Power spectra of atmospheric flows for the design of space vehicles
Atmospheric wind profiles and boundary layer turbulence power spectra for calculation of wind loads on space vehicles during prelaunch and launch
Fichtl, G. H.↗
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Recent studies of effects of ground winds on space shuttle vehicles
Studying ground-wind loads with models of space shuttle configurations to assess aerodynamic instabilities on erected space shuttle vehicles
Foughner, J. T., Jr.↗
Some extemporaneous comments on our experiences with towers for wind generators
A wind generator tower must be designed to withstand fatigue forces and gust winds loads. Optimum tower height depends on the energy cost to the customer because an increase in height results in an increase in the cost of the plant. It is suggested that costs are minimum for the shortest tower possible and that the rotor should be as large as possible.
Hutter, U.↗
Gust alleviation for STOL aircraft
Analytical study suggests method of improving flight performance of airplanes having relatively low wind loading and those flying at low altitudes.
Oehman, W. I.↗
Mount mechanisms for the Saturn 5/Apollo mobile launcher at John F. Kennedy Space Center
A support system was designed to resist hurricane wind loads at the launch pad and to allow the supported structural frame to expand and contract freely under wide ranges of temperature. This system consists of six mount mechanisms devised to meet the previously stated requirements plus a load-carrying capacity for each of 3.2-million kilograms (7-million pounds) downward and 1.6-million kilograms (3.5-million pounds) upward. A similar but lighter system of six mount mechanisms was designed for use in the sheltered environment of the vehicle assembly building. Each requirement and design result is discussed, and each mount mechanism is defined by location and type with references to visual presentations.
Balke, H. A.↗
Conceptual studies for new low-cost 64-m antennas
Recent software developments expedite design investigations of proposed new 64-m antenna structures. The software consists of programs to generate structure model data and a design program that chooses preferential cross sectional sizes of the structural members. Numerous new designs are summarized that can represent weight savings of from 25% to 50% with respect to the tipping weight of the existing Mars antenna. These designs provide a more favorable symmetrical support for the reflector backup and tend to provide superior surface accuracy for gravity, although not necessarily wind, loading on the antenna.
Levy, R.↗
Radio frequency boresight analysis of the low cost 64-meter antenna
Configurations (two) of the reflector-only assemblies, using different width backup cones, are analyzed for RF boresight direction changes and wind distortions. The wider backup cone is best for minimum weight; however, there is an optimum weight which minimizes the RF boresight errors for a wind load that produces the maximum pitching moment of both configurations.
Katow, M. S.↗
The sun-tracking control of solar collectors using high-performance step motors
Sun-tracking solar energy-focusing devices involving a central receiver, thermionic conversion, or a distributed solar thermal collector system are described. The Perkins solar collector uses a fixed focal point about which an 18 m-diameter parabolic dish moves on tracks. The elevation axis also moves on a circular track. A microprocessor manipulates sun sensor information and sun ephemeris data to ensure correct placement. Stepper motors are digital devices which provide direct interface with digital electronics and a wide dynamic range, and could easily be associated with the microprocessors. Design philosophy, performance criteria, wind load analysis, and control system requirements are also discussed.
Hughes, R. O.↗
Test and evaluation of a solar-heating system
Report documents results of evaluation tests performed on components of commerical solar heating and hot water system. Subsystems tested include flat plate solar collector, energy transport module, and control panel. Tests conducted include snow and wind loads, flame spread, and smoke classification as well as solar heating operation.
Source record↗
Feasibility Study of Solar Dome Encapsulation of Photovoltaic Arrays
The technical and economic advantages of using air-supported plastic enclosures to protect flat plate photovoltaic arrays are described. Conceptual designs for a fixed, latitude-tilt array and a fully tracking array were defined. Detailed wind loads and strength analyses were performed for the fixed array. Detailed thermal and power output analyses provided array performance for typical seasonal and extreme temperature conditions. Costs of each design as used in a 200 MWe central power station were defined from manufacturing and material cost estimates. The capital cost and cost of energy for the enclosed fixed-tilt array were lower than for the enclosed tracking array. The enclosed fixed-tilt array capital investment was 38% less, and the levelized bus bar energy cost was 26% less than costs for a conventional, glass-encapsulated array design. The predicted energy cost for the enclosed fixed array was 79 mills/kW-h for direct current delivered to the power conditioning units.
Source record↗
Test and evaluation of Fern Engineering Company, Incorporated, solar heating and hot water system
Tests, test results, examination and evaluation by Underwriters Laboratory, Inc., of a single family solar heating and hot water system consisting of collector, storage, control, transport, and data acquisition are presented. The structural characteristics of the solar flat plate collectors were evaluated according to snow and wind loads indicated in various building codes to determine their suitability for use both Michigan and Pennsylvania where prototype systems were installed. The flame spread classification of the thermal insulation is discussed and the fire tests conducted on components are described. The operation and dielectrics withstand tests of the energy transport module indicate the module is capable of rated air delivery. Tests of the control panel indicate the relay coil temperatures exceed the temperature limits allowed for the insulating materials involved.
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Recent theoretical developments and experimental studies pertinent to vortex flow aerodynamics - With a view towards design
A review is presented of recent progress in a research program directed towards the development of an improved vortex-flow technology base. It is pointed out that separation induced vortex-flows from the leading and side edges play an important role in the high angle-of-attack aerodynamic characteristics of a wide range of modern aircraft. In the analysis and design of high-speed aircraft, a detailed knowledge of this type of separation is required, particularly with regard to critical wind loads and the stability and performance at various off-design conditions. A description of analytical methods is presented. The theoretical methods employed are divided into two classes which are dependent upon the underlying aerodynamic assumptions. One conical flow method is considered along with three different nonconical flow methods. Comparisons are conducted between the described methods and available aerodynamic data. Attention is also given to a vortex flow drag study and a vortex flow wing design using suction analogy.
Lamar, J. E.↗
Offset paraboloidal solar concentrator
Section of conventional paraboloid, offset from its major axis, is used as reflector in solar concentrator. Design increases solar gathering efficiency by 3 to 4 percent by eliminating shadowing and blocking of solar rays. In addition, reflector can be folded toward receiver, reducing wind-loading and making maintenance easier.
Chow, E. Y.↗
Composite rotor blades for large wind energy installations
The design of large wind power systems in Germany is reviewed with attention given to elaboration of the total wind energy system, aerodynamic design of the rotor blade, and wind loading effects. Particular consideration is given to the development of composite glass fiber/plastic or carbon fiber/plastic rotor blades for such installations.
Kussmann, A.↗
Low-cost solar array structure development
Early studies of flat-plate arrays have projected costs on the order of $50/square meter for installed array support structures. This report describes an optimized low-cost frame-truss structure that is estimated to cost below $25/square meter, including all markups, shipping an installation. The structure utilizes a planar frame made of members formed from light-gauge galvanized steel sheet and is supposed in the field by treated-wood trusses that are partially buried in trenches. The buried trusses use the overburden soil to carry uplift wind loads and thus to obviate reinforced-concrete foundations. Details of the concept, including design rationale, fabrication and assembly experience, structural testing and fabrication drawings are included.
Wilson, A. H.↗
A Module Experimental Process System Development Unit (MEPSDU)
Subsequent to the design review, a series of tests was conducted on simulated modules to demonstrate that all environmental specifications (wind loading, hailstone impact, thermal cycling, and humidity cycling) are satisfied by the design. All tests, except hailstone impact, were successfully completed. The assembly sequence was simplified by virtue of eliminating the frame components and assembly steps. Performance was improved by reducing the module edge border required to accommodate the frame of the preliminary design module. An ultrasonic rolling spot bonding technique was selected for use in the machine to perform the aluminum interconnect to cell metallization electrical joints required in the MEPSDU module configuration. This selection was based on extensive experimental tests and economic analyses.
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Wind-Resistant Filler for Tile Gaps
Filler developed for gaps between insulating tiles on Space Shuttle finds application in industries that use tiles for thermal or environmental protection. Filler consists of tight-fitting ceramic tubes and fibrous alumina. Combination resists high wind loads while providing requisite heat protection. Quartz-thread stitching holds envelope together.
Bellavia, J.↗
Dish concentrators for solar thermal energy: Status and technology development
Point-focusing concentrators under consideration for solar thermal energy use are reviewed. These concentrators differ in such characteristics as optical configuration, optical materials, structure for support of the optical elements and of the receiver, mount, foundation, drive, controls and enclosure. Concentrator performance and cost are considered. Technology development is outlined, including wind loads and aerodynamics; precipitation, sand, and seismic considerations; and maintenance and cleaning.
Jaffe, L. D.↗