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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,477 records · Page 82

Using Computational Flow Imaging to Optimize Filtered Rayleigh Scattering Measurements of an Isolator Shock Train

Filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS) is a laser diagnostic where the intensity of elastically scattered light is measured after it passes through a molecular absorption filter. The filter removes background interference that overwhelms the relatively weak scattering from the gas molecules. However, with a filter, the measured light intensity depends on many of the scattering gas properties, including pressure, density, temperature, and velocity. In this work, CFD simulations of an isolator shock train flow field are input into a physics-based model to predict the values of FRS intensity measurements in a proposed experiment. The goal is to evaluate if a simplistic FRS setup (that utilizes one camera, laser, and absorption filter) can be used to accurately quantify number density despite the fact that the scattered light intensity also depends on other gas properties. It is found that the experimental setup can be optimized such that a linear relationship describes the number density with an average prediction error of 2%. The vast majority of the flow exhibits prediction errors of less than 3%, but small regions of the flow reach up to 11% error. A sensitivity analysis shows that the prediction error increases with the central wavelength of the incident laser light and decreases with the angle between the camera and laser propagation directions. The optimal experimental parameters are chosen based on a compromise between the prediction error, spatial resolution, and the amount of unfiltered light. In the future, the proposed FRS setup will be implemented to acquire new and valuable information on an isolator shock train, a flow field that has been traditionally studied using wall static pressure measurements and path-integrated visualization techniques, such as schlieren and shadowgraphy.

Hunt, Robin L.↗

A Learning-Based Guidance Selection Mechanism for a Formally Verified Sense and Avoid Algorithm

This paper describes a learning-based strategy for selecting conflict avoidance maneuvers for autonomous unmanned aircraft systems. The selected maneuvers are provided by a formally verified algorithm and they are guaranteed to solve any impending conflict under general assumptions about aircraft dynamics. The decision-making logic that selects the appropriate maneuvers is encoded in a stochastic policy encapsulated as a neural network. The network’s parameters are optimized to maximize a reward function. The reward function penalizes loss of separation with other aircraft while rewarding resolutions that result in minimum excursions from the nominal flight plan. This paper provides a description of the technique and presents preliminary simulation results.

Balachandran, Swee↗

Additive Manufacture of Refractory Alloy C103 for Propulsion Applications

C103 is niobium alloy used in high temperature operating environments. Traditional manufacture methods suffer from feedstock constraints, difficult to machine, high buy-to-fly ratios, and high costs resulting in a limited number of suppliers. Additive manufacture (AM) offers advantages in production of complex parts, improved properties, reproducibility, with significant material cost and schedule savings. The objectives of this project was to investigate the feasibility to AM C103, develop powder feedstock, optimize process parameters, establish design criteria, investigate post-process heat treatments, and determine material properties. AM C103 proved feasible, increased design flexibility, improved mechanical properties compared to wrought, and resulted in an order of magnitude cost reduction.

Omar R Mireles↗

Additive Manufacture of Refractory Alloy C103 for Propulsion Applications

C103 is niobium alloy used in high temperature operating environments. Traditional manufacture methods suffer from feedstock constraints, difficult to machine, high buy-to-fly ratios, and high costs resulting in a limited number of suppliers. Additive manufacture (AM) offers advantages in production of complex parts, improved properties, reproducibility, with significant material cost and schedule savings. The objectives of this project was to investigate the feasibility to AM C103, develop powder feedstock, optimize process parameters, establish design criteria, investigate post-process heat treatments, and determine material properties. AM C103 proved feasible, increased design flexibility, improved mechanical properties compared to wrought, and resulted in an order of magnitude cost reduction.

Omar Roberto Mireles↗

Dude Where's My Stars: A Novel Topologically Justified Approach to Star Tracking

In this paper, we consider two novel approaches to celestial navigation for spacecraft. Determining attitude without any prior knowledge using star tracking is known to be a difficult task, particularly given the computational complexity and the many potential sources of misinformation. We consider localization by optimizing matching parameters without explicit star identification in a computationally tractable manner. This is achieved using the mathematical tools of topological data analysis (TDA) and cellular sheaves to study the geometry and distribution of cataloged stars. A framework is gained that enhances the statistical approach to noise handling and false star detection, and heterogeneous sensor fusion. Finally, we discuss confidence bounds and minimum information requirements for successful operation.

Sheaf theory↗

Far-Field Pattern Measurement and Simulation of VHF Antenna at 60 MHz for Europa Clipper Mission

This paper presents measurements and simulations of a linearly polarized VHF folded dipole operating at 60 MHz for NASA’s upcoming Europa Clipper mission. The spacecraft contains a ground penetrating radar, consisting of an array of four VHF antennas, that will characterize the surface of Jupiter’s icy moon Europa. Measured far-field radiation patterns and reflection coefficients above a 50×80m perfect ground plane are compared to predicted results using commercial software. Normalized Far-Field radiation pattern cuts are measured utilizing a biconical antenna and receiver mounted on a flying drone. Simulations of the radiation pattern show that the number of lobes increases with the distance of the antenna from the ground due to the ground-bounce phenomenon. In addition, the measured and simulated reflection coefficients stay unchanged for height above 2 meters, which matches the predicted calculation of the reactive-near field region of this antenna. However, the antenna electrical parameters are optimized for use on the spacecraft and become detuned in the presence of a ground plane. Simulated and measured return loss discrepancy less than 0.5 dB is presented. Radiation pattern comparisons show similar agreement when taking into account the effect of far-field measurement uncertainties.

Decrossas, Emmanuel↗

Patched Local Lunar Gravity Solutions using GRAIL Data

We present a method to determine local gravity fields for the Moon using Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) data. We express gravity as gridded gravity anomalies on a sphere, and we estimate adjustments to a background global start model expressed in spherical harmonics. We processed GRAIL Ka-band range-rate data with a short-arc approach, using only data over the area of interest. We determine our gravity solutions using neighbor smoothing constraints. We divided the entire Moon into twelve regions and two polar caps, with a resolution of 0.15˚ x 0.15˚ (which is equivalent to degree and order 1199 in spherical harmonics), and determined the optimal smoothing parameter for each area by comparing localized correlations between gravity and topography for each solution set. Our selected areas share nodes with surrounding areas and they are overlapping. To mitigate boundary effects, we patch the solutions together by symmetrically omitting the boundary parts of overlapping solutions. Our new solution has been iterated, and it has improved correlations with topography when compared to a fully iterated global model. Our method requires fewer resources, and can easily handle regionally varying resolution or constraints. The smooth model describes small-scale features clearly, and can be used in local studies of the structure of the lunar crust.

Sander Goossens↗

Adding GPU Support to the Markov Chain Monte Carlo Code Catmip

In geophysics, we are confronted with many under-determined inverse problems. For example, all of our observations of earthquakes are made at the Earth’s surface. So, when we try to infer how slip during an earthquake evolves in space and time, we find that there are many potential slip histories that are consistent with our limited observations and our understanding of earthquake physics. One way to approach these problems is with Bayesian analysis which allows us to infer the ensemble of all potential slip models that satisfy the observations and our prior knowledge of earthquake physics. In Bayesian analysis, our prior knowledge is known as the prior probability density function or prior PDF, the fit to the data is known as the data likelihood, and the target PDF that satisfies both the prior PDF and data likelihood is known as the posterior PDF. However, simulating the posterior PDF typically requires using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to draw tens of billions of random realizations of earthquake slip models, which may not be computationally feasible. To make this and similar geophysical inversions computationally tractable, we developed the Cascading Adaptive Transitional Metropolis In Parallel (CATMIP) algorithm. CATMIP is an efficient parallel Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampler that is used for model fitting and uncertainty quantification in geophysics. Example use cases are earthquake rupture modeling, determining mineral composition on Mars, reconstructing the history of ocean salinity, and historical earthquake relocation. CATMIP employs many parallel instances of the Metropolis algorithm for sampling in a transitioning framework. Transitioning is a process in which a set of random samples at equilibrium with a known probability density function (PDF) are used as seeds for the Markov chains to sample successive target PDFs that incrementally move the distribution from the starting seeds to the final desired PDF that describes the relative plausibility of potential values for the model parameters. The algorithm is implemented as a Master-Worker model employing MPI for communication. The worker processes are loosely coupled with global parameters periodically optimized by the master process. This provides a very high amount of parallelism with little communication between updates. During the presentation we will discuss the history of the algorithm and elaborate the earthquake rupture modeling use case for the CATMIP package. Our first step toward GPU optimization was to optimize the code for the CPU. CPU profiling revealed that most of the compute time is spent in calls to level 2 BLAS routines and calls to GSL random number generators. We revised the algorithm to employ level 3 BLAS routines instead. In our presentation we will describe how this was accomplished. Adding GPU support to CATMIP consisted mostly of replacing the calls to GSL with calls to GPU vendor-provided library routines. A small number of loops were directly implemented in CUDA. In the presentation will provide implementation details. Finally, we will discuss methods for profiling and opportunities for further optimizing GPU execution. By creating a code with the flexibility to run on either a CPU or GPU architecture, CATMIP can be used on systems ranging from large CPU-based HPC environments to single servers with GPU acceleration and everything in between.

HECC↗

L-Band Microwave Satellite Data and Model Simulations Over the Dry Chaco to Estimate Soil Moisture, Soil Temperature, Vegetation and Soil Salinity

The Dry Chaco in South America is a semi-arid ecoregion prone to dryland salinization. In this region, we investigated coarse-scale surface soil moisture (SM), soil temperature, soil salinity and vegetation, using L-band microwave brightness temperature (TB) observations and retrievals from the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite missions, Catchment Land Surface Model (CLSM) simulations, and in situ measurements within 26 sampled satellite pixels. Across these 26 sampled pixels, the satellite-based SM outperformed CLSM SM compared to field data, and forward L-band TB simulations derived from in situ SM and temperature performed better than those derived from CLSM estimates relative to SMOS TB observations. The surface salinity for the sampled pixels was on average only 4 mg/g and only locally influenced the TB simulations, when including salinity in the dielectric mixing model of the forward radiative transfer model (RTM) simulations. To explore the potential of retrieving salinity together with other RTM parameters to optimize TB simulations over the entire Dry Chaco, the RTM was inverted using 10 years of multi-angular SMOS TB data and constraints of CLSM SM and temperature. However, the latter modeled SM was not sufficiently accurate and factors such as open surface water were missing in the background constraints, so that the salinity retrievals effectively represented a bulk correction of the dielectric constant, rather than salinity per se. However, the retrieval of vegetation, scattering albedo and surface roughness resulted in realistic values.

L-Band↗

Influence of Feed Rate on Microstructure and Hardness of Conventionally Spun-formed Al 6061-O Plate

The effect of feed rate on the hardness and microstructure of a 7.35-mm-thick section from a spin-formed Al 6061 cylinder is investigated via microhardness mapping and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The through-thickness hardness and microtexture profiles, corresponding to a true thickness strain of ≈ 0.3, are utilized to evaluate microstructural variations that could influence mechanical anisotropy and spin formability. The microhardness data reveal distinct gradients from the outer to the inner mold line that vary with feed rate and may be a function of the level of forming strain in the material. The microtextural mapping data expose a minor influence from feed rate, but contain trends through the material cross-section that suggest variations in the location-dependent stress states. The results demonstrate for the first time that the relationship between spin forming deformation and hardness or texture variations can be exploited to optimize processing parameters and mechanical response.

Spin forming↗

Joining, Disassembly, and Reconfiguration of Thermoplastic Composites for Space Applications

Thermoplastic composites are increasingly being investigated for aerospace applications because of their relatively short processing time, good chemical and radiation resistance, and potential for reforming and reuse via melting. The manufacturing, reforming, and reuse of thermoplastic composites can be leveraged to advance joining, disassembly, and reassembly of structures for space exploration activities. Potential applications include, but are not limited to, habitats and on-orbit assembly and reassembly of large-scale truss structures. This work focuses on demonstrating the feasibility of joining, disassembly, and reassembly of a thermoplastic bond using heat and pressure. Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) composite adherends were joined using low-melt polyaryl ether ketone (LM-PAEK) thermoplastic films at the bonding interface. The single lap shear specimens with LM-PAEK film were tested and had a maximum shear strength between 5 and 8 MPa and consistently failed adhesively at the bondline. Reassembly of disassembled specimens was successfully demonstrated using additional thermoplastic interlayers. Thus, the reassembly of thermoplastic composite joints was found to be feasible. However, additional work is required to reduce film flowout and optimize consolidation parameters for an in space environment.

thermoplastic composites↗

Influence of Feed Rate on Microstructure and Hardness of Conventionally Spun-formed Al 6061-O Plate

The effect of feed rate on the mechanical properties and microstructure of a 7.35-mm-thick section from a spin-formed Al 6061 cylinder is investigated via microhardness mapping and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The through-thickness hardness and microtexture profiles, corresponding to a true thickness strain of ≈ 0.3, are utilized to evaluate microstructural variations that could influence mechanical anisotropy and spin formability. The microhardness data reveal distinct gradients from the outer to the inner mold line that vary with feed rate and may be a function of the level of forming strain in the material. The microtextural mapping data expose a minor influence from feed rate, but contain trends through the material cross-section that suggest variations in the location-dependent stress states. The results demonstrate for the first time that the relationship between spin forming deformation and hardness or texture variations can be exploited to optimize processing parameters and mechanical response.

Spin forming↗

Optimization-Based Calibration of FAST.Farm Parameters Against SOWFA: Preprint

FAST.Farm is a medium-delity wind farm modeling tool that can be used to assess power and loads contributions of wind turbines in a wind farm. The objective of this paper is to undertake a calibration procedure to set the user parameters of FAST.Farm to accurately represent results from large-eddy simulations. The results provide an in- depth analysis of the comparison of FAST.Farm and large-eddy simulations before and after calibration. The comparison of FAST.Farm and large-eddy simulation results are presented with respect to streamwise and radial velocity components as well as wake-meandering statistics (mean and standard deviation) in the lateral and vertical directions under different atmospheric and turbine operating conditions.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

Evaluation of Combustion Models for CFD Simulation of Pre-Chamber Ignition in a Natural Gas Engine

Natural gas is considered an attractive alternative fossil fuel as it produces 25% less carbon dioxide and emits fewer amounts of toxic pollutants compared to gasoline and diesel. A pre-chamber type ignition device in a natural gas engine is capable of extending the lean operating limit, and hence improving thermal efficiency, by providing spatially distributed ignition with multiple turbulent flame-jets and accelerating the combustion rate. However, the process of ignition in the main chamber triggered by turbulent jets emanating from a pre-chamber is very sensitive to the pre-chamber geometry and fueling strategy, and any effort to optimize these parameters requires fundamental understanding of the underlying physical and thermodynamic phenomena, which can be studied by a multi-dimensional numerical simulation approach. In this study, three turbulent combustion models widely adopted in the multi-dimensional engine modeling community were preliminary evaluated to simulate the combustion process in a natural gas engine with a pre-chamber spark-ignition system. One multi-zone well-stirred reactor model, and two flamelet-based combustion models, G-equation and Extended Coherent Flamelet Model, were employed for this assessment. Under a fuel-lean condition, the three combustion models were used to match experimental data and analyze the differences in terms of in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate.

combustion model evaluation↗

Cyber physical attack detection

A cyber-security threat detection system and method stores physical data measurements from a cyber-physical system and extracts synchronized measurement vectors synchronized to one or more timing pulses. The system and method synthesizes data integrity attacks in response to the physical data measurements and applies alternating parametrized linear and non-linear operations in response to the synthesized data integrity attacks. The synthesis renders optimized model parameters used to detect multiple cyber-attacks.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

An Innovative Nb3Sn Film Approach and Its Potential for SRF Applications

A novel electro-chemical technique to produce Nb3Sn films on Nb substrates was developed and optimized at Fermilab. The Nb3Sn phase is obtained in a two-electrode cell, by electrodeposition from aqueous solutions of Sn layers and Cu intermediate layers onto Nb substrates. Subsequent thermal treatments in inert atmosphere are realized at a maximum temperature of 700°C to obtain the Nb3Sn superconducting phase. Several superconduct-ing Nb3Sn films were obtained on Nb substrates by study-ing and optimizing most parameters of the electro-plating process. Samples were characterized at Fermilab, NIMS, KEK and JLAB, including EPMA analyses, DC and in-ductive tests of critical temperature Tc0, and lower critical field Hc1(4.2 K) by SQUID. In parallel to sample devel-opment and fabrication at FNAL, at JLAB and KEK effort was put into etching and electro-polishing techniques adequate to remove the Cu and bronze phases from the samples’ outer surface. This is necessary prior to meas-urements at JLAB of the surface impedance of flat sam-ples in a setup that make use of an RF host cavity.

Barzi, E. Z.↗