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At least 1,441 records · Page 80

Basal glycogenolysis in mouse skeletal muscle: in vitro model predicts in vivo fluxes

A previously published mammalian kinetic model of skeletal muscle glycogenolysis, consisting of literature in vitro parameters, was modified by substituting mouse specific Vmax values. The model demonstrates that glycogen breakdown to lactate is under ATPase control. Our criteria to test whether in vitro parameters could reproduce in vivo dynamics was the ability of the model to fit phosphocreatine (PCr) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) dynamic NMR data from ischemic basal mouse hindlimbs and predict biochemically-assayed lactate concentrations. Fitting was accomplished by optimizing four parameters--the ATPase rate coefficient, fraction of activated glycogen phosphorylase, and the equilibrium constants of creatine kinase and adenylate kinase (due to the absence of pH in the model). The optimized parameter values were physiologically reasonable, the resultant model fit the [PCr] and [Pi] timecourses well, and the model predicted the final measured lactate concentration. This result demonstrates that additional features of in vivo enzyme binding are not necessary for quantitative description of glycogenolytic dynamics.

Non-NASA Center↗

The Supercritical Pile GRB Model: The Prompt to Afterglow Evolution

The 'Supercritical Pile' is a very economical gamma ray burst (GRB) model that provides for the efficient conversion of the energy stored in the protons of a Relativistic Blast Wave (RBW) into radiation and at the same time produces - in the prompt GRB phase, even in the absence of any particle acceleration - a spectral peak at an energy sim 1 MeV. We extend this model to include also the evolution of the RBW Lorentz factor Gamma and thus follow the spectral and temporal features of this model into the early GRB afterglow stage. One of the novel features of the present treatment is the inclusion of the feedback of the GRB produced radiation on the evolution of Gamma with radius. This feedback and the presence of kinematic and dynamic thresholds in the model can be the sources of rich time evolution which we have begun to explore. In particular, one can this way obtain afterglow light curves with steep decays followed by the more conventional flatter afterglow slopes, while at the same time preserving the desirable features of the model, i.e. the well defined relativistic electron source and radiative processes that produce the proper peak in the nu F spectra. Furthermore, the existence of a kinematic threshold in this model provides for a operational distinction of the prompt and afterglow GRB stages; in fact, the afterglow stage sets in when the RBW Lorentz factor cannot anymore fulfill the kinematic condition for pair formation in the photon - proton pair production reactions that constitute the fundamental process for the dissipation of the blast wave kinetic energy. We present the results of a specific set of parameters of this model with emphasis on the multiwavelength prompt emission and transition to the early afterglow.

Kazanas, Demosthenes↗

3D Simulation of Lower-Hybrid Drift Waves in Strong Guide Field Asymmetric Reconnection in Laboratory Experiments

The magnetic reconnection experiment has recently seen short wavelength (kp (e)(1) lower-hybrid waves near the electron diffusion region in strong guide field reconnection. Based on plasma parameters from the experiment, we perform a three-dimensional fully kinetic simulation in order to investigate the generation of the lower-hybrid waves and their effects on the reconnection process. We find that the low-beta regions around the reconnection site are unstable to the lower-hybrid drift instability propagating in the outflow direction, driven by the difference between the electron and ion outflows. The waves modify the electron distributions, leading to periodic opening and closing of gaps in electron velocity space, and provide a small contribution to the anomalous resistivity. Finally, the simulation results are discussed in the context of space observations and laboratory experiments.

J. Ng↗

Magnetogasdynamic Power Extraction and Flow Conditioning for a Gas Turbine

An extension of the Russian AJAX concept to a turbojet is being explored. This magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) energy bypass engine cycle incorporating conventional gas turbine technology has MHD flow conditioning at the inlet to electromagnetically extract part of the inlet air kinetic energy. The electrical power generated can be used for various on-board vehicle requirements including plasma flow control around the vehicle or it may be used for augmenting the expanding flow in the high speed nozzle by MHD forces to generate more thrust. In order to achieve this interaction, the air needs to be ionized by an external means even up to fairly high flight speeds, and the leading candidates may be classified as electrical discharge devices. The present kinetic modeling calculations suggest that the use of electron beams with characteristics close to the commercially available e-beam systems (electron energy approx. 60 keV, beam current approx. 0.2 mA/sq cm) to sustain ionization in intermediate pressure, low-temperature (P = 0.1 atm, T = 300 K) supersonic air flows allows considerable reduction of the flow kinetic energy (up to 10 to 20 percent in M = 3 flows). The calculations also suggest that this can be achieved at a reasonable electron beam efficiency (eta approx. 5), even if the e-beam window losses are taken into account. At these conditions, the exit NO and O atom concentrations due to e-beam initiated chemical reactions do not exceed 30 ppm. Increasing the beam current up to approx. 2 mA/sq cm, which corresponds to a maximum electrical conductivity of sigma(sub max) approx. 0.8 mho/m at the loading parameter of K = 0.5, would result in a much greater reduction of the flow kinetic energy (up to 30 to 40 percent). The MHD channel efficiency at these conditions would be greatly reduced (to eta approx. 1) due to increased electron recombination losses in the channel. At these conditions, partial energy conversion from kinetic energy to heat would result in a significant total pressure loss (P(sub 0)/P(sub 0i) approx. 0.3). The total pressure loss can be reduced operating at the loading parameter closer to unity, at the expense of the reduced electrical power output. Raising the beam current would also result in the increase of the exit O atom concentrations (up to 600 ppm) and NO (up to 150 ppm).

Adamovich, Igor V.↗

FY2014 FES (Fusion Energy Sciences) Theory & Simulation Performance Target, Final Report

We report here the work done for the FY14 OFES Theory Performance Target as given below: "Understanding alpha particle confinement in ITER, the world's first burning plasma experiment, is a key priority for the fusion program. In FY 2014, determine linear instability trends and thresholds of energetic particle-driven shear Alfven eigenmodes in ITER for a range of parameters and profiles using a set of complementary simulation models (gyrokinetic, hybrid, and gyrofluid). Carry out initial nonlinear simulations to assess the effects of the unstable modes on energetic particle transport". In the past year (FY14), a systematic study of the alpha-driven Alfven modes in ITER has been carried out jointly by researchers from six institutions involving seven codes including the transport simulation code TRANSP (R. Budny and F. Poli, PPPL), three gyrokinetic codes: GEM (Y. Chen, Univ. of Colorado), GTC (J. McClenaghan, Z. Lin, UCI), and GYRO (E. Bass, R. Waltz, UCSD/GA), the hybrid code M3D-K (G.Y. Fu, PPPL), the gyro-fluid code TAEFL (D. Spong, ORNL), and the linear kinetic stability code NOVA-K (N. Gorelenkov, PPPL). A range of ITER parameters and profiles are specified by TRANSP simulation of a hybrid scenario case and a steady-state scenario case. Based on the specified ITER equilibria linear stability calculations are done to determine the stability boundary of alpha-driven high-n TAEs using the five initial value codes (GEM, GTC, GYRO, M3D-K, and TAEFL) and the kinetic stability code (NOVA-K). Both the effects of alpha particles and beam ions have been considered. Finally, the effects of the unstable modes on energetic particle transport have been explored using GEM and M3D-K.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Role of Kinetic Instability in Runaway-Electron Avalanches and Elevated Critical Electric Fields

Here, the effects of kinetic whistler wave instabilities on the runaway-electron (RE) avalanche is investigated. With parameters from experiments at the DIII-D National Fusion Facility, we show that RE scattering from excited whistler waves can explain several poorly understood experimental results. We find an enhancement of the RE avalanche for low density and high electric field, but for high density and low electric field the scattering can suppress the avalanche and raise the threshold electric field, bringing the present model much closer to observations. The excitation of kinetic instabilities and the scattering of resonant electrons are calculated self-consistently using a quasilinear model and local approximation. We also explain the observed fast growth of electron cyclotron emission signals and excitation of very low-frequency whistler modes observed in the quiescent RE experiments at DIII-D tokamak. Simulations using ITER parameters show that by controlling the background thermal plasma density and temperature, the plasma waves can also be excited spontaneously in tokamak disruptions and the avalanche generation of runaway electrons may be suppressed.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Chaotic behavior of light-assisted physical aging in arsenoselenide glasses

The theory of strange attractors is shown to be adequately applicable for analyzing the kinetics of light-assisted physical aging revealed in structural relaxation of Se-rich As-Se glasses below glass transition. Kinetics of enthalpy losses is used to determine the phase space reconstruction parameters. Observed chaotic behaviour (involving chaos and fractal consideration such as detrended fluctuation analysis, attractor identification using phase space representation, delay coordinates, mutual information, false nearest neighbours, etc.) reconstructed via the TISEAN program package is treated within a microstructure model describing multistage aging behaviour in arsenoselenide glasses. This simulation testifies that photoexposure acts as an initiating factor only at the beginning stage of physical aging, thus facilitating further atomic shrinkage of a glassy backbone.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Kinetic study of terahertz generation based on the interaction of two-color ultra-short laser pulses with molecular hydrogen gas

In this work, using a two dimensional particle in cell-Monte Carlo collision simulation scheme, interaction of two-color ultra-short laser pulses with the molecular hydrogen gas (H{sub 2}) is examined. The operational laser parameters, i.e., its pulse shape, duration, and waist, are changed and, their effects on the density and kinetic energy of generated electrons, THz electric field, intensity, and spectrum are studied. It is seen that the best pulse shape generating the THz signal radiation with the highest intensity is a trapezoidal pulse, and the intensity of generated THz radiation is increased at the higher pulse durations and waists. For all the operational laser parameters, the maximum value of emitted THz signal frequency always remains lower than 5 THz. The intensity of applied laser pulses is taken about 10{sup 14} w/cm{sup 2}, and it is observed that while a small portion of the gaseous media gets ionized, the radiated THz signal is significant.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Titanium Extraction from Spent Selective Catalytic Reduction Catalysts in a NaOH Molten-Salt System: Thermodynamic, Experimental, and Kinetic Studies

In this study, sodium hydroxide was used as an alkali reagent in roasting spent selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts for titanium extraction. The thermodynamic analysis of the roasting process is discussed in terms of process design. The effects of various roasting parameters, such as the mass ratio of NaOH-to-SCR, temperature, and time, on the extraction efficiency of titanium were investigated; under the optimum parameters of 1.8:1, 550 °C, and 10 minutes, the titanium extraction yield reached 97.8 pct. The roasting kinetics of titanium extraction were also studied. The kinetics of titanium extraction follow the Avrami model, which is expressed as follows: −ln(1−x)=K{sub 0}C{sub m{sub N{sub a{sub O{sub H/m{sub S{sub C{sub R}{sup −2.012}}}}}}}}exp(−(4120/(8.314T)))t, and the overall roasting process is controlled by diffusion in the solid state, with an activation energy (E{sub a}) of 4.12 kJ/mol.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Studies of vorticity imbalance and stability, moisture budget, atmospheric energetics, and gradients of meteorological parameters during AVE 3

Four diagnostic studies of AVE 3. are presented. AVE 3 represents a high wind speed wintertime situation, while most AVE's analyzed previously represented springtime conditions with rather low wind speeds. The general areas of analysis include the examination of budgets of vorticity, moisture, kinetic energy, and potential energy and a synoptic and statistical study of the horizontal gradients of meteorological parameters. Conclusions are integrated with and compared to those obtained in previously analyzed experiments (mostly springtime weather situations) so as to establish a more definitive understanding of the structure and dynamics of the atmosphere under a wide range of synoptic conditions.

Scoggins, J. R.↗

Kinetics of State Switching in Quasi-One-Dimensional Nanosystems. Statistical Model of the Influence of Defects

The role of native and radiation-induced defects in the state switching kinetics for one-dimensional systems (nanowires, molecular single-chain magnets, biological macromolecules, and many others) has been studied. An analytical approach to the description of the influence of randomly located defects on the dynamics of new-phase domains is developed using an analogy with stochastic processes in queueing theory. This method makes it possible to calculate threshold phenomena and the dependence of switching fields on material parameters.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Study of the formation of 3-D titania nanofibrous structure by MHz femtosecond laser in ambient air

In this study, we describe the formation mechanism of web-like three-dimensional (3-D) titania nanofibrous structures during femtosecond laser ablation of titanium (Ti) targets in the presence of background air. First, we demonstrate the mechanism of ablation of Ti targets by multiple femtosecond laser pulses at ambient air in an explicit analytical form. The formulas for evaporation rates and the number of ablated particles, which is analogous to the deposition rate of the synthesized nanofibers, for the ablation by a single pulse and multiple pulses as a function of laser parameters, background gas, and material properties are predicted and compared to experimental results. Afterwards, the formation of nanofibrous structures is demonstrated by applying an existing simplified kinetic model to Ti targets and ambient conditions. The predicted theory provides nanofiber diameter dependency with the combination of laser parameters, target properties, and ambient gas characteristics. Experimental studies are then performed on titania nanofibrous structures synthesized by laser ablation of Ti targets using MHz repletion-rate femtosecond laser at ambient air. The models' predictions are then compared with the experimental results, where nanostructures with different morphologies are manufactured by altering laser parameters. Our results indicate that femtosecond laser ablation of Ti targets at air background yields crystalline titania nanostructures. The formation of crystalline titania nanostructures is preceded by thermal mechanism of nucleation and growth. The results point out that laser pulse repetition and dwell time can control the density, size, and pore size of the engineered nanofibrous structure. As the deposition rate of nanostructures is analogous to the ablation rate of the target, higher density of nanofibrous structure is seen at greater laser fluences. The predicted theory can be applied to predict ablation mechanism and nanofiber formation of different materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Inflationary dynamics of kinetically-coupled gauge fields

We investigate the inflationary dynamics of two kinetically-coupled massless U(1) gauge fields with time-varying kinetic-term coefficients. Ensuring that the system does not have strongly coupled regimes shrinks the parameter space. Also, we further restrict ourselves to systems that can be quantized using the standard creation, annihilation operator algebra. This second constraint limits us to scenarios where the system can be diagonalized into the sum of two decoupled, massless, vector fields with a varying kinetic-term coefficient. Such a system might be interesting for magnetogenesis because of how the strong coupling problem generalizes. We explore this idea by assuming that one of the gauge fields is the Standard Model U(1) field and that the other dark gauge field has no particles charged under its gauge group. We consider whether it would be possible to transfer a magnetic field from the dark sector, generated perhaps before the coupling was turned on, to the visible sector. We also investigate whether the simple existence of the mixing provides more opportunities to generate magnetic fields. We find that neither possibility works efficiently, consistent with the well-known difficulties in inflationary magnetogenesis.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Influence of the nonlinearity parameter on the solar wind sub-ion magnetic energy spectrum: FLR–Landau fluid simulations

The cascade of kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) at sub-ion scales in the solar wind is simulated numerically using a fluid approach that retains ion and electron Landau damping, together with ion finite Larmor radius (FLR) corrections. Assuming initially equal and isotropic ion and electron temperatures, and an ion beta equal to unity, different simulations are performed by varying the propagation direction and the amplitude of KAWs that are randomly driven at a transverse wavenumber k{sub 0} such that k{sub 0}d{sub i}=0.18 (where d{sub i} is the proton inertial length), in order to maintain a prescribed level of turbulent fluctuations. The resulting turbulent regimes are characterized by the nonlinearity parameter, defined as the ratio of the characteristic times of Alfvén wave propagation and of the transverse nonlinear dynamics. The corresponding transverse magnetic energy spectra display power laws with exponents spanning a range of values consistent with spacecraft observations. The meandering of the magnetic field lines and the homogenization of ion temperature along these lines are shown to be related to the strength of the turbulence, measured by the nonlinearity parameter. The results are interpreted in terms of a recently proposed phenomenological model where the homogenization process along field lines induced by Landau damping plays a central role.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Exploring growth kinetics of carbon nanotube arrays by in situ optical diagnostics and modeling

Simple kinetic models of carbon nanotube growth have been able to successfully link together many experimental parameters involved in the growth of carbon nanotubes for practical applications including the prediction of growth rates, terminal lengths, number of walls, activation energies, and their dependences on the growth environment. The implications of recent experiments utilizing in situ monitoring of carbon nanotube growth on our past kinetic model are first reviewed. Then, sub-second pulsed feedstock gas introduction is discussed to explore the nucleation and initial growth of carbon nanotubes in the context of the kinetic model. Moreover, kinetic effects in "pulsed CVD" - using repeated pulsed gas introduction to stop and restart nanotube growth - are explored to understand renucleation, the origin of alignment in nanotube arrays, and incremental growth. Time-resolved reflectivity of the surface is used to remotely understand the kinetics of nucleation and the coordinated growth of arrays. This approach demonstrates that continuous vertically aligned single wall carbon nanotubes can be grown incrementally by pulsed CVD, and that the first exposure of fresh catalyst to feedstock gas is critical to nanotubes site density required for coordinated growth. Aligned nanotube arrays (as short as 60 nm) are shown to nucleate and grow within single, sub-second gas pulses. The multiple-pulse growth experiments (> 100 pulses) show that a high fraction of nanotubes renucleate on subsequent gas pulses.

Puretzky, Alexander A↗

Non-Gaussianity from explicit U(1)-breaking interactions

We investigate primordial non-Gaussianity (NG) arising from the explicit U(1) symmetry-breaking interactions during inflation involving a nearly massless axial component of a complex scalar field P. We analyze the induced NG parameter f NL under scenarios where the axial field functions as either a curvaton or cold dark matter (CDM). In the curvaton framework, there is a conventional contribution to the local NG of f NL ≃ -O(1). Additional positive local NG can result from either the self-interactions of axial field fluctuations, their interactions with a light radial partner, or kinetic mixing with the inflaton via U(1) symmetry-breaking terms. We identify parameter regions where the interactions lead to cancellations, suppressing the overall local NG to |f loc NL | ≲ O(0.1). In the CDM scenario, these interactions enhance the NG in the isocurvature fluctuations. Moreover, interactions between the axial field and another light scalar, such as a curvaton, can generate O(1) curvature NG signals and significant mixed curvature-isocurvature NGs that are within the reach of future experiments with σ(f loc NL ) ∼ 1. We also explore the role of a heavy radial field in generating oscillating correlation signals, noting that such signals can dominate the shape of the mixed adiabatic-isocurvature bispectrum. In certain cases, an oscillatory isocurvature bispectrum signal may be observable in the future, aiding in distinguishing between certain types of the U(1)-breaking self-interactions of the axial field.

axions↗

Kinetic Cascade in Solar-wind Turbulence: 3D3V Hybrid-kinetic Simulations with Electron Inertia

Understanding the nature of the turbulent fluctuations below the ion gyroradius in solar-wind (SW) turbulence is a great challenge. Recent studies have been mostly in favor of kinetic Alfvén wave (KAW)-type fluctuations, but other kinds of fluctuations with characteristics typical of magnetosonic, whistler, and ion-Bernstein modes could also play a role depending on the plasma parameters. Here, we investigate the properties of the subproton-scale cascade with high-resolution hybrid-kinetic simulations of freely decaying turbulence in 3D3V phase space, including electron inertia effects. Two proton plasma beta are explored: the “intermediate” β {sub p} = 1 and “low” β {sub p} = 0.2 regimes, both typically observed in the SW and corona. The magnetic energy spectum exhibits k{sub ⊥}{sup −8/3} and k{sub ∥}{sup −7/2} power laws at β {sub p} = 1, while they are slightly steeper at β {sub p} = 0.2. Nevertheless, both regimes develop a spectral anisotropy consistent with k{sub ∥}∼k{sub ⊥}{sup 2/3} at k{sub ⊥}ρ{sub p}>1 and pronounced small-scale intermittency. In this context, we find that the kinetic-scale cascade is dominated by KAW-like fluctuations at β {sub p} = 1, whereas the low-β case presents a more complex scenario suggesting the simultaneous presence of different types of fluctuations. In both regimes, however, a possible role of the ion-Bernstein-type fluctuations at the smallest scales cannot be excluded.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗