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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS1992

High-frequency techniques for RCS prediction of plate geometries

The principal-plane scattering from perfectly conducting and coated strips and rectangular plates is examined. Previous reports have detailed Geometrical Theory of Diffraction/Uniform Theory of Diffraction (GTD/UTD) solutions for these geometries. The GTD/UTD solution for the perfectly conducting plate yields monostatic radar cross section (RCS) results that are nearly identical to measurements and results obtained using the Moment Method (MM) and the Extended Physical Theory of Diffraction (EPTD). This was demonstrated in previous reports. The previous analysis is extended to bistatic cases. GTD/UTD results for the principal-plane scattering from a perfectly conducting, infinite strip are compared to MM and EPTD data. A comprehensive overview of the advantages and disadvantages of the GTD/UTD and of the EPTD and a detailed analysis of the results from both methods are provided. Several previous reports also presented preliminary discussions and results for a GTD/UTD model of the RCS of a coated, rectangular plate. Several approximations for accounting for the finite coating thickness, plane-wave incidence, and far-field observation were discussed. Here, these approximations are replaced by a revised wedge diffraction coefficient that implicitly accounts for a coating on a perfect conductor, plane-wave incidence, and far-field observation. This coefficient is computationally more efficient than the previous diffraction coefficient because the number of Maliuzhinets functions that must be calculated using numerical integration is reduced by a factor of 2. The derivation and the revised coefficient are presented in detail for the hard polarization case. Computations and experimental data are also included. The soft polarization case is currently under investigation.

Balanis, Constantine A.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Boundary-layer receptivity of sound with roughness

An experimental study of receptivity was carried out using an acoustical disturbance in the freestream. The receptivity was enhanced by using a uniform two-dimensional roughness strip (tape). The roughness strip generated the local adjustment in the flow needed to couple the long-wavelength sound wave with the short-wavelength T-S wave. The method proved to be highly sensitive, with slight changes in the forcing frequency or in the height of the 2D roughness element having a strong effect on the amplitude of the observed T-S wave.

Saric, William S.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Experiments on active isolation using distributed PVDF error sensors

A control system based on a two-channel narrow-band LMS algorithm is used to isolate periodic vibration at low frequencies on a structure composed of a rigid top plate mounted on a flexible receiving plate. The control performance of distributed PVDF error sensors and accelerometer point sensors is compared. For both sensors, high levels of global reduction, up to 32 dB, have been obtained. It is found that, by driving the PVDF strip output voltage to zero, the controller may force the structure to vibrate so that the integration of the strain under the length of the PVDF strip is zero. This ability of the PVDF sensors to act as spatial filters is especially relevant in active control of sound radiation. It is concluded that the PVDF sensors are flexible, nonfragile, and inexpensive and can be used as strain sensors for active control applications of vibration isolation and sound radiation.

Lefebvre, S.↗
NASA NTRS1990

A general analysis of propagation along multiple-layer superconducting stripline and microstrip transmission lines

A rigorous spectral-domain formulation for a superconducting stripline or microstrip transmission line with a multiple-layer dielectric substrate is presented. The formulation models the strip conductor as a surface current with an equivalent surface impedance, where the surface impedance is approximated in closed form when the strip is either much thinner or much thicker than a penetration depth. In either case the surface impedance is related to the complex conductivity of the material, which is calculated from a two-fluid model. Results are presented to show the slow-wave propagation and attenuation along both microstrip and stripline packages in a realistic multiple-layer configuration, which accounts for the field penetration into the superconducting ground planes.

Nghiem, David↗
NASA NTRS1993

Measuring Inhomogeneities In Thermocouple Wires

Spools rotated to pull thermocouple wires through liquid nitrogen, while output voltage of thermocouple recorded on strip chart. Wires exposed to severe temperature gradients, amounting to overall change of 200 degrees C, where they enter and leave liquid nitrogen. If wires homogeneous, net output voltage zero. If inhomogeneity passes through liquid-nitrogen/air interface, resulting deviation of output voltage from zero seen immediately on strip chart. If inhomogeneity greater than allowable, reels stopped temporarily so inhomogeneity tagged before wound onto takeup reel.

Burkett, Cecil G., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1992

The spin vector of Venus determined from Magellan data

A control network of the north polar region of Venus has been established by selecting and measuring control points on full-resolution radar strips. The measurements were incorporated into a least-squares adjustment program that improved initial estimates of the coordinates of the control points, pole direction, and rotation rate of Venus. The current dataset contains 4206 measurements of 606 points on 619 radar strips. The accuracy of the determination is driven by spacecraft ephemeris errors. An accurate estimate of the rotation period of Venus was obtained by applying an ephemeris improvement technique. The second cycle closure orbits improved ephemeris solutions for 40 orbits (376-384, 520-528, 588-592, 658-668, 1002-1010, 1408-1412, 1746-1764, and 2166-2170) are included and fixed in the geodetic control computations, thus trying the network to the J2000 coordinate system.

Davies, M. E.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Radial pulsations in DB white dwarfs?

Theoretical models of DB white dwarfs are unstable against radial pulsation at effective temperatures near 20,000-30,000 K. Many high-overtone modes are unstable, with periods ranging from 12 s down to the acoustic cutoff period of approximately 0.1 s. The blue edge for radial instability lies at slightly higher effective temperatures than for nonradial pulsations, with the temperature of the blue edge dependent on the assumed efficiency of convection. Models with increased convective efficiency have radial blue edges that are increasingly closer to the nonradial blue edge; in all models the instability persists into the nonradial instability strip. Radial pulsations therefore may exist in the hottest DB stars that lie below the DB gap; the greatest chance for detection would be observations in the ultraviolet. These models also explain why searches for radial pulsations in DA white dwarfs have failed: the efficient convection needed to explain the blue edge for nonradial DA pulsation means that the radial instability strip is 1000 K cooler than found in previous investigations. The multiperiodic nature of the expected pulsations can be used to advantage to identify very low amplitude modes using the uniform spacing of the modes in frequency. This frequency spacing is a direct indicator of the mass of the star.

Kawaler, Steven D.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Postbuckling response of stiffened composite cylindrical shells

The local buckling and the associated postbuckling response of stiffened composite shells are studied using an asymptotic approach. Both the classical (Kirchhoff) theory (CPT) and a first-order shear deformation theory (SDT) are employed in the study. SDT analysis was carried out using p-version type finite strips, whereas CPT analysis employed h-version based strips. Convergence studies confirm the superiority of the p-version approach. A panel width-to-thickness ratio of 50 was chosen to investigate the influence of shear deformation for stiffened and isolated panels fabricated out of isotropic and composite layered materials. The shear deformation effects were significant for composite stiffened shell panels with CPT giving a noticeably stiffer response. In comparison with isotropic shell panels, orthotropic layered panels buckle at lower nondimensional buckling loads but are appreciably less sensitive to imperfection.

Sridharan, Srinivasan↗
NASA NTRS1993

Fracture mechanics analyses for skin-stiffener debonding

The debond configurations presently subjected to 3D FEM fracture mechanics analyses are respectively of the flange-skin strip and skin-stiffener configuration type. Two methods employing the virtual crack closure technique were used to evaluate the strain energy release rate, or 'G-value' distributions across the debond front. Both methods yielded nearly identical G-value distributions for the debond configurations studied; they were compared with plane strain and shell analyses results from the literature for the flange skin strip configuration, and found to be in good agreement. Mode II is dominant for the skin-stiffener debond configuration.

Raju, I. S.↗
NASA NTRS1993

The 'Taffy' galaxies UGC 12914/5

The interacting spiral galaxy pair UGC 12914/5 was mapped with the 'VLA' for a 1.49 GHz atlas of the IRAS Bright Galaxy Sample. Half of the flux from UGC 12914/5 arises from the gap between UGC 12914 and UGC 12915, across which the radio contours are drawn like filaments of taffy. The bright radio continuum connecting UGC 12914 with UGC 12915 is a synchrotron source which therefore probably contains both cosmic rays and magnetic fields. It is suggested that the filaments were stripped from UGC 12914 and UGC 12915 as their stellar disks interpenetrated during a recent encounter; this implies that the radio bridge is a relic whose properties contain information about direct collisions of galaxies with gaseous disks. New maps have been made of the radio continuum and H I line emission from UGC 12914/5 in order to verify the stripping hypothesis.

Condon, J. J.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Measurement of the performance of a spiral wound polyimide regenerator in a pulse tube refrigerator

A regenerator for use in a pulse tube refrigerator has been constructed from a polyimide (polypyromellitimide or PPMI) whose small ratio of thermal conductivity to heat capacity make it a good candidate for a regenerator material in cryocoolers. The regenerator was fabricated using 25 micron thick photoresist strips bonded to a 50 micron thick sheet of PPMI. This composite sheet was wound in jelly-roll fashion around a mandrel and inserted into the regenerator housing. The photoresist strips, formed using a photolithographic technique, provided a 25 micron spacing for the axial flow of gas between each layer of PPMI. Ineffectiveness results are presented for this material under actual operating conditions in a pulse tube refrigerator and compared with a numerical model. The numerical model indicated that a polyimide regenerator would perform much better than one constructed of stainless steel screen, but the experimental results showed the opposite behavior. Measured values for the ineffectiveness were 0.003 for the stainless steel screen and 0.017 for the polyimide.

Rawlins, Wayne↗
NASA NTRS1993

The warped disk of Centaurus A in the near-infrared

We present infrared images of Cen A (NGC 5128) in the J, H, and K bands. The infrared morphology is primarily determined by the presence of a thin absorptive warped disk. By integrating the light of the underlying prolate galaxy through such a disk, we construct models which we compare with infrared and X-ray data. The geometry of the warped disk needed to fit the IR data is consistent with a warped disk which has evolved as a result of differential precession in a prolate potential. The disk has an inclination, with respect to the principal axis of the underlying elliptical galaxy, that is higher at larger radii than in the inner region. A scenario is proposed where a small gas-rich galaxy infalling under the force of dynamical friction is tidally stripped. Stripping occurs at different times during its infall. The orientation of the resulting gas disk depends upon the angular momentum of the infalling galaxy. We find that the resulting precession angle of the disk is well described by the precession model, but that the inclination angle may vary as a function of radius. We propose an orbit for the infalling galaxy that is consistent with the geometry of the warped disk needed to fit our infrared data, and rotation observed in the outer part of the galaxy.

Quillen, A. C.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Effect of insulin-like factors on glucose transport activity in unweighted rat skeletal muscle

The effect of 3 or 6 days of unweighting on glucose transport activity, as assessed by 2-deoxyglucose uptake, in soleus strips stimulated by maximally effective concentrations of insulin, IGF-I, vanadate, or phospholipase C (PLC) is examined. Progressively increased responses to maximally effective doses of insulin or insulin-like growth factor were observed after 3 and 6 days of unweighting compared with weight matched control strips. Enhanced maximal responses to vanadate (6 days only) and PLC (3 and 6 days) were also observed. The data provide support for the existance of postreceptor binding mechanisms for the increased action of insulin on the glucose transport system in unweighted rat skeletal muscle.

Henriksen, Erik J.↗
NASA NTRS1936

Tank Tests of Models of Flying Boat Hulls Having Longitudinal Steps

Four models with longitudinal steps on the forebody were developed by modification of a model of a conventional hull and were tested in the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) tank. Models with longitudinal steps were found to have smaller resistance at high speed and greater resistance at low speed than the parent model that had the same afterbody but a conventional V-section forebody. The models with a single longitudinal step had better performance at hump speed and as low high-speed resistance except at very light loads. Spray strips at angles from 0 degrees to 45 degrees to the horizontal were fitted at the longitudinal steps and at the chine on one of the two step models having two longitudinal steps. The resistance and the height of the spray were less with each of the spray strips than without; the most favorable angle was found to lie between 15 degrees and 30 degrees.

Allison, John M↗
NASA NTRS1942

A method for determining the camber and twist of a surface to support a given distribution of lift

A graphical method is described for finding the shape (camber and twist) of an airfoil having an arbitrary distribution of lift. The method consists in replacing the lifting surface and its wake with an equivalent arrangement of vortices and in finding the associated vertical velocities. By a division of the vortex pattern into circular strips concentric about the downwash point instead of into the usual rectangular strips, the lifting surface is reduced for each downwash point to an equivalent loaded line for which the induced velocity is readily computed. The ratio of the vertical velocity to the stream velocity is the slope of the surface in the free-stream direction. As an illustration, the shape of the wing consistent with the pressure distribution derived from the two-dimensional theories is found for two wings: a straight elliptical wing and one with 30 degree sweepback. Application of the method to solve the reverse problem - finding the lift distribution over a given surface - is briefly discussed.

Cohen, Doris↗
NASA NTRS1943

A Portable Calibrator for Dynamic Strain Gages

A portable device for calibrating dynamic strain gages is described. The device contains a motor-driven cam, which applies alternating tensile loads to a metal strip 5/8 inch wide and 6 1/4 inches long. The cam is designed to produce a nearly sinusoidal variation of strain with time. Dynamic strain gages with gage lengths up to 5 inches may be calibrated by mounting them on the strip and by changing the frequency and the amplitude of the tensile load. The frequency may be varied from 15 to 30 cycles per second and the strain amplitude from 0 to 10x10-4 in steps of 2x10-4.

Mcpherson, Albert E↗
NASA NTRS1956

Heat-requirements for Ice Protection of a Cyclically Gas-heated, 36 Degree Swept Airfoil with Partial-span Leading-edge Slat

Heating requirements for satisfactory cyclic de-icing over a wide range of icing and operating conditions have been determined for a gas-heated, 36deg swept airfoil of 6.9-foot chord with a partial-span leading-edge slat. Comparisons of heating requirements and effectiveness were made between the slatted and unslatted portions of the airfoil. Studies were also made comparing cyclic de-icing with continuous anti-icing, and cycll.cde-icing systems with and without leading-edge ice-free parting strips. De-icing heat requirements were approximately the same with either heated or unheated parting strips because of the aerodynamic effects of the 36deg sweep angle and the spanwise saw-tooth profile of leading-edge glaze-ice deposits. Cyclic de-icing heat-source requirements were found to be one-fourth or less of the heat requirements for complete anti-icing. The primary factors that affected the performance of the cyclic de-icing heating system were ambient air temperature, heat distribution, and thermal lag.

Gray, Vernon H↗
NASA NTRS1958

Aerodynamic Characteristics at Mach Numbers from 2.5 to 3.5 of a Canard Bomber Configuration Designed for Supersonic Cruise Flight

Results have been obtained from an investigation in the Langley Unitary Plan wind tunnel at Mach numbers from 2.5 to 3.5 of a canard-type configuration designed for supersonic cruise flight. Tests extended over an angle-of-attack range from about -4 deg to 11 deg and an angle-of-sideslip range from -4 deg to 6 deg. For the present tests, the results indicate that forebody deflection was an efficient means of providing a sizable positive pitching-moment shift with little or no increase in drag. The test configuration had a trimmed lift-drag ratio of approximately 6.0 at Mach numbers near 3.0 and at a Reynolds number of 2.52 x 10(exp 6). The configuration was both longitudinally and directionally stable. The lift-drag ratios are believed to be somewhat low inasmuch as the models used for the present tests had large-grain-size transition strips fixed to the various surfaces and these strips added wave drag. Also, the model boundary- layer diverter is oversized with respect to a full - scale configuration and therefore contributes additional drag.

Carmel, Melvin R↗