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DOE OSTI2025

Bench-Scale Apparatus for Rapid, Simultaneous, Comprehensive Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium and Kinetic Property Measurements to Advance CO 2 Capture Solvent Technology

We present here, the design, fabrication, and testing of a new "pressure, volume, temperature (PVT)" apparatus that enables rapid standardized testing for viscosity, vapor–liquid equilibria, and kinetics for water-lean carbon capture solvents. This unit is the first of its kind where equilibrium data are collected during operation as a PTx (pressure–temperature–composition) cell while kinetic data are collected simultaneously with an internal mini wetted-wall contactor (WWC) using controlled adjustments of CO 2 injections to allow for measurements of gas flux (in and out of the liquid). Additionally, in situ measurements of viscosity data are also continuously collected while a solvent is in circulation during gas absorption. This cell empowers comprehensive testing of critical CO 2 capture solvent properties in a single measurement, ensuring all data are collected at the same temperature, pressure, and CO 2 loading. This apparatus also expedites screening of materials since less than 50 mL of sample is needed as compared to 2–3 L needed to get similar data from a conventional WWC. In conclusion, we describe here the methodology of data collected on this new PVT cell, nicknamed “Gary” in honor of Professor Gary Rochelle, for multiple water-lean amine solvents, which we compare to data collected from conventional instrumentation for amine testing.

Zheng, Richard [STARS Technology Corporation, Rich↗

NASA NTRS1984

Dilution Jets in Accelerated Cross Flows

Results of flow visualization experiments and measurements of the temperature field produced by a single jet and a row of dilution jets issued into a reverse flow combustor are presented. The flow in such combustors is typified by transverse and longitudinal acceleration during the passage through its bending section. The flow visualization experiments were designed to examine the separate effects of longitudinal and transverse acceleration on the jet trajectory and spreading rate. A model describing a dense single jet in a lighter accelerating cross flow is developed. The model is based on integral conservation equations, including the pressure terms appropriate to accelerating flows. It uses a modified entrainment correlation obtained from previous experiments of a jet in a cross stream. The flow visualization results are compared with the model calculations in terms of trajectories and spreading rates. Each experiment is typified by a set of three parameters: momentum ratio, density ratio, and the densimetric Froude number. When injection velocities are large or densities are small, the Froude number becomes very large and hence, unimportant. Therefore, the Froude number is generally significant in describing liquid experiments but is unimportant for the gas experiments in the combustor. Agreement between test and calculated results is encouraging but tends to become poorer with increasing momentum ratio. The temperature measurements are presented primarily in the form of consecutive normalized temperature profiles. Some interpolated isothermal contours are also shown. The single jet trajectories are consistently found to be swept towards the inner wall of the bend, whether injection is from the outer or the inner wall. This behavior is explained by a drifting effect which consists of a transverse velocity component across the combustor due to the developing nature of the flow along it. Plots of lateral temperature distributions of the jet indicate that under longitudinal acceleration conditions the thermal spreading of the jet may be completely suppressed. Comparison between combustor experimental results and model calculations shows poor agreement due to the drifting effect which is not taken into consideration in the model calculations. The row of jets experiments are characterized by two additional parameters: spacing ratio and confinement parameter. The results are shown in the form of consecutive normalized temperature profiles. The confinement parameter appears to become increasingly important with decreasing spacing ratio, in particular when its effect is enhanced by the drifting phenomenon and associated pressure field. A tightly spaced row of jets injected from the inner wall, prior to the bend, is surprisingly kept attached to the inner wall in spite of the strong turning. A similar attachment for a jet injected from the outer wall is not observed.

Lipshitz, Abraham↗

DOE OSTI2018

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein antagonist, VH298, promotes functional activities of tendon-derived stem cells and accelerates healing of entheses in rats by inhibiting ubiquitination of hydroxy-HIF-1α

Enthesis is the region where a tendon attaches to a bone. It is a relatively vulnerable position, and in most cases surgical treatment is required upon rupture. The reconstructed enthesis is usually weaker compared to the original, and is prone to rupture again. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α) is known to be involved in extensive activities in cells. It is inhibited under normoxic conditions, and undergoes two essential processes, hydroxylation and ubiquitination, the latter of which has been largely unexplored. Herein, we measured the levels of HIF-1α and hydroxy-HIF-1α in VH298-treated rat tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs) by immunoblotting. We also detected the proliferation of TDSCs using CCK-8 assay and the mRNA levels of related genes by quantitative RT-PCR. The TDSCs were observed to be induced and the chondrogenic differentiation related genes were found to be enhanced. We also simulated in-vitro wounding in a scratch test and reconstructed the enthesis in a rat model of Achilles tendon by classical surgery followed by administration of phosphate buffer saline (PBS) injection or VH298 injection. We observed that HIF-1α and hydroxy-HIF-1α levels were increased in VH298-treated TDSCs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Thirty micromolar VH298 could significantly increase cell proliferation, migration, and expression of collagen-1α, collagen-3α, decorin, tenomodulin, tenascin C genes, and chondrogenic differentiation-related genes, collagen-2α, SRY-box9, aggrecan. VH298-treated enthesis could tolerate more load-to-failure, had a better healing pattern, and activation of HIF signaling pathway. VH298 can thus enhance the functional activities of TDSCs, enhance their chondrogenic differentiation potential, and accelerate enthesis healing by inhibiting the ubiquitination of hydroxy-HIF-1α.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Machine learning based rate optimization under geologic uncertainty

We propose a novel approach for rate optimization during a waterflood under geologic uncertainty in reservoir properties such as permeability and porosity. The traditional approach typically involves several runs of the forward simulator. This may not scale well when the optimization is to be performed at the full field-level and over multiple geologic realizations. A machine-learning (ML) based approach which is quick and scalable for rate optimization over multiple geologic realizations is proposed instead. The training data for the model is generated by running the forward simulator with randomly assigned well rates using multiple geologic realizations. A reduced order representation of the permeability heterogeneity in each of the realizations is derived using a grid connectivity transformation (GCT). This step involves finding basis functions corresponding to the different modal frequencies of the grid connectivity represented by the grid Laplacian. The projection of the heterogeneous property field along these basis functions gives the basis coefficients that form the reduced order representation. Subsequently, for each training datapoint, streamlines are traced and the minimum time of flight (TOF) representing the tracer breakthrough time at each producer is recorded. The basis coefficients and well rates are fed to a machine learning model as input and the minimum TOF at the producers forms the output of the model. This trained model can then be used along with an optimizer for computing the optimal injection rates to maximize the injection sweep efficiency. This corresponds to minimizing the variance in the minimum TOF within each well group. Different architectures of neural network are tested using 5-fold cross validation to decide the best ML model to compute the streamline time of flight. The trained model is used to perform well rate optimization over multiple realizations of geology by using a risk tolerance penalty. The optimal well rates thus obtained are compared with two cases: a) equal well rates assigned to all injectors and producers and b) well rates obtained by optimizing over a single realization without considering the uncertainty in geology. The optimal well rates are seen to offer better oil recovery and sweep efficiency than both cases.

02 PETROLEUM↗

DOE OSTI2022

Physics makes the difference: Bayesian optimization and active learning via augmented Gaussian process

Abstract Both experimental and computational methods for the exploration of structure, functionality, and properties of materials often necessitate the search across broad parameter spaces to discover optimal experimental conditions and regions of interest in the image space or parameter space of computational models. The direct grid search of the parameter space tends to be extremely time-consuming, leading to the development of strategies balancing exploration of unknown parameter spaces and exploitation towards required performance metrics. However, classical Bayesian optimization (BO) strategies based on the Gaussian process (GP) do not readily allow for the incorporation of the known physical behaviors or past knowledge. Here we explore a hybrid optimization/exploration algorithm created by augmenting the standard GP with a structured probabilistic model of the expected system’s behavior. This approach balances the flexibility of the non-parametric GP approach with a rigid structure of physical knowledge encoded into the parametric model. The fully Bayesian treatment of the latter allows additional control over the optimization via the selection of priors for the model parameters. The method is demonstrated for a noisy version of a standard univariate test function used to evaluate optimization algorithms and further extended to physical lattice models. This methodology is expected to be universally suitable for injecting prior knowledge in the form of physical models and past data in the BO framework.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2023

IN SITU PLASMA PROCESSING OF SUPERCONDUCTING CAVITIES AT JLAB, 2023 UPDATE

Jefferson Lab has an ongoing R&D program in plasma processing which just completed a round of production processing in the CEBAF accelerator. Plasma processing is a common technique for removing hydrocarbons from surfaces, which increases the work function and reduces the secondary emission coefficient. The initial focus of the effort was processing C100 cavities by injecting RF power into the higher order mode (HOM) coupler ports. Results from processing cryomodules in the CEBAF accelerator as well as vertical test results will be present-ed. The goal of in-situ processing is to improve the operational gradients and the energy margin of the linacs. This work will describe the systems and methods used at JLAB for processing cavities using an argon-oxygen gas mixture as well as a helium-oxygen gas mixture. Before and after plasma processing results will also be presented.

Powers, Thomas↗

DOE OSTI2020

Time-Lapse Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) for CO 2 Storage in a Depleted Oil Field in Northern Michigan

The goal of the Dover 33 VSP study was to test the effectiveness of time-lapse VSP for detecting and delineating a plume of more than 271,000 tonnes of CO 2 injected into the Brown Niagaran and A-1 Carbonate formations within the Dover 33 reef between March 2013 and September 2016. Five 2D walkaway VSP (WVSP) source lines were acquired by SIGMA3 in September 2016 to investigate the possible time-lapse response in both P-wave and PS-wave seismic data. The data was compared to the same survey geometry acquired in March 2013 by SR2020.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

Assessing Edge Localized Mode (ELM) Mitigation by Pellet Triggering in Smallest-Possible Affordable Robust Compact (SPARC) Low-Collisionality Discharges

Simulations of pellet edge-localized mode (ELM) triggering with the M3D-C1 code confirmed experimentally observed pellet mass thresholds in low-collisionality DIII-D discharges and predicted extremely large thresholds in ITER [A. Wingen et al, Nucl. Fusion 64, 066015(2024)]. The linear (static) and nonlinear (dynamic) workflows developed in this previous work are now applied to the SPARC tokamak. Multiple synthetic equilibria for the high-performance H-mode scenario are tested for MHD stability without pellets using the linear workflow and ELITE simulations; a stable one is identified. Pellets of various mass are injected along an inboard, near-midplane trajectory in the M3D-C1 simulation. No pellet mass threshold for ELM triggering can be found for realistic pellet masses, concluding that fueling from this injection location would not trigger ELMs. A poloidal scan of possible injection locations shows very high thresholds on the high-field side and reasonable thresholds on the low-field-side (LFS). Based on results of this work the location for a LFS injection was finalized in the SPARC design. For this LFS injection the pellet mass threshold is determined using the linear workflow, aligning well with the poloidal scan.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

Assessing Edge Localized Mode (ELM) Mitigation by Pellet Triggering in Smallest-Possible Affordable Robust Compact (SPARC) Low-Collisionality Discharges

Simulations of pellet edge-localized mode (ELM) triggering with the M3D-C1 code confirmed experimentally observed pellet mass thresholds in low-collisionality DIII-D discharges and predicted extremely large thresholds in ITER. The linear (static) and nonlinear (dynamic) workflows developed in this previous work are now applied to the SPARC tokamak. Multiple synthetic equilibria for the high-performance H-mode scenario are tested for MHD stability without pellets using the linear workflow and ELITE simulations; a stable one is identified. Pellets of various mass are injected along an inboard, near-midplane trajectory in the M3D-C1 simulation. No pellet mass threshold for ELM triggering can be found for realistic pellet masses, concluding that fueling from this injection location would not trigger ELMs. A poloidal scan of possible injection locations shows very high thresholds on the high-field side and reasonable thresholds on the low-field-side (LFS). Based on results of this work the location for a LFS injection was finalized in the SPARC design. For this LFS injection the pellet mass threshold is determined using the linear workflow, aligning well with the poloidal scan.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

NASA NTRS1984

Real jet effects on dual jets in a crossflow

A 6-ft by 6-ft wind tunnel section was modification to accommodate the 7-ft wide NASA dual-jet flate model in an effort to determine the effects of nonuniform and/or noncircular jet exhaust profiles on the pressure field induced on a nearby surface. Tests completed yield surface pressure measurements for a 90 deg circular injector producing exit profiles representative of turbofan nozzles (such as the TF-34 nozzle). The measurements were obtained for both tandem and side-by-side jet configurations, jet spacing of S/D =2, and velocity ratios of R=2.2 and 4.0. Control tests at the same mass flow rate but with uniform exit velocity profiles were also conducted, for comparison purposes. Plots for 90 deg injection and R=2.2 show that the effects of exit velocity profile nonuniformity are quite significant.

Schetz, J. A.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Temperature coefficients and radiation induced DLTS spectra of MOCVD grown n(+)p InP solar cells

The effects of temperature and radiation on n(+)p InP solar cells and mesa diodes grown by metallorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) were studied. It was shown that MOCVD is capable of consistently producing good quality InP solar cells with Eff greater than 19 percent which display excellent radiation resistance due to minority carrier injection and thermal annealing. It was also shown that universal predictions of InP device performance based on measurements of a small group of test samples can be expected to be quite accurate, and that the degradation of an InP device due to any incident particle spectrum should be predictable from a measurement following a single low energy proton irradiation.

Walters, Robert J.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Spallation processes and nuclear interaction products of cosmic rays

Most cosmic-ray nuclei heavier than helium have suffered nuclear collisions in the interstellar gas, with transformation of nuclear composition. The isotopic and elemental composition at the sources has to be inferred from the observed composition near the Earth. The source composition permits tests of current ideas on sites of origin, nucleosynthesis in stars, evolution of stars, the mixing and composition of the interstellar medium and injection processes prior to acceleration. The effects of nuclear spallation, production of radioactive nuclides and the time dependence of their decay provide valuable information on the acceleration and propagation of cosmic rays, their nuclear transformations, and their confinement time in the Galaxy. The formation of spallation products that only decay by electron capture and are relatively long-lived permits an investigation of the nature and density fluctuations (like clouds) of the interstellar medium. Since nuclear collisions yield positrons, antiprotons, gamma rays and neutrinos, we shall discuss these topics briefly.

Non-NASA Center↗

NASA NTRS2015

Development of Advanced Low Emission Injectors and High-Bandwidth Fuel Flow Modulation Valves

Parker Hannifin Corporation developed the 3-Zone fuel nozzle for NASA's Environmentally Responsible Aviation Program to meet NASAs target of 75 LTO NOx reduction from CAEP6 regulation. The nozzle concept was envisioned as a drop-in replacement for currently used fuel nozzle stem, and is built up from laminates to provide energetic mixing suitable for lean direct injection mode at high combustor pressure. A high frequency fuel valve was also developed to provide fuel modulation for the pilot injector. Final testing result shows the LTO NOx level falling just shy of NASAs goal at 31.

control↗

NASA NTRS2016

Experimental Investigation of Subsonic Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow Over a Wall-Mounted Axisymmetric Hill

An important goal for modern fluid mechanics experiments is to provide datasets which present a challenge for Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations to reproduce. Such "CFD validation experiments" should be well-characterized and well-documented, and should investigate flows which are difficult for CFD to calculate. It is also often convenient for the experiment to be challenging for CFD in some aspects while simple in others. This report is part of the continuing documentation of a series of experiments conducted to characterize the flow around an axisymmetric, modified-cosine-shaped, wall-mounted hill named "FAITH" (Fundamental Aero Investigates The Hill). Computation of this flow is easy in some ways - subsonic flow over a simple shape - while being complex in others - separated flow and boundary layer interactions. The primary set of experiments were performed on a 15.2 cm high, 45.7 cm base diameter machined aluminum model that was tested at mean speeds of 50 m/s (Reynolds Number based on height = 500,000). The ratio of model height to boundary later height was approximately 3. The flow was characterized using surface oil flow visualization, Cobra probe to determine point-wise steady and unsteady 3D velocities, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to determine 3D velocities and turbulence statistics along specified planes, Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) to determine mean surface pressures, and Fringe Imaging Skin Friction (FISF) to determine surface skin friction magnitude and direction. A set of pathfinder experiments were also performed in a water channel on a smaller scale (5.1 cm high, 15.2 cm base diameter) sintered nylon model. The water channel test was conducted at a mean test section speed of 3 cm/s (Reynolds Number of 1500), but at the same ratio of model height to boundary layer thickness. Dye injection from both the model and an upstream rake was used to visualize the flow. This report summarizes the experimental set-up, techniques used, and data acquired. It also describes some details of the dataset that is being constructed for use by other researchers, especially the CFD community.

fluid machanics cfd validation wind tunnel↗

DOE OSTI2018

Progress on the Construction of the Perpendicularly Biased 2nd Harmonic Cavity for the Fermilab Booster

A perpendicularly biased tuneable 2nd harmonic cavity, designed for the Fermilab Booster, is being assembled for testing this summer (2018). The cavity will work at twice the frequency of the fundamental cavities, and will be on only during the injection and transition (or extraction) periods. The main reason for adding this cavity is to improve beam capture and reduce losses as required by Fermilab's Proton Improvement Plan (PIP). After three years optimization and study, the cavity design has now been finalized and all constituent parts have been received. We report on the cavity final design and on the status of the construction.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Progress on the Construction of the Perpendicularly Biased 2nd Harmonic Cavity for the Fermilab Booster

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Flexible and Scalable Data-Acquisition Using the artdaq Toolkit

The Real-Time Systems Engineering Department of the Scientific Computing Division at Fermilab is developing a flexible, scalable, and powerful data-acquisition (DAQ) toolkit which serves the needs of experiments from bench-top hardware tests to large high-energy physics experiments. The toolkit provides data transport and event building capabilities with the option for experimenters to inject art analysis code at key points in the DAQ for filtering or monitoring. The toolkit also provides configuration management, run control, and low-level hardware communication utilities. Firmware blocks for several commercial data acquisition boards are provided, allowing experimenters to approach the DAQ from a high level. A fully-functional DAQ "solution" of the toolkit is provided in otsdaq, sacrificing some flexibility in favor of being ready-to-use. artdaq is being used for several current and upcoming experiments, and will continue to be refined and expanded for use in the next generation of neutrino and muon experiments.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2020

Project Methods to Enhance Wellbore Cement Integrity with Microbially-Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) (Final Scientific/Technical Report)

The goal of this project was to develop improved methods for sealing compromised wellbore cement in leaking oil and gas wells, thereby reducing the risk of unwanted upward fluid migration. Novel methods for improving wellbore integrity, such as microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP), can reduce leakage potential, improve the safety of fossil fuel extraction, improve the public perception of hydraulic fracturing, and promote environmentally-prudent unconventional oil and gas development. Microbes, with the urease enzyme, can catalyze the chemical reaction of urea hydrolysis to induce the precipitation of calcium carbonate which can be used as a cementitious material to seal leakage pathways. In this project, methods to promote robust bio-composite cementitious materials were designed and tested in the laboratory. Scale-up of those methods were tested in meso-scale reactor systems and in field applications. In this report, in Section One, we describe laboratory efforts to develop injection strategies to promote precipitation in wellbore analogs and determine the strength of the bio-composite cements as compared to fine cement. In Section Two, we describe the efforts to scale up the work and study the use of materials that can be used in field application, for example exploring the use of calcium chloride ice melt or urea fertilizer as source chemicals. In Section Three, the three field trials (methods and results) performed as part of the project are described and summarized. At the end of the report is a comprehensive summary and conclusion section which highlights the key findings of the project. The work performed during this project significantly advanced the technology readiness level (TRL) of the MICP wellbore sealing strategy.

02 PETROLEUM↗