Telescope (UC TMT); a compact 40-arcmin internal Cassegrain (f/1.75 hyperbola to f/5.0) broad-passband (3300 A to 1.0 micron) corrector suitable for imaging and multi-object spectroscopy at the UC TMT; three 60-arcmin Cassegrain correctors for 300-inch f/1.8 and f/2.0 parabolic primary mirrors suitable for a Fifteen-Meter NNTT/MMT; and a 300-inch 40-arcmin external Cassegrain (f/1.0 parabola to f/4.0) broad-passband (3300 A to 1.0 micron) corrector with ADC.

Epps, H. W.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Operation of the CCD/Transit Instrument (CTI)

The fully automated imaging survey telescope at Kitt Peak known as the CCD/Transit Instrument (CTI) has no moving parts, and employs two CCDs aligned east-west in the focal plane that are operated in the time delay and integrate mode, at the apparent sidereal rate, in order to produce a strip image of the sky. This image is 8.25-arcmin wide in declination and 8 hr in duration, to yield about 15 sq deg of sky from each night's survey; this, over the course of a year, represents more than 40 sq deg in a continuous strip. The CTI is addressing such astronomical tasks as the determination of the supernova production rate by counting, galactic structure investigations, and the definition of a complete sample of quasars. Attention is given to the CTI's bimetallic, thermally self-compensating structure and three-mirror wide-field optical system.

Mcgraw, J. T.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Plasma-tail activity and the interplanetary medium at Halley's Comet during Armada Week: 6-14 March 1986

The encounters of five spacecraft with Halley's Comet during 6-14 March 1986 offered a unique opportunity to calibrate the solar-wind interaction with cometary plasmas as recorded by remote wide-field and narrow-field/narrowband imaging. Perhaps not generally recognized in the comet community is the additional opportunity offered by the Halley Armada to study the structure of the solar-wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) in three dimensions using five sets of data obtained over similar time intervals and heliocentric distances, but at somewhat different heliolatitudes. In fact, the two problems, i.e., comet physics and the structure of the interplanetary medium, are coupled if one wants to understand what conditions pertained at the comet between the encounters. This relationship is discussed.

Niedner, Malcolm B., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1991

GRIS observations of positron annihilation radiation from the Galactic center

In the present Gamma-Ray Imaging Spectrometer (GRIS) observations, the 511 keV line has been spectrally resolved and the Galactic plane and center components have been independently measured. These data, in combination with those from other narrow-field observations in the 1980s, support the two-component model of the positron annihilation source. A strong hard-X-ray continuum was detected in the Galactic plane observation; this 'diffuse' continuum component solves the mystery as to why wide-field instruments have detected such high continuum emission from the Galactic center, in virtue of its source contributions.

Gehrels, N.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Imaging studies of comets

The Joint Observatory for Cometary Research's (JOCR) historical mission has been to provide understanding of large-scale interactions between bright comets and solar wind using wide-angle (Schmidt) imagery and spacecraft data; in this pursuit the JOCR has excelled. The 16 inch Newtonian/Cassegrain telescope was upgraded to permit filtered, narrow-field charge coupled device (CCD) imaging of both bright and faint comets. Thus, the goal of obtaining narrow-band imagery of the near-nuclear region of bright comets was added to JOCR's original mission with emphasis on ionization processes and total gas production. A 300 mm lens/CCD system exists with 3 degree field of view (FOV) which uses comet filters; this system bridges the gap between the wide-field (8 x 10 deg) Schmidt plates and the several-arcmin. field of the 16 inch telescope. JOCR is located under dark skies on South Baldy Mountain (el. 10,600 ft.) near Socorro, NM, and is one of the last truly dark sites in the continental U.S.

Niedner, Malcolm B., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1993

The HYDICE instrument design and its application to planetary instruments

The Hyperspectral Digital Imagery Collection Experiment (HYDICE) instrument represents a significant advance in the state of the art in hyperspectral sensors. It combines a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and significantly better spatial and spectral resolution and radio metric accuracy than systems flying on aircraft today. The need for 'clean' data, i.e., data free of sampling artifacts and excessive spatial or spectral noise, is a key driver behind the difficult combination of performance requirements laid out for HYDICE. Most of these involve the sensor optics and detector. This paper presents an optimized approach to those requirements, one that comprises push broom scanning, a single, mechanically cooled focal plane, a double-pass prism spectrometer, and an easily fabricated yet wide-field telescope. Central to the approach is a detector array that covers the entire spectrum from 0.4 to 2.5 microns. Among the major benefits conferred by such a design are optical and mechanical simplicity, low polarization sensitivity, and coverage of the entire spectrum without suffering the spectral gaps caused by beam splitters. The overall system minimizes interfaces to the C-141 aircraft on which it will be flown, can be calibrated on the ground and in flight to accuracies better than those required, and is designed for simple, push-button operation. Only unprocessed data are recorded during flight. A ground data processing station provides quick-look, calibration correction, and archiving capabilities, with a throughput better than the requirements. Overall performance of the system is expected to provide the solid database required to evaluate the potential of hyperspectral imagery in a wide variety of applications. HYDICE can be regarded as a test bed for future planetary instruments. The ability to spectrally image a wide field of view over multiple spectral octaves offers obvious advantages and is expected to maximize science return for the required cost and weight.

Basedow, R.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Galaxy pairs in deep HST images: Evidence for evolution in the galaxy merger rate

We use four deep serendipitous fields observed with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide-Field Camera to constrain the rate of galaxy merging between the current epoch and z approximately equals 0.7. Since most mergers occur between members of bound pairs, the merger rate is given to a good approximation by (half) the rate of disappearance of galaxies in pairs. An objective criterion for pair membership shows that 34% +/- 9% of our HST galaxies with I = 18-22 belong to pairs, compared to 7% locally. This means that about 13% of the galaxy population has disappeared due to merging in the cosmic epoch corresponding to this magnitude interval (or 0.1 approximately less than z approximately less than 0.7). Our pair fraction is a lower limit: correction for pair members falling below our detection threshold might raise the fraction to approximately 50%. Since we address only two-galaxy merging, these values do not include physical systems of higher multiplicity. Incorporating I-band field-galaxy redshift distributions, the pair fraction grows with redshift as alpha(1 + z)(exp 3.5 +/- 0.5) and the merger rate as (1 + z)(exp 2.5 +/- 0.5). This may have significant implications for the interpretation of galaxy counts (disappearance of faint blue galaxies), the cosmological evolution of faint radio sources and quasars (which evolve approximately as (1 + z)(exp 3), the similarity in the power law is necessary but not sufficient evidence for a causal relation), statistics of QSO companions, the galaxy content in distant clusters, and the merging history of a 'typical' galaxy.

Burkey, Jordan M.↗
NASA NTRS1994

The Hubble Space Telescope extragalactic distance scale key project. 2: Photometry of WFC images of M81

The Extragalactic Distance Scale (H(sub o)) Key Project for Hubble Space Telescope (HST) aims to employ the Cepheid period-luminosity (P-L) relation to measure galaxy distances out as far as the Virgo Cluster. The vital steps in this program are (1) to obtain precise photometry of stellar images from the Wide Field Camera (WFC) exposures of selected galaxies, and (2) to calibrate this photometry to obtain reliable distances to these galaxies from the Cepheid P-L relation. We have used the DAOPHOT II and ALLFRAME programs to determine 28 instrumental magnitudes -- 22 of F555W (of about V) and six of F785LP (of about I) -- of all stars brighter than V of about 25 in each of two 2.56 arcmin x 2.56 arcmin WFC fields of M81. The reductions use a varying point-spread function to account for the field effects in the WFC optics and yield instrumental magnitudes with single epoch precision ranging from 0.09 to 0.24 mag, at V of about 21.8 to 23.8 -- the magnitude range of the 30 Cepheids that we have now identified in M81. For brighter stars (V of about 22), single epoch magnitudes are precise to 0.09 mag. The photometric calibration onto the Johnson V and Kron-Cousins I systems was determined from independent ground-based CCD observing at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) 3.6 m (confirmed by the Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) 4.0 m) and from the Palomar 5.0 m (using the wide-field COSMIC camera) and 1.5 m telescopes. Secondary standards, taken from the COSMIC and CFHT frames, were established in each of the WFC fields in V and I, allowing a direct transformation from ALLFRAME magnitudes to calibrated V and I magnitudes, giving mean V of about 23 magnitudes accurate to of about +/- 0.1 mag. The stellar populations in M81 have been analyzed in terms of the luminosity functions and color magnitude diagrams (CMD) derived from these data, from which we identify numerous supergiants, and a CMD morphology similar to M33.

Hughes, Shaun M. G.↗
NASA NTRS2000

The HOLO Series: Critical Ground-Based Demonstrations of Holographic Scanning Lidars

Results of two lidar measurement campaigns are presented, HOLO-1 (Utah, March 1999) and HOLO-2 (New Hampshire, June 1999). These tests demonstrate the ability of lidars utilizing holographic optical elements (HOEs) to determine tropospheric wind velocity and direction at cloud altitude. Several instruments were employed. HOLO-1 used the 1,064 mm transmission-HOE lidar (HARLIE, Goddard Space Flight Center), a zenith-staring 532 nm lidar (AROL-2, Utah State University), and a wide-field video camera (SkyCam) for imagery of clouds overhead. HOLO-2 included these instruments plus the 532 nm reflection-HOE lidar (PHASERS, St. Anselm College). HARLIE and PHASERS scan the sky at constant cone angles of 45 deg. and 42 deg. from normal, respectively. The progress of clouds and entire cloud fields across the sky is tracked by the repetitive conical scans of the HOE lidars. AROL-2 provides the attitude information enabling the SkyCam cloud images to be analyzed for independent data on cloud motion. Data from the HOE lidars are reduced by means of correlations, visualization by animation techniques, and kinematic diagrams of cloud feature motion. Excellent agreement is observed between the HOE lidar results and those obtained with video imagery and lidar ranging.

Wilkerson, Thomas D.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Origin of Outer Solar System

We feel that at the present moment the available theoretical models of the Kuiper belt are still in advance of the data, and thus our main task has been to conduct observational work guided by theoretical motivations. Our efforts over the past year can be divided into four categories: A) Wide-field Searches for Kuiper Belt Objects; B) Pencil-beam Searches for Kuiper Belt Objects; C) Wide-field Searches for Moons of the Outer Planets; D) Pencil-beam Searches for Faint Uranian and Neptunian Moons; E) Recovery Observations. As of April 2002, we have conducted several searches for Kuiper belt objects using large-format mosaic CCD camera on 4-meter class telescopes. In May 1999, we used the Kitt Peak 4-meter with the NOAO Mosaic camera we attempted a search for KBOs at a range of ecliptic latitudes. In addition to our wide-field searches, we have conducted three 'pencil-beam' searches in the past year. In a pencil-beam search we take repeated integrations of the same field throughout a night. After preprocessing the resulting images we shift and recombine them along a range of rates and directions consistent with the motion of KBOs. Stationary objects then smear out, while objects moving at near the shift rate appear as point sources. In addition to our searches for Kuiper belt objects, we are completing the inventory of the outer solar system by search for faint satellites of the outer planets. In August 2001 we conducted pencil beam searches for faint Uranian and Neptunian satellites at CFHT and CTIO. These searches resulted in the discover of two Neptunian and four Uranian satellite candidates. The discovery of Kuiper belt objects and outer planet satellites is of little use if the discoveries are not followed by systematic, repeated astrometric observations that permit reliable estimates of their orbits.

Holman, Matthew J.↗
NASA NTRS2002

The Gas Production Rate and Coma Structure of Comet C/1995 01 (Hale-Bopp)

The University of Wisconsin-Madison and NASA-Goddard conducted a comprehensive multi-wavelength observing campaign of coma emissions from comet Hale-Bopp, including OH 3080 A, [O I] 6300 A, H2O(+) 6158 A, H Balmer-alpha 6563 A, NH2 6330 A, [C I] 9850 A CN 3879 A, C2 5141 A, C3 4062 A, C I 1657 A, and the UV and optical continua. In this work, we concentrate on the results of the H2O daughter studies. Our wide-field OH 3080 A measured flux agrees with other, similar observations and the expected value calculated from published water production rates using standard H2O and OH photochemistry. However, the total [O I] 6300 A flux determined spectroscopically over a similar field-of-view was a factor of 3 - 4 higher than expected. Narrow-band [O I] images show this excess came from beyond the H2O scale length, suggesting either a previously unknown source of [O I] or an error in the standard OH + upsilon to O((sup I)D) + H branching ratio. The Hale-Bopp OH and [O I] distributions, both of which were imaged to cometocentric distances greater than 1 x 10(exp 6) km, were more spatially extended than those of comet Halley (after correcting for brightness differences), suggesting a higher bulk outflow velocity. Evidence of the driving mechanism for this outflow is found in the H(alpha) line profile, which was narrower than in comet Halley (though likely because of opacity effects, not as narrow as predicted by Monte-Carlo models). This is consistent with greater collisional coupling between the suprathermal H photodissociation products and Hale-Bopp's dense coma. Presumably because of mass loading of the solar wind by ions and ions by the neutrals, the measured acceleration of H2O(+) down the ion tail was much smaller than in comet Halley. Tailward extensions in the azimuthal distributions of OH 3080 A, [O I], and [C I], as well as a Doppler asymmetry in the [O I] line profile, suggest ion-neutral coupling. While the tailward extension in the OH can be explained by increased neutral acceleration, the [O I] 6300 A and [C I] 9850 A emissions show 13% and less than 200% excesses in this direction (respectively), suggesting a non-negligible contribution from dissociative recombination of CO(+) and/or electron collisional excitation. Thus, models including the effects of photo-and collisional chemistry are necessary for the full interpretation of these data.

Morgenthaler, Jeffrey P.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Solar System Studies in the Infrared with the Spitzer Space Telescope

The Spitzer Space Telescope, formerly known as SIRTF, is a cryogenic telescope (85 cm diameter) operating in a heliocentric orbit trailing the Earth. Its three instruments provide capabilities for spectroscopy, wide-field and small-field imaging at many wavelengths in the range 3.5-160 microns. Observations to be executed in the first two years in programs defined by the Guaranteed Time Observer (GTO) group (the authors of this presentation) consist of photometry, spectroscopy, and radiometry of many Solar System objects, including Titan and other satellites of the outer planets, Pluto, Centaurs, trans-Neptunian objects, comers, asteroids, Uranus, and Neptune. At the time of the preparation of this abstract, some preliminary observations have been made, but the final calibration and reduction of the data are still in progress. The latest results of the Solar System investigations will be presented here.

Cruikshank, D. P.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Dual-Channel Multi-Purpose Telescope

A dual-channel telescope allows for a wide-field telescope design wit h a good, narrow field channel of fewer surfaces for shorter-wavelen gth or planet-finding applications. The design starts with a Korsch three-mirror-anastigmat (TMA) telescope that meets the mission criter ia for image quality over a wide field of view. The internal image a t the Cassegrain focus is typically blurry due to the aberration bala ncing among the three mirrors. The Cassegrain focus is then re-optim ized on the axis of the system where the narrow field channel instru ment is picked off by bending the primary mirror.

Howard, Joseph M.↗