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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,441 records · Page 80
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2010

CdSe Nanorods Dominate Photocurrent of Hybrid CdSe-P3HT Photovoltaic Cell

Photovoltaic devices based on organic semiconductors require charge-separating networks (bulk heterojunctions) for optimal performance. Here we report on the fabrication of organic-inorganic photovoltaic devices with tailored (n-type) CdSe nanorod arrays aligned perpendicularly to the substrate. The nanorod lengths varied from 58 ± 12 to 721 ± 15 nm, while the diameters and inter-rod spacings were kept constant at 89.5 ± 7.5 and 41.3 ± 9.9 nm, respectively. Short-circuit densities improved linearly with nanorod length, resulting in power conversion efficiencies of up to 1.38% for cells with nanorods 612 ± 46 nm long. Notably, the cell’s efficiency was dominated by exciton generation in the CdSe nanorods.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

All-optical switching in optically induced nonlinear waveguide couplers

We experimentally demonstrate all-optical vortex switching in nonlinear coupled waveguide arrays optically induced in photorefractive media. Our technique is based on multiplexing of nondiffracting Bessel beams to induce various types of waveguide configurations. Using double- and quadruple-well potentials, we demonstrate precise control over the coupling strength between waveguides, the linear and nonlinear dynamics and symmetry-breaking bifurcations of guided light, and a power-controlled optical vortex switch.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Subwavelength silicon through-hole arrays as an all-dielectric broadband terahertz gradient index metamaterial

Structuring at subwavelength scales brings out artificial media with anomalous optical features called metamaterials. All-dielectric metamaterials have high potential for practical applications over the whole electromagnetic spectrum owing to low loss and optical isotropy. Here, we report subwavelength silicon through-hole arrays as an all-dielectric gradient index metamaterial with broadband THz operation. The unit cell consists of a single subwavelength through-hole on highly resistive monocrystalline silicon. Depending on the fill-factor and period, the effective index was linearly modulated at 0.3–1.6 THz. The experimental results also demonstrate silicon gradient refractive index (Si-GRIN) lenses with parabolic index profiles through the spatial modification of a single unit cell along the radial direction. Si-GRIN lenses either focus 0.4–1.6 THz beam to the diffraction-limit or serve as a flat and thin solid immersion lens on the backside of THz photoconductive antenna for highly efficient pulse extraction. This all-dielectric gradient index metamaterial opens up opportunities for integrated THz GRIN optics.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Polarization sensitivity of light diffraction for periodic array of anisotropic gold nanoparticles

This article aims to analyze the first order diffraction intensity of the incident polarized light which is diffracted by the gold nanoparticles array in terms of the surface plasmon effect. The inspected gold nanoparticles array films are built in grating pattern with stripe thickness of 4 μm and diameters of gold nanoparticles ca. 10–56 nm, which are formed by annealing at temperatures of 400, 450, 500, and 550 °C, respectively. The probing light is linearly polarized with wavelengths of 450–800 nm and counterclockwise turns its polarization direction from 0° to 90° during measurements. The results show that the diffraction intensity depends on the anisotropic configuration samples which gold nanoparticles are orientated by analyzing the scanning electron microscope images. It results that the localized surface plasmon effect induced by incident field depends on orientation and causes the sample polarization-sensitive.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2013

Evidence for a nuclear radio jet and its structure down to ≲100 Schwarzschild radii in the center of the Sombrero galaxy (M 104, NGC 4594)

The Sombrero galaxy (M 104, NGC 4594) is associated with one of the nearest low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We investigated the detailed radio structure of the Sombrero nucleus using high-resolution, quasi-simultaneous, multi-frequency, phase-referencing Very Long Baseline Array observations. We obtained high-quality images of this nucleus at seven frequencies, where those at 15, 24, and 43 GHz are the first clear very long baseline interferometry detections. At 43 GHz, the nuclear structure was imaged on a linear scale under 0.01 pc or 100 Schwarzschild radii, revealing a compact, high-brightness-temperature (≳ 3 × 10{sup 9} K) radio core. We discovered the presence of the extended structure emanating from the core on two sides in the northwest and southeast directions. The nuclear radio spectra show a clear spatial gradient, which is similar to that seen in more luminous AGNs with powerful relativistic jets. Moreover, the size and position of the core tend to be frequency dependent. These findings provide evidence that the central engine of the Sombrero is powering radio jets and the jets are overwhelming the emission from the underlying radiatively inefficient accretion flow over the observed frequencies. Based on these radio characteristics, we constrained the following physical parameters for the M 104 jets: (1) the northern side is approaching, whereas the southern one is receding; (2) the jet viewing angle is relatively close to our line-of-sight (≲ 25°); and (3) the intrinsic jet velocity is highly sub-relativistic (≲ 0.2c). The derived pole-on nature of the M 104 jets is consistent with the previous argument that this nucleus contains a true type II AGN, i.e., the broad line region is actually absent or intrinsically weak if the plane of the circumnuclear torus is perpendicular to the jet axis.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

WE-D-BRF-02: Acoustic Signal From the Bragg Peak for Range Verification in Proton Therapy

Purpose: Range verification in ion beam therapy relies to date on nuclear imaging techniques which require complex and costly detector systems. A different approach is the detection of thermoacoustic signals that are generated due to localized energy loss of ion beams. Aim of this work is to study the feasibility of determining the ion range with sub-mm accuracy by use of high frequency ultrasonic (US) transducers and to image the Bragg peak by tomography. Methods: A water phantom was irradiated by a pulsed 20 MeV proton beam with varying pulse intensity, length and repetition rate. The acoustic signal of single proton pulses was measured by different PZT-based US detectors (3.5 MHz and 10 MHz central frequencies). For tomography a 64 channel US detector array was used and moved along the ion track by a remotely controlled motor stage. Results: A clear signal of the Bragg peak was visible for an energy deposition as low as 10{sup 12} eV. The signal amplitude showed a linear increase with particle number per pulse and thus, dose. Range measurements were reproducible within +/− 20 micrometer and agreed well with Geant4 simulations. The tomographic reconstruction does not only allow to measure the ion range but also the beam spot size at the Bragg peak position. Conclusion: Range verification by acoustic means is a promising new technique for treatment modalities where the tumor can be localized by US imaging. Further improvement of sensitivity is required to account for higher attenuation of the US signal in tissue, as well as lower energy density in the Bragg peak in realistic treatment cases due to higher particle energy and larger spot sizes. Nevertheless, the acoustic range verification approach could offer the possibility of combining anatomical US imaging with Bragg Peak imaging in the near future. The work was funded by the DFG cluster of excellence Munich Centre for Advanced Photonics (MAP)

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor Instabilities

Magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instability (MRT) is important to magnetized target fusion, wire-array z-pinches, and equation-of-state studies using flyer plates or isentropic compression. It is also important to the study of the crab nebula. The investigators performed MRT experiments on thin foils, driven by the mega-ampere linear transformer driver (LTD) facility completed in their laboratory. This is the first 1-MA LTD in the USA. Initial experiments on the seeding of MRT were performed. Also completed was an analytic study of MRT for a finite plasma slab with arbitrary magnetic fields tangential to the interfaces. The effects of magnetic shear and feedthrough were analyzed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS2001

Orbits of Saturn's Inner Moons and Other Observations Connected within the 1995-1996 Saturnian Ring Plane Crossing

We reduced and analyzed radio images of Saturn taken in 1990-1995 at 0.35, 2.0, 3.6 and 6.1 cm wavelength. The latitudinal brightness distribution varies substantially over time. Detailed modeling of these data shows that NH4SH condenses at the thermochemical equilibrium temperature of 235.5 K only at Northern mid-latitudes. Over most of the planet, condensation does not occur until the gas cools to 190 +/- 5 K. Supersaturation may also cause the dark equatorial region seen in 1995 at 6.1 cm. Observations of the rings show that the West (dusk) ansa is brighter than the East (dawn) ansa by factors up to 2. The magnitude of the asymmetry increases with increasing wavelength and with decreasing distance to the planet. This East-West asymmetry may be due to multiple scattering in gravitational wakes. We improved the Monte Carlo scattering code used to model the microwave emission from Saturn's rings at multiple wavelengths. The basic code outlined in Dunn, Molnar, and Fix describes the rings as a uniform, infinite layer of ice spheres with a finite vertical extent. The particle sizes follow a power law distribution and scatter light according to a linear combination of Mie and isotropic phase functions. These parameters may be adjusted to reflect the physical properties in the scattering properties of the ring particles. This is used to construct a model which can be directly compared to Very Large Array data. The code has been extended by including anisotropic particle distributions, primarily in the form of the wake structures that are likely to exist in the enhancements. The vertical extent of the wakes equals that of the ring layer. Between the wakes are regions of diminished density so that the optical depth integrated over many wakes matches that of the Voyager occultation experiments. This allows us to model the brightness temperature as a function of azimuth and look for asymmetric scattering behavior in the rings. By changing the width and relative density of the wakes, we can alter the nature of the gross scattering properties of the rings to match what is seen in our data.

Lissauer, Jack J.↗
NASA NTRS2016

Multidirectional Cosmic Ray Ion Detector for Deep Space CubeSats

Understanding the nature of anisotropy of solar energetic protons (SEPs) and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) fluxes in the interplanetary medium is crucial in characterizing time-dependent radiation exposure in interplanetary space for future exploration missions. NASA Glenn Research Center has proposed a CubeSat-based instrument to study solar and cosmic ray ions in lunar orbit or deep space. The objective of Solar Proton Anisotropy and Galactic cosmic ray High Energy Transport Instrument (SPAGHETI) is to provide multi-directional ion data to further understand anisotropies in SEP and GCR flux. The instrument is to be developed using large area detectors fabricated from high density, high purity silicon carbide (SiC) to measure linear energy transfer (LET) of ions. Stacks of these LET detectors are arranged in a CubeSat at orthogonal directions to provide multidirectional measurements. The low-noise, thermally-stable nature of silicon carbide and its radiation tolerance allows the multidirectional array of detector stacks to be packed in a 6U CubeSat without active cooling. A concept involving additional coincidence/anticoincidence detectors and a high energy Cherenkov detector is possible to further expand ion energy range and sensitivity.

Extraterrestrial Radiation↗
NASA NTRS2019

Cloud Edge Properties Measured by the ARM Shortwave Spectrometer over Ocean and Land

We use the spectrally-invariant method to study the variability of cloud optical thickness () and droplet effective radius (reff) in transition zones between the cloudy and clear sky columns observed by Shortwave Array Spectroradiometer-Zenith (SASZe) at the Southern Great Plains Central Facility site (SGP C1) and during the Marine ARM GPCI Investigation of Clouds (MAGIC) field campaign. The spectrally-invariant method approximates the spectra in the transition zone as a linear combination of definitely clear and definitely cloudy spectra. The slope and intercept of the linear relations characterize and reff in the transition region, respectively. The radiative transfer model simulations show that that (i) the slope of the visible (VIS) band is positively correlated with while (ii) the intercept of the near-infrared (NIR) band has a high negative correlation with reff. We have analyzed 22 cloud edge cases from the SGP and MAGIC and found that from cloud to clear in the transitions (a) the slopes of the VIS band decrease, indicating the decrease of towards cloud edges; (b) the intercepts of the NIR band show a much more significant increase at the SGP than from the MAGIC. The results from observed cases suggest that while decreases for all cases, the decrease in reff is much more significant for cloud over land at the SGP site compared to the ocean counterpart during the MAGIC campaign.

Yang, Weidong↗
DOE OSTI2019

Cold-Air Outbreaks in the Marine Boundary Layer Experiment (COMBLE) Science Implementation Plan

Boreal regions have experienced warming faster than the rest of the Earth, and the arctic ice cover has declined at a rate faster than predicted by most climate models. Uncertainties in climate projections for this region are large, in part due to the lack of observational guidance to constrain the treatment of aerosol-cloud-precipitation linkages in climate models. To remedy this shortfall, field campaigns have been conducted to collect integrated, comprehensive measurements under specific atmospheric regimes. While considerable efforts have been devoted to subtropical marine boundary-layer clouds, as well as to clouds in the stable arctic environment, very few targeted observations exist of convective boundary-layer clouds that form over open water when cold airmasses are advected off ice-covered regions or boreal continents. There is an urgent need to shed light on the dynamics and microphysical properties of clouds and precipitation in the high-latitude marine boundary layer during cold-air outbreaks. Despite the common occurrence of linear and cellular cloud patterns that typify cold-air outbreaks, little is known about the properties of these clouds; how they vary with surface, environmental, and aerosol conditions; the role of cold-air outbreaks in the global atmospheric and ocean circulation; and the accuracy of the treatment of this atmospheric regime in climate models. Thus, we proposed to conduct the Cold-Air Outbreaks in the Marine Boundary Layer Experiment (COMBLE), to focus on marine boundary-layer clouds during cold-air outbreaks. COMBLE will deploy the first ARM Mobile Facility (AMF1) and an AMF “satellite” station in the far North Atlantic in January–May 2020. COMBLE will take advantage of the synergy with several coincident campaigns, notably MOSAIC, which will characterize the source airmasses of cold-air outbreaks over the arctic ice, and (AC) 3 , which will operate several aircraft between northern Scandinavia and the MOSAIC deployment to document evolution of these airmasses. COMBLE and its sister campaigns will compose a four-member array of supersites between northern Scandinavia and the Arctic, each with profiling and in situ cloud, precipitation, radiation, and aerosol measurements. COMBLE will be guided by six science themes. The first five deal with boundary-layer convection in cold-air outbreaks: (1) the fetch-dependent mesoscale organization of clouds and precipitation, including linear and cellular convection; (2) surface heat and momentum fluxes and vertical profiles of temperature, humidity, wind, and turbulence; (3) vertical structure of clouds and precipitation; (4) the sources and sinks of aerosol, including ice-nucleating particles, and the role of cloud-active aerosol on cloud processes and radiative fluxes; and (5) the influence of these four themes on polar cyclogenesis and polar low vertical structure. The overarching sixth theme is that COMBLE will provide integrated data sets of dynamical, thermodynamic, and cloud microphysical characteristics of marine boundary-layer convection in cold-air outbreaks, including cloud and aerosol properties, that will enable constraining high-resolution numerical simulations, developing process-level understanding, and, subsequently, evaluating and improving representations of shallow convection in weather and climate models.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Simulation toolkit for digital material characterization of large image-based microstructures

In this paper, an efficient image-based simulation toolkit for material characterization is presented, which is scalable to work from personal computers to workstations. The effective thermal conductivity, elasticity, and permeability are evaluated employing a computational homogenization framework based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). Two complementary open-source packages are presented: one developed in Python, which can convert digital images into voxel meshes (pyTomoviewer); the other developed in Julia, that can run numerical simulations to compute effective material properties (chpack). Also, a CUDA C version of chpack is provided (chfem_gpu). They were designed to deal with large multi-phase models, so strategies were devised to minimize their memory footprint, while avoiding a high toll on execution time. The voxel-based approach significantly simplifies the FEM meshes and allows efficient matrix-free implementations. In that sense, to handle large linear systems of equations, the element-by-element (EBE) technique is adopted, in conjunction with a low-memory implementation of the Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient (PCG) method. Finally, the code was thoroughly tested on an artificial geometry made of a square array of cylinders, for which analytical solutions exist, as well as on a real micro-tomographic reconstruction of FiberForm TM , a carbon preform commonly used in thermal protection systems.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Localised electromagnetic waves in a rhombic waveguide array with competing nonlinearities

We consider a model of a discrete photonic system representing a quasi-one-dimensional rhombic array of waveguides, where, in addition to the positive cubic nonlinearity, the negative quintic nonlinearity is taken into account for the material of which the central chain of the waveguides is made. The other two waveguide chains are made of an optically linear material. A continual approximation is used to obtain a solution for a system of coupled waves, which describes a wave localised in the transverse direction. In a certain special case, the competition of nonlinearities leads to the formation of a step-shaped distribution of the field intensities over the waveguides. (integrated optics)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2011

VERY LONG BASELINE ARRAY IMAGING OF PARSEC-SCALE JET STRUCTURES IN RADIO-LOUD NARROW-LINE SEYFERT 1 GALAXIES

We conducted very long baseline interferometry observations of five radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxies in milliarcsecond resolutions at 1.7 GHz ({lambda}18 cm) using the Very Long Baseline Array. Significant parsec (pc) scale structures were revealed for three out of the five sources with high brightness temperature by direct imaging; this is convincing evidence for nonthermal jets. FBQS J1644+2619 with an inverted spectrum showed a prominent one-sided linear structure, indicating Doppler beaming with an intrinsic jet speed of >0.74c. FBQS J1629+4007, also with an inverted spectrum, showed rapid flux variability, indicating Doppler beaming with an intrinsic jet speed of >0.88c. Thus, we found convincing evidence that these two NLS1s can generate at least mildly or highly relativistic jets, which may make them apparently radio loud even if they are intrinsically radio quiet. On the other hand, the other three NLS1s had steep spectra and two of them showed significantly diffuse pc-scale structures, which were unlikely to be strongly beamed. Thus, some NLS1s have the ability to generate jets strong enough to make them intrinsically radio loud without Doppler beaming. NLS1s as a class show a number of extreme properties and radio-loud ones are very rare. We build on these radio results to understand that the central engines of radio-loud NLS1s are essentially the same as that of other radio-loud active galactic nuclei in terms of the formation of nonthermal jets.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Global stellarator coil optimization with quadratic constraints and objectives

Most present stellarator designs are produced by costly two-stage optimization: the first for an optimized equilibrium, and the second for a coil design reproducing its magnetic configuration. Few proxies for coil complexity and forces exist at the equilibrium stage. Rapid initial state finding for both stages is a topic of active research. Most present convex coil optimization codes use the least square winding surface method by Merkel (NESCOIL), with recent improvements in conditioning, regularization, sparsity, and physics objectives. While elegant, the method is limited to modeling the norms of linear functions in coil current. We present QUADCOIL, a global coil optimization method that targets combinations of linear and quadratic functions of the current. It can directly constrain and/or minimize a wide range of physics objectives unavailable in NESCOIL and REGCOIL, including the Lorentz force, magnetic energy, curvature, field-current alignment, and the maximum density of a dipole array. QUADCOIL requires no initial guess and runs nearly $10$ 2 x faster than filament optimization. Integrating it in the equilibrium optimization stage can potentially exclude equilibria with difficult-to-design coils, without significantly increasing the computation time per iteration. QUADCOIL finds the exact, global minimum in a large parameter space when possible, and otherwise finds a well-performing approximate global minimum. It supports most regularization techniques developed for NESCOIL and REGCOIL. We demonstrate QUADCOIL’s effectiveness in coil topology control, minimizing non-convex penalties, and predicting filament coil complexity with three numerical examples.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

SU-E-T-553: Characterization of Plastic Scintillator Detectors for Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To characterize basic performance of plastic scintillator detectors (PSD) designed for dosimetry of radiation therapy. Methods: The Exradin W1 Scintillator is a plastic scintillating fiber-based detector designed for highly accurate measurement of small radiotherapy fields used in patient plan verification and machine commissioning and QA procedures. The Cerenkov emissions were corrected using spectral separation. The optical signal was converted to electronic signal with a photodiode. We measured its dosimetry performance, including percentage depth dose, output factor, dose and dose rate linear response. We compared the dosimetry results with reference ion chamber measurements. Results: The dosimetry results of PSD agree well with reference ion chamber measurements. For percentage depth dose, the differences between PSD and ion chamber results are on average 1.7±1.1% and 0.8±0.8% with a maximum of 3.5% and 2.7% for 6MV and 15MV beams, respectively. For the output factors, PSD measurements are within 2% from ion chamber results. The dose linear response is within 1% when dose is larger than 20 MU for both 6 MV and 15 MV. The dose rate linear response is within 1% for the entire dose rate used (100 MU/min to 600MU/min). Conclusions: The current design of PSD is feasible for the dosimtry measurement in radiation therapy. This combination of PSD and photodiode system could be extended to multichannel array detection of dose distribution. It might as well be used as range verification in proton therapy. The work is partially supported by: DOD (W81XWH-09-2-0174) and American Cancer Society (IRG-78-002-28)

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

WE-AB-BRB-04: A Novel Monolithic Silicon 2D Detector Array for Use in Stereotactic Applications

Purpose: To assess the capability of a novel 2D monolithic silicon detector array in measuring stereotactic photon fields. Methods: The silicon array detector used in this work, named Magic Plate-512 (MP512), is a thin monolithic silicon wafer (52 × 52 × 0.47 mm{sup 3}) with 512 ion-implanted diodes (0.5 × 0.5 mm{sup 2}). Adjacent pixels are spaced evenly with 2 mm pitch, covering a maximum detection area 46 mm wide. Its fast, FPGA based read-out system is synchronised with the linac to allow readout of all pixels pulse-by-pulse. A clinical SABR lung plan (consisting of 9 single segment beams, 6MV) was measured with the array at 1.5 cm depth in a solid water phantom (100 cm SSD). The typical field size was in the range of 3 × 3 cm{sup 2} to 4 × 4 cm{sup 2}. Each beam was delivered at perpendicular incidence to the detector plane so as to avoid the need for angular dependence corrections. The fields were measured under the same conditions using Gafchromic EBT3 film for comparison. The film was scanned at 72 dpi resolution, with the red channel data used for analysis. Results: Average gamma passing rates of (92.3 ± 1.8) % for 2%/2mm criteria, and (86.6 ± 2.3) % for 1%/2mm criteria were achieved for MP512, using EBT3 film as the reference distribution. The detector array was able to accurately measure the full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM), to within (0.77 ± 0.01) mm accuracy when compared to film. The penumbral widths (80%-20%) were measured to within (0.30 ± 0.01) mm accuracy to film. Conclusion: The MP512 is a feasible option for measurement of stereotactic photon fields, with its high density of detection points making it useful for small field applications. The prototype array has demonstrated merit; in the future the development of a larger array detection area would be beneficial for clinical applications.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Sci-Thur PM – Colourful Interactions: Highlights 01: Design to delivery of spatially fractionated mini-beam canine radiotherapy

Spatial fractionation of radiation using arrays of narrow parallel micro-planar beams (less than 1 mm), is a relatively new concept with many unknowns specifically within the underlying biology of cell death. A tungsten collimator has been designed to produce mini-beams with a Varian linear accelerator for translational animal research into the effectiveness of spatial fractionation mini-beam radiotherapy (MBRT). This work presents the treatment planning process and workflow for the application of MBRT treatments within a clinical study. For patient dose calculations, the MBRT collimator was incorporated into a Monte Carlo based treatment planning system called MMCTP. Treatment planning was split between Eclipse and MMCTP, as the field apertures were determined within Eclipse prior to being sent to MMCTP for dose calculations. The calculated plan was transferred back into Aria with updated MUs per field for patient treatment. Patients were positioned within a vac-lock bag lying prone with a bite block and a thermoplastic mask to immobilize the head. Prior to treatment, a delivery verification plan was created within MMCTP. DQA output measurements of the treatment fields agreed with the calculated dose to within 1.5%. We have presented a workflow for MBRT treatments that include the planning technique, dose calculation method, DQA process and data integration into a record and verify system. The clinical study following this workflow represent the first series of linac based MBRT patients and depending on the clinical outcome of the study, our technique could be applied to human MBRT treatments.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗