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DOE OSTI2014

SU-E-T-89: Comprehensive Quality Assurance Phantom for the Small Animal Radiation Research Platform

Purpose: Use of Small Animal Radiation Research Platform (SARRP) systems for conducting state-of-the-art image guided radiotherapy (IGRT) research on small animals has become more common over the past years. The purpose of this work is to develop and test the suitability and performance of a comprehensive quality assurance (QA) phantom for the SARRP. Methods: A QA phantom was developed for carrying out daily, monthly and annual QA tasks including imaging, dosimetry and treatment planning system (TPS) performance evaluation of the SARRP. The QA phantom consists of nine (60×60×5 mm3) KV-energy tissue equivalent solid water slabs that can be employed for annual dosimetry QA with film. Three of the top slabs are replaceable with ones incorporating Mosfets or OSLDs arranged in a quincunx pattern, or a slab drilled to accommodate an ion chamber insert. These top slabs are designed to facilitate routine daily and monthly QA tasks such as output constancy, isocenter congruency test, treatment planning system (TPS) QA, etc. One slab is designed with inserts for image QA. A prototype of the phantom was applied to test the performance of the imaging, planning and treatment delivery systems. Results: Output constancy test results showed daily variations within 3%. For isocenter congruency test, the phantom could be used to detect 0.3 mm deviations of the CBCT isocenter from the radiation isocenter. Using the Mosfet in phantom as target, the difference between TPS calculations and measurements was within 5%. Image-quality parameters could also be assessed in terms of geometric accuracy, CT number accuracy, linearity, noise and image uniformity, etc. Conclusion: The developed phantom can be employed as a simple tool for comprehensive performance evaluation of the SARRP. The study provides a reference for development of a comprehensive quality assurance program for the SARRP, with proposed tolerances and frequency of required tests.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗

DOE OSTI2016

SU-F-I-78: Design of Diagnostic Multileaf Collimator Based On the Monte Carlo Simulation for Dose Reduction of Diagnostic Radiography

Purpose: A diagnostics Multileaf Collimator (MLC) was designed for diagnostic radiography dose reduction. Monte Carlo simulation was used to evaluate efficiency of shielding material for producing leaves of Multileaf collimator. Material & Methods: The general radiography unit (Rex-650R, Listem, Korea) was modeling with Monte Carlo simulation (MCNPX, LANL, USA) and we used SRS-78 program to calculate the energy spectrum of tube voltage (80, 100, 120 kVp). The shielding materials was SKD 11 alloy tool steel that is composed of 1.6% carbon(C), 0.4% silicon (Si), 0.6% manganese (Mn), 5% chromium (Cr), 1% molybdenum (Mo), and vanadium (V). The density of it was 7.89 g/m3. We simulated leafs diagnostic MLC using SKD 11 with general radiography unit. We calculated efficiency of diagnostic MLC using tally6 card of MCNPX depending on energy. Results: The diagnostic MLC consisted of 25 individual metal shielding leaves on both sides, with dimensions of 10 × 0.5 × 0.5 cm3. The leaves of MLC were controlled by motors positioned on both sides of the MLC. According to energy (tube voltage), the shielding efficiency of MLC in Monte Carlo simulation was 99% (80 kVp), 96% (100 kVp) and 93% (120 kVp). Conclusion: We certified efficiency of diagnostic MLC fabricated from SKD11 alloy tool steel. Based on the results, the diagnostic MLC was designed. We will make the diagnostic MLC for dose reduction of diagnostic radiography.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗

DOE OSTI2016

SU-F-T-423: Automating Treatment Planning for Cervical Cancer in Low- and Middle- Income Countries

Purpose: To develop and test two independent algorithms that automatically create the photon treatment fields for a four-field box beam arrangement, a common treatment technique for cervical cancer in low- and middle-income countries. Methods: Two algorithms were developed and integrated into Eclipse using its Advanced Programming Interface:3D Method: We automatically segment bony anatomy on CT using an in-house multi-atlas contouring tool and project the structures into the beam’s-eye-view. We identify anatomical landmarks on the projections to define the field apertures. 2D Method: We generate DRRs for all four beams. An atlas of DRRs for six standard patients with corresponding field apertures are deformably registered to the test patient DRRs. The set of deformed atlas apertures are fitted to an expected shape to define the final apertures. Both algorithms were tested on 39 patient CTs, and the resulting treatment fields were scored by a radiation oncologist. We also investigated the feasibility of using one algorithm as an independent check of the other algorithm. Results: 96% of the 3D-Method-generated fields and 79% of the 2D-method-generated fields were scored acceptable for treatment (“Per Protocol” or “Acceptable Variation”). The 3D Method generated more fields scored “Per Protocol” than the 2D Method (62% versus 17%). The 4% of the 3D-Method-generated fields that were scored “Unacceptable Deviation” were all due to an improper L5 vertebra contour resulting in an unacceptable superior jaw position. When these same patients were planned with the 2D method, the superior jaw was acceptable, suggesting that the 2D method can be used to independently check the 3D method. Conclusion: Our results show that our 3D Method is feasible for automatically generating cervical treatment fields. Furthermore, the 2D Method can serve as an automatic, independent check of the automatically-generated treatment fields. These algorithms will be implemented for fully automated cervical treatment planning.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2016

TH-CD-202-08: Feasibility Study of Planning Phase Optimization Using Patient Geometry-Driven Information for Better Dose Sparing of Organ at Risks

Purpose: To propose a simple and effective cost value function to search optimal planning phase (gating window) and demonstrated its feasibility for respiratory correlated radiation therapy. Methods: We acquired 4DCT of 10 phases for 10 lung patients who have tumor located near OARs such as esophagus, heart, and spinal cord (i.e., central lung cancer patients). A simplified mathematical optimization function was established by using overlap volume histogram (OVH) between the target and organ at risk (OAR) at each phase and the tolerance dose of selected OARs to achieve surrounding OARs dose-sparing. For all patients and all phases, delineation of the target volume and selected OARs (esophagus, heart, and spinal cord) was performed (by one observer to avoid inter-observer variation), then cost values were calculated for all phases. After the breathing phases were ranked according to cost value function, the relationship between score and dose distribution at highest and lowest cost value phases were evaluated by comparing the mean/max dose. Results: A simplified mathematical cost value function showed noticeable difference from phase to phase, implying it is possible to find optimal phases for gating window. The lowest cost value which may result in lower mean/max dose to OARs was distributed at various phases for all patients. The mean doses of the OARs significantly decreased about 10% with statistical significance for all 3 OARs at the phase with the lowest cost value. Also, the max doses of the OARs were decreased about 2∼5% at the phase with the lowest cost value compared to the phase with the highest cost value. Conclusion: It is demonstrated that optimal phases (in dose distribution perspective) for gating window could exist differently through each patient and the proposed cost value function can be a useful tool for determining such phases without performing dose optimization calculations. This research was supported by the Mid-career Researcher Program through NRF funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning of Korea (NRF-2014R1A2A1A10050270) and by the Radiation Technology R&D program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (No. 2013M2A2A7038291)

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2013

Business Case Analysis of Research and Development Central—Summary

Research and Development Central (R&D Central) is a proposed suite of web-based tools whose objective is to improve LANL’s sponsored work (SW) projects (work for others plus DOE Non-Defense Program work). Target areas for LANL process improvement include opportunity identification, project conception, proposal preparation and submission, and project capture and tracking. R&D Central will help create a more strategic SW portfolio and position the Laboratory for increased funding diversity and sustainable growth.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Development of SFR Primary System Simulation Capability for Advanced System Codes

Under the Reactor Product Line (RPL) of DOE/NE’s Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) program, an SFR System Analysis Module is being developed at Argonne National Laboratory for whole-plant safety analysis. This tool will simulate tightly coupled physical phenomena – including nuclear fission, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and thermal-mechanical response – in SFR structures, systems, and components. It is based on the MOOSE (Multi-physics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment) framework, which relies upon open-source libraries such as libMesh and PETSc for mesh generation, finite element analysis, and numerical solutions. This development is a coordinated effort along with the development of RELAP-7, which is an advanced safety analysis tool for light-water reactors developed at Idaho National Laboratory. The SFR Module is aimed to model and simulate the SFR systems with much higher fidelity and with well-defined and validated prediction capabilities. It will provide fast-running, modest-fidelity, whole-plant transient analyses capability, which is essential for fast turnaround design scoping and engineering analyses.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Precision Studies of Hadronic and Electro-Weak Interactions for Collider Physics (Final Report)

This project was directed toward developing precision computational tools for proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider, focusing primarily on electroweak boson production and electroweak radiative corrections. The programs developed under this project carried the name HERWIRI, for High Energy Radiation With Infra-Red Improvements, and are the first steps in an ongoing program to develop a set of hadronic event generators based on combined QCD and QED exponentiation. HERWIRI1 applied these improvements to the hadronic shower, while HERWIRI2 will apply the electroweak corrections from the program KKMC developed for electron-positron scattering to a hadronic event generator, including exponentiated initial and final state radiation together with first-order electroweak corrections to the hard process. Some progress was also made on developing differential reduction techniques for hypergeometric functions, for application to the computation of Feynman diagrams.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2015

Documentation and Instructions for Running Two Python Scripts that Aid in Setting up 3D Measurements using the Polytec 3D Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer

Sandia National Laboratories has recently purchased a Polytec 3D Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer for vibration measurement. This device has proven to be a very nice tool for making vibration measurements, and has a number of advantages over traditional sensors such as accelerometers. The non-contact nature of the laser vibrometer means there is no mass loading due to measuring the response. Additionally, the laser scanning heads can position the laser spot much more quickly and accurately than placing an accelerometer or performing a roving hammer impact. The disadvantage of the system is that a significant amount of time must be invested to align the lasers with each other and the part so that the laser spots can be accurately positioned. The Polytec software includes a number of nice tools to aid in this procedure; however, certain portions are still tedious. Luckily, the Polytec software is readily extensible by programming macros for the system, so tedious portions of the procedure can be made easier by automating the process. The Polytec Software includes a WinWrap (similar to Visual Basic) editor and interface to run macros written in that programming language. The author, however, is much more proficient in Python, and the latter also has a much larger set of libraries that can be used to create very complex macros, while taking advantage of Python’s inherent readability and maintainability.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2016

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2010 Performance Rating Method Reference Manual

This document is intended to be a reference manual for the Appendix G Performance Rating Method (PRM) of ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1- 2010 (Standard 90.1-2010).The PRM is used for rating the energy efficiency of commercial and high-rise residential buildings with designs that exceed the requirements of Standard 90.1. The procedures and processes described in this manual are designed to provide consistency and accuracy by filling in gaps and providing additional details needed by users of the PRM. It should be noted that this document is created independently from ASHRAE and SSPC 90.1 and is not sanctioned nor approved by either of those entities . Potential users of this manual include energy modelers, software developers and implementers of “beyond code” energy programs. Energy modelers using ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 for beyond code programs can use this document as a reference manual for interpreting requirements of the Performance Rating method. Software developers, developing tools for automated creation of the baseline model can use this reference manual as a guideline for developing the rules for the baseline model.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Advanced Atmospheric Ensemble Modeling Techniques

Ensemble modeling (EM), the creation of multiple atmospheric simulations for a given time period, has become an essential tool for characterizing uncertainties in model predictions. We explore two novel ensemble modeling techniques: (1) perturbation of model parameters (Adaptive Programming, AP), and (2) data assimilation (Ensemble Kalman Filter, EnKF). The current research is an extension to work from last year and examines transport on a small spatial scale (<100 km) in complex terrain, for more rigorous testing of the ensemble technique. Two different release cases were studied, a coastal release (SF6) and an inland release (Freon) which consisted of two release times. Observations of tracer concentration and meteorology are used to judge the ensemble results. In addition, adaptive grid techniques have been developed to reduce required computing resources for transport calculations. Using a 20- member ensemble, the standard approach generated downwind transport that was quantitatively good for both releases; however, the EnKF method produced additional improvement for the coastal release where the spatial and temporal differences due to interior valley heating lead to the inland movement of the plume. The AP technique showed improvements for both release cases, with more improvement shown in the inland release. This research demonstrated that transport accuracy can be improved when models are adapted to a particular location/time or when important local data is assimilated into the simulation and enhances SRNL’s capability in atmospheric transport modeling in support of its current customer base and local site missions, as well as our ability to attract new customers within the intelligence community.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2018

Integral Full Core Multi-Physics PWR Benchmark with Measured Data

In recent years, the importance of modeling and simulation has been highlighted extensively in the DOE research portfolio with concrete examples in nuclear engineering with the CASL and NEAMS programs. These research efforts and similar efforts worldwide aim at the development of high-fidelity multi-physics analysis tools for the simulation of current and next-generation nuclear power reactors. Like all analysis tools, verification and validation is essential to guarantee proper functioning of the software and methods employed. The current approach relies mainly on the validation of single physic phenomena (e.g. critical experiment, flow loops, etc.) and there is a lack of relevant multiphysics benchmark measurements that are necessary to validate high-fidelity methods being developed today. This work introduces a new multi-cycle full-core Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) depletion benchmark based on two operational cycles of a commercial nuclear power plant that provides a detailed description of fuel assemblies, burnable absorbers, in-core fission detectors, core loading and re-loading patterns. This benchmark enables analysts to develop extremely detailed reactor core models that can be used for testing and validation of coupled neutron transport, thermal-hydraulics, and fuel isotopic depletion. The benchmark also provides measured reactor data for Hot Zero Power (HZP) physics tests, boron letdown curves, and three-dimensional in-core flux maps from 58 instrumented assemblies. The benchmark description is now available online and has been used by many groups. However, much work remains to be done on the quantification of uncertainties and modeling sensitivities. This work aims to address these deficiencies and make this benchmark a true non-proprietary international benchmark for the validation of high-fidelity tools. This report details the BEAVRS uncertainty quantification for the first two cycle of operations and serves as the final report of the project.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2020

BISON Capabilities for LWR Fuel Behavior Analysis During Accident and High-burnup Conditions

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) program aims to develop predictive capabilities using computational methods for the analysis and design of advanced reactor and fuel cycle systems. This program has been supporting the development of BISON which is a high-fidelity and high-resolution fuel performance tool at the engineering scale. Increasing recent interest in applications at extended burnups motivated this study to incorporate more physically based models in BISON. This document details integration of newly implemented modeling capabilities into BISON, which includes (1) new thermal conductivity models that are valid up to 100 GWd/t, (2) models for the formation of the high-burnup structure (HBS), (3) two porosity correction methods beingapplied on the thermal conductivity due to the conducting pores during the HBS formation. BISON's results are verified and validated to test the new modeling capabilities

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2020

First observation of the production of three massive vector bosons and search for long-lived particles using delayed photons in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13\text{ TeV}$

This thesis presents the first observation of the production of three massive vector bosons (VVV with V = W, Z) in proton-proton collisions at the LHC at $\sqrt{s}=13\text{ TeV}$. The search was performed in final states with two same-sign charged leptons (electrons or muons) plus one or two jets, and three, four, five, or six leptons from WWW, WWZ, WZZ and ZZZ decays, with a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb -1 collected by the CMS experiment during 2016-2018. The observed (expected) significance of the combined VVV production is 5.7 (5.9) standard deviations, and the production cross section is measured to be 1010$^{+210}_{-200}$(stat) $^{+150}_{-120}$(syst) fb, corresponding to a signal strength of 1.02$^{+0.26}_{-0.23}$. We also found evidence for WWW and for WWZ production, with observed significances of 3.3 and 3.4 standard deviations, respectively. The measured production cross sections for individual VVV processes are also reported. The establishment of VVV production opens a new program of many standard model studies (such as gauge-gauge and Higgs-gauge couplings), and provides a new tool for many new physics searches (such as anomalous gauge coupling searches, new resonance searches). This thesis also reports a search for long-lived supersymmetry particles decaying to photons in proton-proton collisions at the LHC at $\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV$, with a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 77.4 fb -1 collected by CMS during 2016-2017. Results are interpreted with a gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking model, where the long-lived particle is a neutralino and the lightest supersymmetry particle is a gravitino. For neutralino proper decay lengths of 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 m, masses up to 320, 525, 360, and 215 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level, respectively. This result extends the limits from previous searches by one order of magnitude for the neutralino proper decay length and up to 100 GeV more for the neutralino mass. Motivated by the need for precision timing measurements for long-lived particle searches, as well as for improvements in general object reconstruction performance, the timing performance of two types of sensors are studied in this thesis: one with a Cerium doped Lutetium Yttrium Orthosilicate (LYSO:Ce) crystal as the scintillator and a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) as the photodetector, another with a Cadmium-Telluride sensor as the active material for a sampling calorimeter. Both setups have been demonstrated with test beams to be able to provide timing measurements of particles with a resolution below 30 ps.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Assessing and benchmarking the fidelity of posterior inference methods for astrophysics data analysis

In this era of large and complex astronomical survey data, interpreting, validating, and comparing inference techniques becomes increasingly difficult. This is particularly critical for emerging inference methods like Simulation-Based Inference (SBI), which offer significant speedup potential and posterior modeling flexibility, especially when deep learning is incorporated. We present a study to assess and compare the performance and uncertainty prediction capability of Bayesian inference algorithms – from traditional MCMC sampling of analytic functions to deep learning-enabled SBI. We focus on testing the capacity of hierarchical inference modeling in those scenarios. Before we extend this study to cosmology, we first use astrophysical simulation data to ensure interpretability. We demonstrate a probabilistic programming implementation of hierarchical and non-hierarchical Bayesian inference using simulations derived from the DeepBench software library, a benchmarking tool developed by our group that generates simple and controllable astrophysical objects from first principles. This study will enable astronomers and physicists to harness the inference potential of these methods with confidence.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2022

U.S. Pacific Coast Workshop Report on Preconstruction Research Recommendations (U.S. Offshore Wind Synthesis of Environmental Effects Research (SEER) Project)

In May 2022, the U.S. Offshore Wind Synthesis of Environmental Effects Research (SEER) project team hosted a stakeholder workshop focused on preconstruction (baseline) research needs for potential floating offshore wind (OSW) energy development on the U.S. Pacific Coast, including California, Oregon, and Washington. Prior to the workshop, the SEER team developed a set of initial synthesized research recommendations that were identified based on a review of relevant, publicly available resources and with advisory group input. The workshop covered three marine life breakout groups on subsequent days to discuss research recommendations related to 1) marine mammals and sea turtles, 2) fish and invertebrates, and 3) birds and bats. As part of the workshop, over a hundred participants from the public and private sectors provided feedback on various aspects of the initial research recommendations, including associated data and knowledge gaps, benefits/limitations of available methods and technologies, and technological advancements or infrastructure needed to address the recommendation. Approximately 1,000 total comments were received on the workshop MURAL boards and were synthesized in this report. Based on workshop feedback, SEER developed a final database of over 500 specific research recommendations based on more than 40 resources. In Fall 2022, the full database and a tool with updated synthesized research recommendations were disseminated on Tethys (https://tethys.pnnl.gov) to assist with informing future funding opportunities and research programming. There is a continued need to improve awareness of the potential environmental effects, monitoring technologies, and management strategies for floating OSW energy development on the U.S. Pacific Coast. Coordination of these activities will require the sustained involvement of multiple stakeholders from across sectors. Beyond the baseline considerations discussed in this workshop, future state-of-the-science activities should be planned to consider research needs across wind energy life cycle phases for all relevant wildlife taxa and associated habitat and ecosystem processes.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2014

Polarized deuterium physics with EIC

We summarize the prospects for measurements of deep-inelastic scattering and related processes on polarized deuterium with a future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). Such measurements are needed to map the quark spin structure of the neutron and quantify the effect of nuclear binding on the nucleon's quark and gluon distributions. They can also reveal coherent two-nucleon effects through tensor polarization observables. Of particular interest are deep-inelastic measurements in which the spectator nucleon (proton or neutron) is detected in the forward direction. They allow one to identify the active nucleon and control its quantum state, offering unprecedented control and precision for theoretical analysis. The JLab MEIC detector and interaction region design provides excellent capabilities for "spectator tagging" and would enable a rich physics program with polarized deuterium beams. We report about first results of a JLab 2014 LDRD project aimed at developing simulation tools for tagged measurements on polarized deuterium with EIC (cross section models, Monte-Carlo generators) and demonstrating their feasibility.

Weiss, Christian↗

DOE OSTI2022

Intersections of Disadvantaged Communities and Renewable Energy Potential: Analyses to Inform Equitable Investment Prioritization

Renewable energy development can bolster local economies through job creation, local tax revenues, and reduced energy costs; however, communities most in need of economic development and employment opportunities often see lower levels of renewable energy deployment. Megan Day and Liz Ross, along with their co-authors and supported by NREL's Sustainable Communities Catalyzer, identified areas where disadvantaged community indicators intersect with high potential for renewable energy deployment. Through a geospatial intersection of energy burden, environmental hazard, and sociodemographic data with the technical generation potential and levelized cost of energy for multiple renewable energy technologies, we identified trends across disadvantaged community indicators and renewable energy deployment potential. Combining metrics across several tools, including the State and Local Planning for Energy (SLOPE) platform, the Low-Income Energy Affordability (LEAD) tool, and the Environmental Justice Screening and Mapping (EJSCREEN) tool, we compiled a dataset that can be used to inform national- and state-level energy-related assistance programs, economic development efforts, and infrastructure programs seeking to prioritize investments in disadvantage communities.

catalyzer↗

DOE OSTI2023

Status of HEU-Pb in the International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project (ICSBEP) Handbook

The Department of Energy invests tens of millions of dollars each year to develop the next generation of nuclear engineering modeling & simulation (M&S) tools. These tools are used to analyze advanced reactor designs and the safety of current nuclear operations. As computers become more powerful, we are able to enhance resolution in our calculations. This improved resolution is taking us to a point where the limitations of simulation capability are in the quality of data, including our ability to quantify the uncertainty and sensitivity of the data. In order to model systems of interest with increasing accuracy, the industry must improve key nuclear data measurements. Thus, M&S tools need evaluated and quality-assured experimental data for validation purposes. The International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project (ICSBEP) compiles and evaluates experiment data in a handbook that can be used by criticality safety engineers and others to validate computer codes and cross-section libraries at nuclear facilities. Both critical and subcritical experiments are included in the handbook. Figure 1 organizes all the benchmark evaluations that have been performed by the isotope of interest, in this case Pb, and the average neutron energy the system. Compared to other isotopes of interest for nuclear applications, there are few benchmark evaluations for Pb systems. The lack of integral measurements to determine errors in Pb cross-section data has caused the latest nuclear cross-section libraries to over/underestimate k eff compared to experimental results. Therefore, this evaluation fills an important knowledge gap in benchmark evaluations.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗