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At least 1,459 records · Page 81

Importance of Dispersion in the Molecular Geometries of Mn(III) Spin-Crossover Complexes

The computational investigation of the molecular geometries of a pair of manganese(III) spin-crossover complexes is reported. For the geometry of the quintet high-spin state, density functionals significantly overestimate Mn–Namine bond distances, although the geometry for the triplet intermediate-spin state is well described. Here, comparisons with several wave function-based methods demonstrate that this error is due to the limited ability of commonly used density functionals to recover dispersion beyond a certain extent. Among the methods employed for geometry optimization, restricted open-shell Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) appropriately describes the high-spin geometry but results in a slightly shorter Mn–O distance in both spin states. On the other hand, extended multistate complete active space second-order perturbation theory (XMS-CASPT2) provides a good description of the geometry for the intermediate-spin state but also sufficiently recovers dispersion, performing well for the high-spin state. Despite the fact that the electronic structure of both spin states is dominated by one-electron configuration, XMS-CASPT2 offers a balanced approach, leading to molecular geometries with much better agreement with experiment than MP2 and DFT. A scan along the Mn–N amine bond demonstrates that for these complexes coupled cluster methods (i.e., DLPNO-CCSD(T)) also yield bond distances in agreement with experiment while multiconfiguration pair density functional theory (MC-PDFT) is unable to recover dispersion well enough, analogous to single-reference DFT.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Inducing metallicity in graphene nanoribbons via zero-mode superlattices

The design and fabrication of robust metallic states in graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are challenging because lateral quantum confinement and many-electron interactions induce electronic band gaps when graphene is patterned at nanometer length scales. Recent developments in bottom-up synthesis have enabled the design and characterization of atomically precise GNRs, but strategies for realizing GNR metallicity have been elusive. Here we demonstrate a general technique for inducing metallicity in GNRs by inserting a symmetric superlattice of zero-energy modes into otherwise semiconducting GNRs. We verify the resulting metallicity using scanning tunneling spectroscopy as well as first-principles density-functional theory and tight-binding calculations. Our results reveal that the metallic bandwidth in GNRs can be tuned over a wide range by controlling the overlap of zero-mode wave functions through intentional sublattice symmetry breaking.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Oscillator strengths and collision strengths for S II

Calculations are presented of the collision strengths for electron impact excitation of S II from the ground 3s(2)3p(3)(4)S0 state to excited states 3s3p(4)(4)p, 3s(2(3p(2)4s(4)P, and 3s(2)3p(2)3d(4)P. The collision strengths are calculated in a close-coupling approximate ion for the energy range up to 10 to the 6th K. In addition, oscillator strengths are given for these transitions, as well as for some UV lines which have lower states 3s(2)3p(3)(2)D(O) and 3s(2)3p(3)(2)P(0). The calculation of the collision strengths involves the use of configuration interaction target wave functions which give oscillator strengths accurate to 30 percent in most cases.

Ho, Y. K.↗

MGS Radio Science Electron Density Profiles: Interannual Variability and Implications for the Martian Neutral Atmosphere

Martian electron density profiles provided by the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Radio Science (RS) experiment over the 95-200 km altitude range indicate that the height of the electron peak and the longitudinal structure of the peak height are sensitive indicators of the physical state of the Mars lower atmosphere. The present analysis is carried out on five sets of occultation profiles, all at high solar zenith angles (SZA). Variations spanning 2-Martian years are investigated near aphelion conditions at high Northern latitudes (64.7-77.6N). A mean ionospheric peak height of 133.5-135 km was obtained for all aphelion profiles near SZA = 78-82; a corresponding mean peak density of 7.3-8.5 x 10(exp 4)/cu cm was also measured, reflecting solar moderate conditions. Strong wave 2-3 oscillations in peak heights were observed as a function of longitude over both Martian seasons. The Mars Thermospheric General Circulation Model (MTGCM) is exercised for Mars aphelion conditions. The measured interannual variations in the mean and longitude structure of the peak heights are small (consistent with MTGCM simulations), signifying the repeatability of the Mars atmosphere during aphelion conditions. A non-migrating (semi-diurnal period, wave#l eastward propagating) tidal mode is likely responsible for the wave#3 longitude features identified. The height of this photochemically driven peak can be observed to provide an ongoing monitor of the changing state of the Mars lower atmosphere. The magnitudes of these same peaks may reflect more than changing solar EUV fluxes when they are located in the vicinity of Mars crustal magnetic field centers.

Bougher, Stephen W.↗

Two-Dimensional Moiré Polaronic Electron Crystals

Two-dimensional moiré materials have emerged as the most versatile platform for realizing quantum phases of electrons. Here, we explore the stability origins of correlated states in WSe 2 /WS 2 moiré superlattices. We find that ultrafast electronic excitation leads to partial melting of the Mott states on timescales 5 times longer than predictions from the charge hopping integrals and that the melting rates are thermally activated, with activation energies of 1⁢8±3 and 1⁢3±2 meV for the one- and two-hole Mott states, respectively, suggesting significant electron-phonon coupling. A density functional theory calculation of the one-hole Mott state confirms polaron formation and yields a hole-polaron binding energy of 16 meV. These findings reveal a close interplay of electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions in stabilizing the polaronic Mott insulators at transition metal dichalcogenide moiré interfaces.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Starting-point-independent quantum Monte Carlo calculations of iron oxide

Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) methods are useful for studies of strongly correlated materials because they are many body in nature and use the physical Hamiltonian. Typical calculations assume as a starting point a wave function constructed from single-particle orbitals obtained from one-body methods, e.g., density functional theory. However, mean-field-derived wave functions can sometimes lead to systematic QMC biases if the mean-field result poorly describes the true ground state. In this study, we examine the accuracy and flexibility of QMC trial wave functions using variational and fixed-node diffusion QMC estimates of the total spin density and lattice distortion of antiferromagnetic iron oxide (FeO) in the ground state B1 crystal structure. We found that for relatively simple wave functions the predicted lattice distortion was controlled by the choice of single-particle orbitals used to construct the wave function, rather than by subsequent wave function optimization techniques within QMC. By optimizing the orbitals with QMC, we then demonstrate starting-point independence of the trial wave function with respect to the method by which the orbitals were constructed by demonstrating convergence of the energy, spin density, and predicted lattice distortion for two qualitatively different sets of orbitals. The results suggest that orbital optimization is a promising method for accurate many-body calculations of strongly correlated condensed phases.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Real-time time-dependent density functional theory in Quantum Espresso and related codes

A set of subroutines that interact with an existing computer program, Quantum Espresso (QE), that takes a set of electronic orbitals from QE and propagates them forward in time in response to a number of perturbations. These perturbations include the motion of ions and a wide spectrum of applied electromagnetic fields (e.g., static magnetic fields, slowly-varying electric fields, x-rays, etc.). From the time evolution of the electronic orbitals comes time-varying values of physical observables like the electronic charge and current densities and atomic forces. These are further post-processed to yield properties of interest like stopping powers, conductivities, and the dynamic structure factor. The electronic orbitals are described in a plane wave basis and the equations of motion are carried out using a unitary or approximately unitary time propagation algorithm. Related work will include subroutines for interfacing this capability, as well as others that already exist within QE, with a fork of QE that is more extensible and modular.SAND2019-12611 M Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.

Baczewski, Andrew↗

Intercalation induced quasi-freestanding layer in TiSe 2

Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy is employed to study the electronic structure of bulk TiSe 2 before and after doping with potassium impurities. A splitting in the conduction band into two branches is observed after room-temperature deposition. The splitting energy increases to approximately 130 meV when the sample is cooled to 40 K. One branch exhibits a nondispersive two-dimensional feature, while the other shows the characteristics of three-dimensional bulk band dispersion. Core-level spectroscopy suggests that the K impurities predominantly occupy the intercalated sites within the van der Waals gap. Furthermore, the results indicate the formation of a quasi-freestanding TiSe 2 layer. Additionally, doping completely suppresses the periodic lattice distortion in the surface region. These findings are further supported by density functional theory calculations, which compare the band structure of monolayer and bulk TiSe 2 with experimental data. Thus, the dimensional and intrinsic electronic properties of 1⁢𝑇−TiSe 2 can be controlled through the intercalation procedure used in this work.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Aided Electrochemical Investigation on Ferric Ions in Mixed Molten Calcium and Sodium Chlorides

Electrolytic reduction of dissolved iron oxide to metal iron in molten salts with an inert anode is an alternative short route for steelmaking without CO{sub 2} emissions. A novel and simple integrated yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) cell was constructed from a YSZ tube with a closed end. The YSZ tube played multiple functions, including the container for the molten salts, the solid electrolyte membrane in the O{sup 2−}|YSZ|Pt|O{sub 2} (air) reference electrode (RE), and the solid electrolyte membrane between the working and counter electrodes (WE and CE). Electrochemical behavior of ferric ions (Fe{sup 3+}) that were formed by dissolution of 0.5 wt pct Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} in the molten CaCl{sub 2}-NaCl eutectic mixture was investigated on a Pt WE at 1273 K by various electrochemical techniques including cyclic voltammetry, linear scan voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, chronoamperometry, and potentiostatic electrolysis. Analysis of the mechanism of electrode reactions was further assisted by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Some electrochemical parameters were obtained, including the number of exchanged electrons and the diffusion coefficient of ferric ions in the mixed molten salts. The results from various electrochemical techniques are in good agreement with each other, and show that the electrochemical reduction of Fe{sup 3+} to Fe in the molten salt mixture could be a single three-electron transfer step and diffusion-controlled reaction that was also possibly reversible. This work may form the foundation for extraction of iron and alloys from molten salts and also provide a stable O{sup 2−}|YSZ|Pt|O{sub 2} (air) RE with wide applicability for investigation on electrochemical properties of other electroactive metal oxides in molten salts.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Many-fermion simulation from the contracted quantum eigensolver without fermionic encoding of the wave function

Quantum computers potentially have an exponential advantage over classical computers for the quantum simulation of many-fermion quantum systems. Nonetheless, fermions are more expensive to simulate than bosons due to the fermionic encoding—a mapping by which the qubits are encoded with fermion statistics. Here we generalize the contracted quantum eigensolver (CQE) to avoid fermionic encoding of the wave function. In contrast to the variational quantum eigensolver, the CQE solves for a many-fermion stationary state by minimizing the contraction (projection) of the Schrödinger equation onto two fermions. We avoid fermionic encoding of the wave function by contracting the Schrödinger equation onto an unencoded pair of particles. Solution of the resulting contracted equation by a series of unencoded two-body exponential transformations generates an unencoded wave function from which the energy and two-fermion reduced density matrix (2-RDM) can be computed. We apply the unencoded and the encoded CQE algorithms to the hydrogen fluoride molecule, the dissociation of oxygen O 2 , and a series of hydrogen chains. Both algorithms show comparable convergence towards the exact ground-state energies and 2-RDMs, but the unencoded algorithm has computational advantages in terms of state preparation and tomography.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Anomalous Hall crystals in rhombohedral multilayer graphene. II. General mechanism and a minimal model

Here we propose a minimal "three-patch model"for the anomalous Hall crystal (AHC), a topological electronic state that spontaneously breaks both time-reversal symmetry and continuous translation symmetry. The proposal for this state is inspired by the recently observed integer and fractional quantum Hall states in rhombohedral multilayer graphene at zero magnetic field. There, interaction effects appear to amplify the effects of a weak moiré potential, leading to the formation of stable, isolated Chern bands. It has been further shown that Chern bands are stabilized in mean-field calculations even without a moiré potential, enabling a realization of the AHC state. Our model is built on the dissection of the Brillouin zone into patches centered around high-symmetry points. Within this model, the wave functions at high-symmetry points fully determine the topology and energetics of the state. We extract two quantum geometrical phases of the noninteracting wave functions that control the stability of the topologically nontrivial AHC state. The model predicts that the AHC state wins over the topological trivial Wigner crystal in a wide range of parameters, and agrees very well with the results of full self-consistent Hartree-Fock calculations of the rhombohedral multilayer graphene Hamiltonian.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Bond Selective Photochemistry at Metal Nanoparticle Surfaces: CO Desorption from Pt and Pd

The use of visible photon fluxes to influence catalytic reactions on metal nanoparticle surfaces has attracted attention based on observations of reaction mechanisms and selectivity not observed under equilibrium heating. These observations suggest that photon fluxes can selectively impact the rates of certain elementary steps, creating nonequilibrium energy distributions among various reaction pathways. However, quantitative studies validating these hypotheses on metal nanoparticle surfaces are lacking. Here, we examine the influence of continuous wave visible photon fluxes on the CO desorption rates from 1 to 2 nm diameter Pt and Pd nanoparticle surfaces supported on γ-Al 2 O 3 . Temperature-programmed desorption measurements quantified via diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy demonstrate that visible photon fluxes significantly enhanced the rate of CO desorption from Pt nanoparticles in a wavelength-dependent manner. 440 nm photons most efficiently promoted CO desorption from Pt nanoparticle surfaces, aligning with the excitation energy for the interfacial electronic transition within the Pt–CO bond. Conversely, visible photon fluxes had no measurable influence on CO desorption rates from Pd nanoparticle surfaces after accounting for photon-induced heating. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the Pt–CO bond exhibits a narrower LUMO resonance, stronger coupling between the photoexcitation and forces induced on the metal–C bond, and vibrational energy dissipation that more effectively couples to desorption as compared to Pd–CO. These results demonstrate the specificity photons provide in facilitating chemical reactions on metal nanoparticle surfaces and substantiate the idea that photon fluxes can steer processes and outcomes of catalytic reactions in ways not achievable by equilibrium heating.

desorption↗

Interplay of superconducting, metallic, and crystalline states of composite fermions at 𝜈 = $\frac{1}{6}$ in wide quantum wells

Evidence for developing fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) at filling fraction 𝜈 = 1/6 and 1/8 was recently reported in wide GaAs quantum wells [Wang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 046502 (2025)]. In this article, we theoretically investigate the nature of the state at 𝜈 = 1/6 as a function of the quantum well width and the density by considering composite-fermion (CF) crystals, CF Fermi sea, and various kinds of paired CF states. The 𝑓-wave paired state has the lowest energy among the paired CF states. However, for parameters of interest, the energies of the CF crystal, the CF Fermi liquid, and the 𝑓-wave paired CF state are too close to distinguish. We, therefore, predict that 𝑖𝑓 the FQHE at 𝜈 = 1/6 is experimentally confirmed, this state would be an 𝑓-wave paired state of CFs, which can be verified by measurement of its thermal Hall conductance. Exact diagonalization studies on clean systems with up to eight electrons show that the ground states at 𝜈 = 𝑛/(6⁢𝑛 ± 1) are incompressible for all widths and densities we have considered, and are well described by the corresponding Laughlin and Jain states. We propose a phase diagram for large quantum well widths and densities in which at zero disorder, incompressible FQHE states are stabilized at 𝜈 = 𝑛/(6⁢𝑛 ± 1) and 𝜈 = 1/6, but in between these fillings the CF crystal is stabilized. We also present a qualitative discussion on the effects of disorder and propose a schematic phase diagram based on it. With disorder, which creates a spatial variation in the filling factor, two regimes are identified: (i) for small disorder, when the incompressible states percolate at the special fillings, FQHE with quantized Hall plateaus and vanishing longitudinal resistance should occur; and (ii) for larger disorder, when the CF crystal percolates, the longitudinal resistance rises with decreasing temperature but the domains of FQHE liquid produce minima at the special filling factors. Here, experiments are consistent with the latter scenario. We also mention a possible connection of the phase diagram presented here to a puzzling behavior observed for the fractional quantum anomalous Hall effect in pentalayer graphene.

Composite fermions↗

Locating the Missing Superconducting Electrons in the Overdoped Cuprates La 2 – x Sr x CuO 4 [Locating the Missing Superconducting Electrons in Overdoped Cuprates]

Overdoped high-temperature cuprate superconductors have often been understood within the standard BCS framework of superconductivity. However, measurements in a variety of overdoped cuprates indicate that the superfluid density is much smaller than expected from BCS theory and decreases smoothly to zero as the doping is increased. Here, we combine time-domain THz spectroscopy with kHz range mutual inductance measurements on the same overdoped La 2–x Sr x CuO 4 films to determine the total, superfluid, and uncondensed spectral weight as a function of doping. A significant fraction of the carriers remains uncondensed in a wide Drude-like peak as T → 0, while the superfluid density remains linear in temperature. These observations are seemingly inconsistent with existing, realistic theories of impurity scattering suppressing the superfluid density in a BCS-like d-wave superconductor. Furthermore, our large measurement frequency range gives us a unique look at the low frequency spectral weight distribution, which may suggest the presence of quantum phase fluctuations as the critical doping is approached.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Shock tube study of ionization rates of NaCl-contaminated argon

Electron density, electron temperature, and concentration of excited sodium atoms are measured in the weakly ionized regime behind a shock wave in impure argon in a shock tube using microwave techniques and spectrally resolved radiometry. Evidence is presented to show that an apparent increase in the rate of ionization is due to electron detachment of negative chlorine ions produced from sodium chloride vapor contained as an impurity. To be consistent with this chemical model, rate coefficients are found in the temperature range between 5500 and 8600 K for the dissociation of NaCl into an ion pair, dissociation of NaCl into a neutral pair, and electron detachment of a negative chlorine ion. Electron temperature is lower than heavy-particle temperature by roughly 1000 K. The electron-argon impact-ionization rate coefficient is a weak function of electron temperature in contradiction to expectation.

Schneider, K.-P.↗

Doping dependence of the electron-phonon coupling in two families of bilayer superconducting cuprates

While electron-phonon coupling (EPC) is crucial for Cooper pairing in conventional superconductors, its role in high-Tc superconducting cuprates is debated. Here, using resonant inelastic x-ray scattering at the oxygen K edge, we study the EPC in Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ (Bi2212) and Nd 1+x Ba 2-x Cu 3 O 7-δ (NBCO) at different doping levels ranging from heavily underdoped (p=0.07) to overdoped (p=0.21). We analyze the data with a localized Lang-Firsov model that allows for the coherent excitations of two phonon modes. While electronic band dispersion effects are non-negligible, we are able to perform a study of the relative values of EPC matrix elements in these cuprate families. In the case of NBCO, the choice of the excitation energy allows us to disentangle modes related to the CuO chains and the CuO 2 planes. Combining the results from the two families, we find the EPC strength decreases with doping at q∥=(-0.25, 0) r.l.u., but has a nonmonotonic trend as a function of doping at smaller momenta. This behavior is attributed to the screening effect of charge carriers. We also find that the phonon intensity is enhanced in the vicinity of the charge-density-wave excitations while the extracted EPC strength appears to be less sensitive to their proximity. By performing a comparative study of two cuprate families, we are able to identify general trends in the EPC for the cuprates and provide experimental input to theories invoking a synergistic role for this interaction in d -wave pairing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Observation of synergy between lower hybrid waves at two frequencies in EAST

Synergistic effects between two frequencies of lower hybrid (LH) waves—operating at 2.45 and 4.6 GHz—were observed in experiment on EAST for the first time. At low density (n_e,lin ≈ 2.0 × 10^19m^−3), simultaneous injection of a 65/35 mix of 2.45 GHz/4.6 GHz power achieved an LHCD efficiency that was 25% higher than what should be expected from the linear combination of the two sources. The experiment was interpreted with time-dependent simulations, using the equilibrium and transport solver TRANSP, coupled with the ray-tracing code GENRAY and the Fokker-Planck solver CQL3D. For each discharge, profiles of current and hard x-ray from simulation and measurement agree within uncertainties. An examination of the electron distribution function indicates that the LH synergy is supported by the increased width of the LH resonance plateau in the simultaneous injection case compared to independent injection.

Lower hybrid synergy↗