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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,567 records · Page 87
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2013

Crystal structure of HgGa{sub 2}Se{sub 4} under compression

Highlights: ► Single crystals of HgGa{sub 2}Se{sub 4} with defect-chalcopyrite structure were synthesized. ► HgGa{sub 2}Se{sub 4} exhibits a phase transition to a disordered rock salt structure at 17 GPa. ► HgGa{sub 2}Se{sub 4} undergoes a phase transition below 2.1 GPa to a disordered zinc blende. - Abstract: We report on high-pressure x-ray diffraction measurements up to 17.2 GPa in mercury digallium selenide (HgGa{sub 2}Se{sub 4}). The equation of state and the axial compressibilities for the low-pressure tetragonal phase have been determined and compared to related compounds. HgGa{sub 2}Se{sub 4} exhibits a phase transition on upstroke toward a disordered rock-salt structure beyond 17 GPa, while on downstroke it undergoes a phase transition below 2.1 GPa to a phase that could be assigned to a metastable zinc-blende structure with a total cation-vacancy disorder. Thermal annealing at low- and high-pressure shows that kinetics plays an important role on pressure-driven transitions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Extrusion compression molded critical rare earth free bonded permanent magnets

Samarium iron nitride (Sm-Fe-N) bonded magnets have emerged as promising candidates for various industrial applications due to their exceptional magnetic properties. Compounds with magnetic material 95 wt fraction (wt.%) (∼74 vol%) and 97 wt.% (∼81 vol%) of SmFeN in a polyamide (PA12) polymer binder are manufactured using a batch mixer followed by compression molding. A maximum energy product ( BH ) max of 186.21 kJ.m -3 (23.4 MGOe) is achieved in the 95 wt.% bonded magnets; 97 wt.% magnets had a ( BH ) max of 165.52 kJ.m -3 (20.8 MGOe). It is found that the degree of alignment (DoA) of 99 % is achieved in the 95 wt.% magnets, whereas the 97 wt.% magnets are limited to a DoA of 90 % respectively. The high DoA can be attributed to low particle-particle interaction during the post-magnetic field alignment process. Finally, this research provides a useful insight of binder-particle interactions at very high magnet weight fractions and their effect on magnetic strength and performance.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Amorphous complexion-aided sintering enables scalable processing of bulk nanocrystalline Cu-Zr with high strength and compressive plasticity

Nanocrystalline alloys can have exceptional strengths, yet due to limited microstructural stability it is difficult to fabricate bulk pieces through traditional processing routes that retain nanosized grains. In this study, centimeter-sized Cu-Zr alloy pellets were fabricated via a simple and improved powder metallurgy processing route. Different consolidation temperatures and times were employed to investigate the effect of amorphous grain boundary complexions on densification and the resulting mechanical properties. Bulk compression tests were carried out, with the samples that were hot pressed at 900 °C for 10 h exhibiting an excellent combination of average yield strength of 722 ± 45 MPa and average failure strain of 25.3 ± 2.4 %. Furthermore, we find that a powder processing route which enables amorphous complexion-assisted sintering leads to samples that (1) reach full density without requiring quenching treatments or other complex processing, (2) demonstrate appreciable plasticity, and (3) have strength that competes with commercially available high-strength Cu alloys.

Bulk nanocrystalline alloy↗
DOE OSTI2011

Fragment separator momentum compression schemes.

We present a scheme to use a fragment separator and profiled energy degraders to transfer longitudinal phase space into transverse phase space while maintaining achromatic beam transport. The first order beam optics theory of the method is presented and the consequent enlargement of the transverse phase space is discussed. An interesting consequence of the technique is that the first order mass resolving power of the system is determined by the first dispersive section up to the energy degrader, independent of whether or not momentum compression is used. The fragment separator at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams is a specific application of this technique and is described along with simulations by the code COSY INFINITY.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Advances in rapid compression machine studies of low- and intermediate-temperature autoignition phenomena

Rapid compression machines (RCMs) are widely-used to acquire experimental insights into fuel autoignition and pollutant formation chemistry, especially at conditions relevant to current and future combustion technologies. RCM studies emphasize important experimental regimes, characterized by low- to intermediate-temperatures (600–1200 K) and moderate to high pressures (5–80 bar). At these conditions, which are directly relevant to modern combustion schemes including low temperature combustion (LTC) for internal combustion engines and dry low emissions (DLE) for gas turbine engines, combustion chemistry exhibits complex and experimentally challenging behaviors such as the chemistry attributed to cool flame behavior and the negative temperature coefficient regime. Challenges for studying this regime include that experimental observations can be more sensitive to coupled physical-chemical processes leading to phenomena such as mixed deflagrative/autoignitive combustion. Experimental strategies which leverage the strengths of RCMs have been developed in recent years to make RCMs particularly well suited for elucidating LTC and DLE chemistry, as well as convolved physical-chemical processes. Specifically, this work presents a review of experimental and computational efforts applying RCMs to study autoignition phenomena, and the insights gained through these efforts. A brief history of RCM development is presented towards the steady improvement in design, characterization, instrumentation and data analysis. Novel experimental approaches and measurement techniques, coordinated with computational methods are described which have expanded the utility of RCMs beyond empirical studies of explosion limits to increasingly detailed understanding of autoignition chemistry and the role of physical-chemical interactions. Fundamental insight into the autoignition chemistry of specific fuels is described, demonstrating the extent of knowledge of low-temperature chemistry derived from RCM studies, from simple hydrocarbons to multi-component blends and full-boiling range fuels. In conclusion, emerging needs and further opportunities are suggested, including investigations of under-explored fuels and the implementation of increasingly higher fidelity diagnostics.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Generalizing the compressible pairwise interaction extended point-particle model

Ejecta physics plays an important role in material interfaces that are impacted by a strong shock wave. When a shock impacts a rough surface of solid material and melts it, the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability grows perturbations on the surface, which can eject particles. After release, the ejecta travel through the post-shock compressible flow. To accurately simulate a large number of ejecta particles, an Euler–Lagrange approach is preferred, which requires modeling the subgrid-scale physics involved with fluid–particle interactions. We generalize the previous work from Hsiao et al. (2023) to consider systems of moving particles subject to any loading shock. The following improvements were made: (1) Particles are allowed to move relative to each other (2) Non-planar shocks are accounted for along with allowing for variable shock speeds. As a result, the generalized algorithm was tested with particle-resolved simulations for canonical test cases. The results of these tests are discussed and analyzed.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Heat release analysis for rapid compression machines: Challenges and opportunities

Heat release analysis (HRA) is commonly used in combustion studies to derive understandings of chemical and physical processes in situations where direct measurement is not practical. In internal combustion engines, it is typically based on crank-angle resolved pressure diagnostics. However, it has not been applied extensively to rapid compression machine datasets. There are various challenges associated with rigorous application of HRA, including a reasonable accounting of physical processes that occur during the test period, such as heat loss. Limitations associated with transducer robustness and data acquisition system fidelity also exist. On the other hand, there is potential to extract a wealth of information from pressure-time histories via HRA, such as quantifying the evolution and trends of preliminary exothermicity, e.g., low- and intermediate-temperature heat release, across a range of thermodynamic conditions; detecting the existence of non-uniform ignition phenomena during a test; and providing additional targets for the evaluation and improvement of chemical kinetic models. Finally, this work discusses such opportunities, and some approaches towards resolving various challenges.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Evolution of tensile and shear cracking in crystalline rocks under compression

Here we performed laboratory-scale unconfined compression experiments on Barre granite specimen with a single pre-existing flaw to study the evolution of tensile and shear cracking that occurs during different stress levels. Moment tensor inversion of acoustic emission (AE) events in combination with the nonelastic strain component obtained through the 2D digital image correlation (DIC) technique are used to track the changes in the source mechanisms of the stress-induced cracks. The mode of deformation computed from the image based strain profiles, enables visual comparison of the nucleation, growth and interaction of the tensile and shear cracks with the microseismic source mechanism observed by moment tensor inversion of the AE events. Comparing the results obtained from the two techniques on the same dataset demonstrates a quantitative correlation between the acoustic and visual observations in terms of the cracking mechanisms obtained at different stages of cracking from crack initiation at the flaw tips to the failure of the rock specimen.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Component innovations for lower cost mechanical vapor compression

Despite significant capital and operating costs, mechanical vapor compression (MVC) remains the preferred technology for challenging brine concentration applications. Here, this work seeks to assess the dependence of MVC costs on feedwater salinity and desired water recovery and to quantify the value of improved component performance or reduced component costs for reducing the levelized cost of water (LCOW) of MVC. We built a cost optimization model coupling thermophysical, heat and mass transfer, and technoeconomic models to optimize and identify low cost MVC system designs as a function of feedwater salinity and water recovery. The LCOW ranges over 3.6 to 6.1 $\$$/m 3 for seawater feed salinities of 25–150 g/kg and water recoveries of 40–80 %. We then perform sensitivity analysis on parameter inputs to isolate irreducible costs and determine high value component innovation targets. The LCOW was most sensitive to evaporator material costs and performance, including the overall heat transfer coefficient in the evaporator. Process and material innovations such as polymer-composite evaporator tubes that reduce evaporator costs by 25 % without reducing heat transfer performance by more than 10 % would result in MVC cost reductions of 8 %.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Near-wall model for compressible turbulent boundary layers based on an inverse velocity transformation

In this work, a near-wall model, which couples the inverse of a recently developed compressible velocity transformation (Griffin et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., vol. 118, 2021, p. 34) and an algebraic temperature–velocity relation, is developed for high-speed turbulent boundary layers. As input, the model requires the mean flow state at one wall-normal height in the inner layer of the boundary layer and at the boundary-layer edge. As output, the model can predict mean temperature and velocity profiles across the entire inner layer, as well as the wall shear stress and heat flux. The model is tested in an a priori sense using a wide database of direct numerical simulation high-Mach-number turbulent channel flows, pipe flows and boundary layers (48 cases, with edge Mach numbers in the range 0.77–11, and semi-local friction Reynolds numbers in the range 170–5700). The present model is significantly more accurate than the classical ordinary differential equation (ODE) model for all cases tested. The model is deployed as a wall model for large-eddy simulations in channel flows with bulk Mach numbers in the range 0.7–4 and friction Reynolds numbers in the range 320–1800. When compared to the classical framework, in the a posteriori sense, the present method greatly improves the predicted heat flux, wall stress, and temperature and velocity profiles, especially in cases with strong heat transfer. In addition, the present model solves one ODE instead of two, and has a computational cost and implementation complexity similar to that of the commonly used ODE model.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Removing Stripes, Scratches, and Curtaining with Nonrecoverable Compressed Sensing

Highly-directional image artifacts such as ion mill curtaining, mechanical scratches, or image striping from beam instability degrade the interpretability of micrographs. These unwanted, aperiodic features extend the image along a primary direction and occupy a small wedge of information in Fourier space. Deleting this wedge of data replaces stripes, scratches, or curtaining, with more complex streaking and blurring artifacts—known within the tomography community as “missing wedge” artifacts. Here, we overcome this problem by recovering the missing region using total variation minimization, which leverages image sparsity-based reconstruction techniques—colloquially referred to as compressed sensing (CS)—to reliably restore images corrupted by stripe-like features. Our approach removes beam instability, ion mill curtaining, mechanical scratches, or any stripe features and remains robust at low signal-to-noise. In conclusion, the success of this approach is achieved by exploiting CS's inability to recover directional structures that are highly localized and missing in Fourier Space.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Selected Negative Linear Compressibilities in the Metal–Organic Framework of [Cu(4,4'-bpy) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ]·SiF 6

Negative linear compressibility (NLC) is a rare high-pressure observation that lattice contraction is accompanied by the structural expansion along a specific direction. Generally, this counterintuitive phenomenon only derives from the intrinsic structural characteristics of materials and cannot be tuned by external perturbations. Searching for an effective method to control NLC effect is still a challenge in both chemical and material science. In this work, we successfully discover and select the NLC behaviors in the metal-organic framework (MOF) of [Cu(4,4'-bpy) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ]·SiF 6 (Cu(bpy)·SiF) through controlling the pressure conditions therein. The NLC effect of Cu(bpy)·SiF originates from the wine-rack mechanism that quasi-square grids transfer to rhombic ones with the structural expansion along the diagonal direction at high pressure. Meanwhile, both of the pressure range and magnitude of the NLC responses are enlarged with optimized pressure conditions. This study not only presents the intriguing selected NLC behaviors of a MOF but also proves the effects of pressure conditions on NLC, which offers promising strategies for further design and applications of NLC materials.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2011

Static Compression of Tetramethylammonium Borohydride

Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction are used to examine the high-pressure behavior of tetramethylammonium borohydride (TMAB) to 40 GPa at room temperature. The measurements reveal weak pressure-induced structural transitions around 5 and 20 GPa. Rietveld analysis and Le Bail fits of the powder diffraction data based on known structures of tetramethylammonium salts indicate that the transitions are mediated by orientational ordering of the BH{sub 4}{sup -} tetrahedra followed by tilting of the (CH{sub 3}){sub 4}N{sup +} groups. X-ray diffraction patterns obtained during pressure release suggest reversibility with a degree of hysteresis. Changes in the Raman spectrum confirm that these transitions are not accompanied by bonding changes between the two ionic species. At ambient conditions, TMAB does not possess dihydrogen bonding, and Raman data confirms that this feature is not activated upon compression. The pressure-volume equation of state obtained from the diffraction data gives a bulk modulus [K{sub 0} = 5.9(6) GPa, K'{sub 0} = 9.6(4)] slightly lower than that observed for ammonia borane. Raman spectra obtained over the entire pressure range (spanning over 40% densification) indicate that the intramolecular vibrational modes are largely coupled.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2012

Structural Stability and Compressibility Study for ZnO Nanobelts under High Pressure

The study of nanoscale materials with well-controlled shape could help us to learn more about the morphology effect on phase stability and elastic properties. In situ high-pressure synchrotron angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction for nanobelt and bulk ZnO was measured side-by-side in the same diamond anvil cell at room temperature up to 29 GPa. The pressure-induced wurtzite-type to rocksalt-type structural transition was observed starting at 9.3 GPa for both of these two types of ZnO samples, and no enhanced structural stability for ZnO nanobelts under pressure was found. The relative bigger bulk moduli of wurtzite- and rocksalt-type ZnO nanobelts implicated the morphology effect on its compressibility.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Ultrafast visualization of incipient plasticity in dynamically compressed matter

Plasticity is ubiquitous and plays a critical role in material deformation and damage; it inherently involves the atomistic length scale and picosecond time scale. A fundamental understanding of the elastic-plastic deformation transition, in particular, incipient plasticity, has been a grand challenge in high-pressure and high-strain-rate environments, impeded largely by experimental limitations on spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we report femtosecond MeV electron diffraction measurements visualizing the three-dimensional (3D) response of single-crystal aluminum to the ultrafast laser-induced compression. We capture lattice transitioning from a purely elastic to a plastically relaxed state within 5 ps, after reaching an elastic limit of ~25 GPa. Our results allow the direct determination of dislocation nucleation and transport that constitute the underlying defect kinetics of incipient plasticity. Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations show good agreement with the experiment and provide an atomic-level description of the dislocation-mediated plasticity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Directed Self-assembly of Nanoparticles at the Polymer Surface by Highly Compressible Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

We report a versatile route for self-assembly of polymer-soluble nanoparticles at the polymer surface using highly compressible supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO{sub 2}). Polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate)-based nanocomposite thin films with functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and phenyl C{sub 61} butyric acid methyl ester nanoparticles were prepared on Si substrates and exposed to scCO{sub 2} at different pressures under the isothermal condition of 36 C. The resultant structures could be then preserved by the vitrification process of the glassy polymers via quick pressure quench to atmospheric pressure and subsequently characterized by using various surface sensitive experimental techniques in air. We found that the surface segregation of these nanoparticles is induced in the close vicinity of P = 8.2 MPa where the excess absorption of the fluid into the polymers maximizes. However, when the film thickness becomes less than about 4R{sub g} thick (where R{sub g} is the radius of polymer gyration), the uniform dispersion of the nanoparticles is favorable instead even at the same CO{sub 2} conditions. We clarify that the phase transition is correlated with the emergence of a concentration gradient of the fluid at the polymer/CO{sub 2} interface and is a general phenomenon for different polymer-nanoparticle interactions.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2011

Limiting effects on laser compression by resonant backward Raman scattering in modern experiments

Through resonant backward Raman scattering, the plasma wave mediates the energy transfer between long pump and short seed laser pulses. These mediations can result in pulse compression at extraordinarily high powers. However, both the overall efficiency of the energy transfer and the duration of the amplified pulse depend upon the persistence of the plasma wave excitation. At least with respect to the recent state-of-the-art experiments, it is possible to deduce that at present the experimentally realized efficiency of the amplifier is likely constrained mainly by two effects, namely, the pump chirp and the plasma wave wavebreaking.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗